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Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Kowalczyk T, Zajdel K, Kucharska E, Zajdel R. The Modulation of Melanogenesis in B16 Cells Upon Treatment with Plant Extracts and Isolated Plant Compounds. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144360. [PMID: 35889231 PMCID: PMC9324663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites that exhibit numerous desired properties. The compounds may influence the biology of melanocytes, pigment cells that produce melanin, by modulating numerous signaling pathways, including cAMP/PKA, MAPKs and PI3K/AKT. Its downstream target is microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, responsible for the expression of the tyrosinase enzyme, which plays a major role in melanogenesis. Therefore, this literature review aims to provide insights related to melanogenesis modulation mechanisms of plant extracts and isolated plant compounds in B16 cells. Database searches were conducted using online-based library search instruments from 2012 to 2022, such as NCBI-PubMed and Google Scholar. Upregulation or downregulation of signaling pathways by phytochemicals can influence skin hypo- and hyperpigmentation by changing the level of melanin production, which may pose a significant cosmetic issue. Therefore, plant extracts or isolated plant compounds may be used in the therapy of pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Computer Science in Economics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Karolina Zajdel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewa Kucharska
- Chair of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Social Work at the Faculty of Pedagogy, Ignatianum Academy in Cracow, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Radosław Zajdel
- Department of Computer Science in Economics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland;
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Arbab AH, Zaroug EE, Mudawi MME. Review on Plants with Traditional Uses and Bio-Activity Against Hair Graying. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083808666220208105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Hair graying occurs worldwide, and it has a high impact on the self-esteem of an individual. Hair graying is a melanogenesis disorder that can be attributed to many factors, including age, oxidative stress, psychological stress, and malnutrition. Though there are effective p-phenylenediamine based hair dyes, they often cause allergy and systematic toxicity. Plants are popular a traditional remedy for the management of hair disorders. Due to their high chemical diversity, phytoproducts offer great promises to develop an effective and safe product to manage hair graying and melanogenesis disorders. The aim of the present article is to review plants with traditional uses and bio-activity against hair graying. An extensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases using many combinations of the following keywords: plants used to treat gray hair, natural products, hair graying, melanogenesis, pigmentation, and tyrosinase activity. This review documented about sixty-one plants, including a summary of 47 plants frequently used in traditional medicine, and a brief review of fourteen plants showing promising activity against hair graying. The active constituents and the mechanisms by which active constituents exert anti-hair graying effects were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Arbab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Elwaleed E. Zaroug
- Department of Phytochemistry and Natural Products, Northern Border University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan
| | - Mahmoud M. E. Mudawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan
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Morin Induces Melanogenesis via Activation of MAPK Signaling Pathways in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082150. [PMID: 33917985 PMCID: PMC8068350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Morin is a well-known flavonoid, and has been reported to have various properties, such as anti-cell death, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Although studies on the biochemical and biological actions of morin have been reported, the melanin biosynthesis effects and molecular mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we first found that morin has the effect of enhancing melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells, and analyzed the molecular mechanism. In this study, we examined the effects of morin on the melanin contents and tyrosinase activity, as well as the protein expression levels of the melanogenic enzymes TRP-1, TRP-2, and microphtalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Morin showed no cytotoxicity in the concentration range of 5–100 μM, and significantly increased the intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin contents. In mechanism analysis, morin increased the protein expression of TRP-1, TRP-2, and MITF associated with melanogenesis. Furthermore, morin increased phosphorylated ERK and p38 at the early time, and decreased phosphorylated ERK after 12 h. The results suggest that morin enhances melanin synthesis through the MAPK signaling pathways in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells.
