Ethanol-induced ligand-independent activation of ERα mediated by cyclic AMP/PKA signaling pathway: An in vitro study on MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Alcohol and breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the main causes of death in women worldwide. In women, breast cancer includes over half of all tumours caused by alcohol. This paper discusses both ethanol metabolism and the mechanisms of mammary tumourigenesis caused by alcohol. Numerous signalling pathways in neoplastic transformation following alcohol consumption in women have been presented. In addition, primary and secondary prevention, phytochemicals, synthetic chemicals, specific inhibitors of enzymes and selective receptor modulators have been described.