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Houshdaran S, Chen JC, Vallvé-Juanico J, Balayan S, Vo KC, Smith-McCune K, Greenblatt RM, Irwin JC, Giudice LC. Progestins Related to Progesterone and Testosterone Elicit Divergent Human Endometrial Transcriptomes and Biofunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072625. [PMID: 32283828 PMCID: PMC7177488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Progestins are widely used for the treatment of gynecologic disorders and alone, or combined with an estrogen, are used as contraceptives. While their potencies, efficacies and side effects vary due to differences in structures, doses and routes of administration, little is known about their effects on the endometrial transcriptome in the presence or absence of estrogen. Herein, we assessed the transcriptome and pathways induced by progesterone (P4) and the three most commonly used synthetic progestins, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), levonorgestrel (LNG), and norethindrone acetate (NETA), on human endometrial stromal fibroblasts (eSF), key players in endometrial physiology and reproductive success. While there were similar transcriptional responses, each progestin induced unique genes and biofunctions, consistent with their structural similarities to progesterone (P4 and MPA) or testosterone (LNG and NETA), involving cellular proliferation, migration and invasion. Addition of estradiol (E2) to each progestin influenced the number of differentially expressed genes and biofunctions in P4 and MPA, while LNG and NETA signatures were more independent of E2. Together, these data suggest different mechanisms of action for different progestins, with progestin-specific altered signatures when combined with E2. Further investigation is warranted for a personalized approach in different gynecologic disorders, for contraception, and minimizing side effects associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Houshdaran
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | | | - Júlia Vallvé-Juanico
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Shayna Balayan
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Kim Chi Vo
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Karen Smith-McCune
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Ruth M. Greenblatt
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacy, Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Juan C. Irwin
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Linda C. Giudice
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-4154762039
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Human Three-Dimensional Endometrial Epithelial Cell Model To Study Host Interactions with Vaginal Bacteria and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.01049-16. [PMID: 28052997 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01049-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the endometrium by pathogenic bacteria ascending from the lower female reproductive tract (FRT) is associated with many gynecologic and obstetric health complications. To study these host-microbe interactions in vitro, we developed a human three-dimensional (3-D) endometrial epithelial cell (EEC) model using the HEC-1A cell line and the rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor technology. Our model, composed of 3-D EEC aggregates, recapitulates several functional/structural characteristics of human endometrial epithelial tissue, including cell differentiation, the presence of junctional complexes/desmosomes and microvilli, and the production of membrane-associated mucins and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR function was evaluated by exposing the EEC aggregates to viral and bacterial products. Treatment with poly(I·C) and flagellin but not with synthetic lipoprotein (fibroblast-stimulating lipoprotein 1 [FSL-1]) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly induced proinflammatory mediators in a dose-dependent manner. To simulate ascending infection, we infected EEC aggregates with commensal and pathogenic bacteria: Lactobacillus crispatus, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae All vaginal microbiota and N. gonorrhoeae efficiently colonized the 3-D surface, localizing to crevices of the EEC model and interacting with multiple adjacent cells simultaneously. However, only infection with pathogenic N. gonorrhoeae and not infection with the other bacteria tested significantly induced proinflammatory mediators and significant ultrastructural changes to the host cells. The latter observation is consistent with clinical findings and illustrated the functional specificity of our system. Additionally, we highlighted the utility of the 3-D EEC model for the study of the pathogenesis of N. gonorrhoeae using a well-characterized ΔpilT mutant. Overall, this study demonstrates that the human 3-D EEC model is a robust tool for studying host-microbe interactions and bacterial pathogenesis in the upper FRT.
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Bläuer M, Heinonen PK, Martikainen PM, Tomás E, Ylikomi T. A novel organotypic culture model for normal human endometrium: regulation of epithelial cell proliferation by estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:864-71. [PMID: 15665014 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel organotypic culture system was established for modelling the hormonal responses of the normal human endometrium in vitro. METHODS Endometrial epithelial cells were cultured as glandular organoids within reconstituted extracellular matrix (Matrigel) in tissue culture inserts and stromal cells on plastic below the epithelial compartment. The effects of estradiol (E2) and E2 together with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on cell proliferation and the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and progesterone receptor (PR) were studied in 10 epithelial-stromal co-cultures and in three parallel monocultures of epithelial organoids. RESULTS In co-cultures, E2 was shown to increase the percentage of Ki67-positive cells by approximately 2-fold relative to untreated controls. In the presence of MPA, a significant decrease in cell proliferation was detected. Similar results were obtained when the corresponding percentages of Ki67-positive organoids were calculated instead of individual cells. In the absence of stromal fibroblasts, Ki67 epithelial labelling remained below the control value after both hormonal treatments. Epithelial organoids retained their capacity to express estrogen and progesterone receptors in culture. E2 was shown to markedly increase and MPA to down-regulate the expression of PR. The expression of ERalpha was only slightly affected by either hormonal treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present organotypic model provides a novel in vitro system in which to study the effects of steroids in the normal human endometrium both in terms of cell proliferation and gene expression. The culture system holds promise as a useful method to screen novel steroid compounds and may help to circumvent problems related to the use of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bläuer
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical School, 33014 University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, 33521Tampere, Finland.
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