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Shrestha SS, Ferrarese I, Sut S, Zengin G, Grana S, Ak G, Pant DR, Dall'Acqua S, Rajbhandary S. Phytochemical Investigations and In Vitro Bioactivity Screening on Melia azedarach L. Leaves Extract from Nepal. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2001070. [PMID: 33682999 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202001070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melia azedarach is a common tree used in the traditional medicine of Nepal. In this work, leaves were considered as source of bioactive constituents and composition of methanol extract was evaluated and compared with starting plant material. Flavonoid glycosides and limonoids were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD-MSn approaches in dried leaves and methanolic extract, while HPLC-APCI-MSn and GC/MS analysis were used to study phytosterol and lipid compositions. β-Sitosterol and rutin were the most abundant constituents. HPLC-APCI-MSn and HPLC-DAD-MSn analysis revealed high levels of phytosterols and flavonoids in methanolic extract accounting 9.6 and 7.5 % on the dried weight, respectively. On the other hand, HPLC/MSn data revealed that limonoid constituents were in minor amount in the extract <0.1 %, compared with leaves (0.7 %) indicating that degradation occurred during extraction or concentration procedures. The methanol extract was subjected to different bioassays, and antioxidant activity was evaluated. Limited inhibitory activity on acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase, as well as on amylase were detected. Moreover, tyrosinase inhibition was significant resulting in 131.57±0.51 mg kojic acid equivalents/g of dried methanol extract, suggesting possible use of this M. azedarach extract in skin hyperpigmentation conditions. Moderate cytotoxic activity, with IC50 of 26.4 μg/mL was observed against human ovarian cancer cell lines (2008 cells). Our findings indicate that the Nepalese M. azedarach leaves can be considered as valuable starting material for the extraction of phenolics and phytosterols, yielding extracts with possible cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sharan Shrestha
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, 44613, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Irene Ferrarese
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Selcuk University, Campus, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sara Grana
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Gunes Ak
- Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Selcuk University, Campus, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Deepak Raj Pant
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, 44613, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sangeeta Rajbhandary
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, 44613, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Rodboon T, Sirilun S, Okada S, Kariya R, Chontananarth T, Suwannalert P. Modified Riceberry rice extract suppresses melanogenesis-associated cell differentiation through tyrosinase-mediated MITF downregulation on B16 cells and in vivo zebrafish embryos. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 15:491-502. [PMID: 33628291 PMCID: PMC7879784 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.297852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Excessive melanin production caused by overactive tyrosinase (TYR) enzyme results in several dermatological problems. The TYR inhibitor, derived from metabolite changes during fermentation, has been well recognized for pigmentation control. Experimental approach: This study is interested in alternative anti-melanogenic agents from bio-modified Riceberry rice through fermentation. Modified Riceberry rice extract (MRB) was evaluated for its cytotoxicity, melanin content, melanin excretion, and TYR activity in B16 cells. TYR and their melanogenesis-related molecules such as TYR-related proteins-1 and -2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were determined. The anti-melanogenic activity and toxicity were also tested using the embryonic zebrafish model. Furthermore, comprehensive genotoxicity testing was verified by cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Findings/Results: The study found that non-cytotoxic concentrations of MRB at 20 and 40 mg/mL inhibited melanogenesis and melanin excretion by interfering B16 cell morphology. Cellular TYR enzymatic activity was also suppressed in the treated cells. The mRNA transcription and protein expression levels of TYR and MITF decreased by dose-dependent and time-dependent manners with MRB treatment. In the animal model, MRB was found to be safe and potent for melanogenesis-related TYR inhibition in embryonic zebrafish at 20 and 30 mg/mL. The toxicity of effective doses of MRB showed no genotoxicity and mutagenicity. Conclusion and implications: This study suggests that MRB has anti-melanogenesis potential through TYR and its-related protein inhibitions. MRB is also safe for applications and maybe a promising anti-melanogenic agent for hyperpigmentation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerapat Rodboon
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sasithorn Sirilun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Thapana Chontananarth
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Prasit Suwannalert
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Kim D, Kim HJ, Jun HS. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Extract Stimulates Melanogenesis by Induction of COX2 Expression through the Activation of p38 MAPK in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:7642019. [PMID: 32714420 PMCID: PMC7334760 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7642019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM) root extracts have been used for treating graying hair in Oriental medicine; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the melanogenic effects of PM root have not been fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the melanogenic effects of an ethanolic extract of PM root (PME) and the mechanisms involved. We examined the effects of PME on cell viability, cellular melanin content, and tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells. The melanogenic mechanism of PME was explored using signaling inhibitors and examining the expression of melanogenic genes and signaling molecules by western blot and RT-qPCR analyses. PME did not exhibit any cytotoxicity in B16F10 cells compared to that in control cells. PME treatment significantly increased melanin production and tyrosinase activity. In addition, PME induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) as well as that of melanogenic genes, such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF), tyrosinase-related protein (Trp) 1, Trp2, and tyrosinase, in B16F10 cells. PME treatment increased the level of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and pretreatment with SB 203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, significantly suppressed this PME-induced increase in the expression of COX2 and melanogenic genes. These results indicate that PME induced the expression of melanogenic genes by inducing COX2 expression via the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway, thereby contributing to the enhancement of melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical and Convergence Institute, Gachon Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
