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Hong S, Zhang J, Liu S, Jin Q, Li J, Xia A, Xu J. Protein profiles reveal MSH6/MSH2 as a potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion. Hepatol Res 2024; 54:189-200. [PMID: 37776019 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Microvascular invasion (MVI) is an independent risk factor for postoperative recurrence and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the specific protein expression profiles that differentiate HCC with MVI from those without MVI remain unclear. METHODS The profiles of proteins in early-stage HCC tissues and normal liver tissues were characterized by quantitative proteomics techniques. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was undertaken on tissue microarrays from 80 HCC patients to assess the expression of MSH2 and MSH6. Cell counting, colony formation, migration, and invasion assays were carried out in vitro. RESULTS We identified 5164 proteins in both HCC tissues and adjacent normal liver tissues. Compared to HCC without MVI, 148 upregulated proteins and 97 downregulated proteins were found in HCC with MVI. Particularly noteworthy was the remarkable upregulation of MSH6/MSH2 among these dysregulated proteins in HCC with MVI. Further validation through bioinformatics prediction and IHC confirmed the elevated expression of MSH6/MSH2, which correlated with aggressive disease characteristics and poor prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed a substantial area under the curve of 0.761 (specificity 71.79%, sensitivity 73.17%) for the combined use of MSH6/MSH2. Knockdown of MSH6/MSH2 significantly inhibited HCC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our study establishes MSH6 or MSH2 as an oncogene that is prominently overexpressed during HCC progression, which provides new targets for HCC with MVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqian Hong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Quan Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Jingqi Li
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Anliang Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - JianBo Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
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Involvement of DNA damage response pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:153867. [PMID: 24877058 PMCID: PMC4022277 DOI: 10.1155/2014/153867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been known as one of the most lethal human malignancies, due to the difficulty of early detection, chemoresistance, and radioresistance, and is characterized by active angiogenesis and metastasis, which account for rapid recurrence and poor survival. Its development has been closely associated with multiple risk factors, including hepatitis B and C virus infection, alcohol consumption, obesity, and diet contamination. Genetic alterations and genomic instability, probably resulted from unrepaired DNA lesions, are increasingly recognized as a common feature of human HCC. Dysregulation of DNA damage repair and signaling to cell cycle checkpoints, known as the DNA damage response (DDR), is associated with a predisposition to cancer and affects responses to DNA-damaging anticancer therapy. It has been demonstrated that various HCC-associated risk factors are able to promote DNA damages, formation of DNA adducts, and chromosomal aberrations. Hence, alterations in the DDR pathways may accumulate these lesions to trigger hepatocarcinogenesis and also to facilitate advanced HCC progression. This review collects some of the most known information about the link between HCC-associated risk factors and DDR pathways in HCC. Hopefully, the review will remind the researchers and clinicians of further characterizing and validating the roles of these DDR pathways in HCC.
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Calvisi DF, Ladu S, Gorden A, Farina M, Lee JS, Conner EA, Schroeder I, Factor VM, Thorgeirsson SS. Mechanistic and prognostic significance of aberrant methylation in the molecular pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2007. [PMID: 17717605 DOI: 10.1172/jci31457ds1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, accounting for an estimated 600,000 deaths annually. Aberrant methylation, consisting of DNA hypomethylation and/or promoter gene CpG hypermethylation, is implicated in the development of a variety of solid tumors, including HCC. We analyzed the global levels of DNA methylation as well as the methylation status of 105 putative tumor suppressor genes and found that the extent of genome-wide hypomethylation and CpG hypermethylation correlates with biological features and clinical outcome of HCC patients. We identified activation of Ras and downstream Ras effectors (ERK, AKT, and RAL) due to epigenetic silencing of inhibitors of the Ras pathway in all HCC. Further, selective inactivation of SPRY1 and -2, DAB2, and SOCS4 and -5 genes and inhibitors of angiogenesis (BNIP3, BNIP3L, IGFBP3, and EGLN2) was associated with poor prognosis. Importantly, several epigenetically silenced putative tumor suppressor genes found in HCC were also inactivated in the nontumorous liver. Our results assign both therapeutic and chemopreventive significance to methylation patterns in human HCC and open the possibility of using molecular targets, including those identified in this study, to effectively inhibit HCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Calvisi
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4262, USA
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Calvisi DF, Ladu S, Gorden A, Farina M, Lee JS, Conner EA, Schroeder I, Factor VM, Thorgeirsson SS. Mechanistic and prognostic significance of aberrant methylation in the molecular pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2713-22. [PMID: 17717605 PMCID: PMC1950459 DOI: 10.1172/jci31457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, accounting for an estimated 600,000 deaths annually. Aberrant methylation, consisting of DNA hypomethylation and/or promoter gene CpG hypermethylation, is implicated in the development of a variety of solid tumors, including HCC. We analyzed the global levels of DNA methylation as well as the methylation status of 105 putative tumor suppressor genes and found that the extent of genome-wide hypomethylation and CpG hypermethylation correlates with biological features and clinical outcome of HCC patients. We identified activation of Ras and downstream Ras effectors (ERK, AKT, and RAL) due to epigenetic silencing of inhibitors of the Ras pathway in all HCC. Further, selective inactivation of SPRY1 and -2, DAB2, and SOCS4 and -5 genes and inhibitors of angiogenesis (BNIP3, BNIP3L, IGFBP3, and EGLN2) was associated with poor prognosis. Importantly, several epigenetically silenced putative tumor suppressor genes found in HCC were also inactivated in the nontumorous liver. Our results assign both therapeutic and chemopreventive significance to methylation patterns in human HCC and open the possibility of using molecular targets, including those identified in this study, to effectively inhibit HCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Calvisi
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental
Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Ladu
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental
Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alexis Gorden
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental
Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Miriam Farina
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental
Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental
Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elizabeth A. Conner
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental
Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Insa Schroeder
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental
Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina M. Factor
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental
Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Snorri S. Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental
Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Zhang SH, Cong WM, Xian ZH, Wu MC. Clinicopathological significance of loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability in hepatocellular carcinoma in China. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3034-9. [PMID: 15918185 PMCID: PMC4305835 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i20.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the features of microsatellite alterations and their association with clinicopathological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI) of 55 microsatellite loci were detected with PCR-based microsatellite polymorphism analyses in tumors and corresponding noncancerous liver tissues of 56 surgically resected HCCs using the MegaBACE 500 automatic DNA analysis system.
RESULTS: LOH was found in 44 of 56 HCCs (78.6%) at one or several loci. Frequencies of LOH on 1p, 4q, 8p, 16q, and 17p were 69.6% (39/56), 71.4% (40/56), 66.1% (37/56), 66.1% (37/56), and 64.3% (36/56), respectively. MSI was found in 18 of 56 HCCs (32.1%) at one or several loci. Ten of fifty-six (17.9%) HCCs had MSI-H. Serum HBV infection, alpha-fetoprotein concentration, tumor size, cirrhosis, histological grade, tumor capsule, as well as tumor intrahepatic metastasis, might be correlated with LOH on certain chromosome regions.
CONCLUSION: Frequent microsatellite alterations exist in HCC. LOH, which represents a tumor suppressor gene pathway, plays a more important role in hepatocarcin-ogenesis. MSI, which represents a mismatch repair gene pathway, is a rare event during liver carcinogenesis. Furthermore, LOH on certain chromosome regions may be correlated with clinicopathological characteristics in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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