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Yuan XH, Tian YD, Oh JH, Bach TT, Chung JH, Jin ZH. Melochia corchorifolia extract inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells via activation of the ERK signaling. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19:2421-2427. [PMID: 31901006 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous researches have focused on discovering available inhibitors of melanogenesis from natural medicinal plants with stable efficacy and safety to resolve cutaneous hyperpigmentary problems. Melochia corchorifolia Linn. (MC) has been used as folk medicine to treat various diseases. However, the effect of MC on melanogenesis remains unknown. AIM In this study, we investigated the effect of MC extract on melanogenesis and its underlying mechanisms in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. METHODS B16F10 cells were treated with MC extract, and then, cell viability, melanin content, and tyrosinase activity were analyzed. The mRNA and protein expression of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Phosphorylated or total protein levels in MC extract-induced signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS Treatment of B16F10 cells with MC extract inhibited melanin synthesis and intracellular tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner with no cytotoxicity. Protein and mRNA expressions of tyrosinase and MITF were also significantly decreased by MC extract treatment. In addition, phosphorylated level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was obviously increased by MC extract, but AKT pathway was not activated. Inhibited ERK phosphorylation by pretreatment with a selective ERK inhibitor PD98059 significantly reversed the decreased melanin content induced by treatment with MC extract in B16F10 cells. CONCLUSION MC extract inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells through suppression of MITF-tyrosinase signaling pathway by ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hua Yuan
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China.,Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu-Dan Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tran The Bach
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Zhe-Hu Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
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Chen YM, Su WC, Li C, Shi Y, Chen QX, Zheng J, Tang DL, Chen SM, Wang Q. Anti-melanogenesis of novel kojic acid derivatives in B16F10 cells and zebrafish. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:723-731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kim E, Kim D, Yoo S, Hong YH, Han SY, Jeong S, Jeong D, Kim JH, Cho JY, Park J. The skin protective effects of compound K, a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:218-224. [PMID: 29719469 PMCID: PMC5925615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compound K (CK) is a ginsenoside, a metabolite of Panax ginseng. There is interest both in increasing skin health and antiaging using natural skin care products. In this study, we explored the possibility of using CK as a cosmetic ingredient. METHODS To assess the antiaging effect of CK, RT-PCR was performed, and expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and type I collagen were measured under UVB irradiation conditions. The skin hydrating effect of CK was tested by RT-PCR, and its regulation was explored through immunoblotting. Melanin content, melanin secretion, and tyrosinase activity assays were performed. RESULTS CK treatment reduced the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in UVB irradiated NIH3T3 cells and recovered type I collagen expression level. Expression of skin hydrating factors-filaggrin, transglutaminase, and hyaluronic acid synthases-1 and -2-were augmented by CK and were modulated through the inhibitor of κBα, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, or extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway. In the melanogenic response, CK did not regulate tyrosinase activity and melanin secretion, but increased melanin content in B16F10 cells was observed. CONCLUSION Our data showed that CK has antiaging and hydrating effects. We suggest that CK could be used in cosmetic products to protect the skin from UVB rays and increase skin moisture level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Material Lab, Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Republic of Korea
| | - Sulgi Yoo
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Han
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggu Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Niu C, Aisa HA. Upregulation of Melanogenesis and Tyrosinase Activity: Potential Agents for Vitiligo. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081303. [PMID: 28777326 PMCID: PMC6152334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin, the compound primarily responsible in humans for hair, eye and skin pigmentation, is produced by melanocytes through a complicated process called melanogenesis that is catalyzed by tyrosinase and other tyrosinase-related proteins. The abnormal loss of melanin causes dermatological problems such as vitiligo. Hence the regulation of melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity is very important for treating hypopigmentary disorders. Many melanogenesis stimulators have been discovered during the past decade. This article reviews recent advances in research on extracts and active ingredients of plants, synthesized compounds with stimulating effect on melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity, as well as their influence on the expression of related proteins and possible signaling pathways for the design and development of novel anti-vitiligo agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Haji A Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
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Influence of plasma-activated compounds on melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21779. [PMID: 26931617 PMCID: PMC4773869 DOI: 10.1038/srep21779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organic chemists around the world synthesize medicinal compounds or extract multiple compounds from plants in order to increase the activity and quality of medicines. In this work, we synthesized new eugenol derivatives (ED) and then treated them with an N2 feeding gas atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) to increase their utility. We studied the tyrosinase-inhibition activity (activity test) and structural changes (circular dichroism) of tyrosinase with ED and plasma activated eugenol derivatives (PAED) in a cell-free environment. Later, we used docking studies to determine the possible interaction sites of ED and PAED compounds with tyrosinase enzyme. Moreover, we studied the possible effect of ED and PAED on melanin synthesis and its mechanism in melanoma (B16F10) cells. Additionally, we investigated the structural changes that occurred in activated ED after plasma treatment using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Hence, this study provides a new perspective on PAED for the field of plasma medicine.
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