High expression of heat shock protein 105 predicts a favorable prognosis for patients with urinary bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy

HSP105 suppresses the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by activating the P53 signaling pathway

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common type of nonmelanoma skin cancer with a very high incidence. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are involved in abnormal proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of tumor cells. Whether HSP105 acts as a promoter or inhibitor of cSCC remains to be further explored. This study investigated the biological role of HSP105 in the progression of cSCC. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of HSP105 in cSCC cell lines. Cell lines with overexpression and knockdown of HSP105 were established to analyze their cell cycle distribution, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and biological mechanisms. Finally, the proliferative effect of HSP105 in cSCC cells was verified in nude mice. We found that HSP105 expression was decreased in cSCC cell lines. Overexpression of HSP105 in A431 and SCL-1 cell lines induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, inhibited cell proliferation, reduced cell migration and invasion, and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. The opposite result was observed in the HSP105-silenced cell lines. Furthermore, HSP105 activated the P53 signaling pathway and exerted anticancer effects. Our findings provide new perspectives on the critical role and potential mechanisms of HSP105 in the development of cSCC, suggesting that HSP105 may be a novel therapeutic target for cSCC.

HSP105 expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma: Correlation with clinicopathological characteristics

BACKGROUND

Heat shock proteins can protect against stress-associated cellular challenges, but they can also protect some tumors from human immune system monitoring. Heat shock protein 105 (HSP105/110) is a high molecular weight protein whose expression has been reported in many cancers, but few studies on its role in cutaneous malignant melanoma have been published. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between HSP105 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of CMM.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 91 patients with CMM. The clinicopathological characteristics of CMM patients, including age, lesion duration, location, pathological classification, Clark's level, Breslow thickness, metastasis and recurrence, were collected. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis for HSP105 were performed. Pigmented nevi (n = 20) served as a control. The staining intensity and percentage of stained cells were expressed as a histochemical score (HSCORE).

RESULTS

HSP105 was overexpressed in melanoma compared with nevi. Differences in the HSCORE between nevi (HSCORE = 1.05(0.15,1.50)) and CMM (HSCORE = 2.68(1.80,3.60)) were remarkable (P<0.001). Exposed site lesions, recurrent and metastatic lesions, nodular melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma were closely associated with higher HSP105 expression (P = 0.011, P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). Moreover, no significant difference was observed in Clark's level, Breslow thickness, or lesion duration (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION

HSP105 is overexpressed in CMM. Higher HSP105 expression in lesions is associated with different clinicopathological variables. HSP105 may be a potential target for the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic prediction of CMM.

Expression of Heat Shock Protein 105 in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Correlation with Clinicopathological Characteristics

Background

Heat shock proteins (HSPs), a group of heat stress proteins, are characterized by highly conserved properties. Malignant transformation is a cellular stress, and the expression of HSPs may be affected during this process. Heat shock protein 105 (HSP105) is a protective protein that has long been observed in many cancer types, but little attention has been given to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). As such, the objectives of this study were to observe the expression of HSP105 on CSCC and evaluate its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics.

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled 60 patients with CSCC. The patients’ clinical data, including sex, age, tumor location, tumor type, and degree of pathological differentiation, were collected. The expression of HSP105 was measured by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining.

Results

HSP105 expression was decreased in CSCC (HSCORE=0.65 (0.30, 1.98)) compared with normal skin (HSCORE=2.20 (1.50, 2.80)) (P<0.001). These results were consistent with the Western blot analysis. HSP105 immunostaining of Bowen disease (HSCORE=1.28 (1.08, 2.40)) revealed higher expression than in verrucous carcinoma (HSCORE=0.30 (0.23, 0.85)), keratoacanthoma (HSCORE=0.53 (0.29, 0.93)) and acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma (HSCORE=0.53 (0.41, 0.68) (P<0.01)). Poorly differentiated CSCC showed significantly higher expression of HSP105.

Conclusion

Our study reveals for the first time that the expression of HSP105 is decreased in CSCC. We suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential expression of HSP deserve a more rigorous future study, the results of which might explain its role in carcinogenesis and its potential as a target for selective tumor therapy.

HSP105 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Correlation with clinicopathological features and outcomes

BACKGROUND

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are released in response to stress situations, such as heat, inflammation, and infection. They are also involved in the tumor cell proliferation and prevention of apoptosis. Heat shock protein 105 (Hsp105/110) is a high-molecular-weight protein, which has been reported in many cancer types but few studies have been carried out on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In the current study, we have focused on HSP105 expression on OSCC and evaluated their correlation with tumor clinicopathological parameters and patients' survival.

METHODS

A retrospective study included 70 patients with OSCC of which 50 patients (71.4%) were male and 20 (28.6%) were female. The patient's information, including age, location, TNM stage, histological grade, regional metastasis, recurrence, and survival, were collected. Immunohistochemical staining for HSP105 was performed. The healthy oral mucosa (n = 10) was used as a control. The staining intensity and percentage of stained cells were semi-quantitatively evaluated, and HSP105 expression was correlated with tumor clinicopathological features and patient survival.

RESULTS

Statistical analysis for HSP105 showed that there was no significant correlation with tumor clinicopathological features. However, HSP105 overexpression was associated with a decrease in the duration of patients' survival (P = .042).

CONCLUSION

This result suggests that the increased expression of the HSP105 in the OSCC could be a prognostic factor for malignancy.

Clinicopathological factors in bladder cancer for cancer-specific survival outcomes following radical cystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Assessing the prognostic significance of specific clinicopathological features plays an important role in surgical management after radical cystectomy. This study investigated the association between ten clinicopathological characteristics and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with bladder cancer.

Methods

In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a literature search was conducted through the PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases using appropriate search terms from the dates of inception until November 2018. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the CSS. Fixed- or random-effects models were constructed according to existence of heterogeneity.

Results

Thirty-three articles met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review, which included 19,702 patients. The overall results revealed that CSS was associated with advanced age (old vs. young: pooled HR = 1.01; 95% CI:1.00–1.01; P < 0.001), higher tumor grade (3 vs. 1/2: pooled HR = 1.29; 95% CI:1.15–1.45; P < 0.001), higher pathological stage (3/4 vs. 1/2: pooled HR = 1.60; 95% CI:1.37–1.86; P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (positive vs. negative: pooled HR = 1.51; 95% CI:1.37–1.67; P < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (positive vs. negative: pooled HR = 1.36; 95% CI:1.28–1.45; P < 0.001), and soft tissue surgical margin (positive vs. negative: pooled HR = 1.42; 95% CI:1.30–1.56; P < 0.001). However, gender (male vs. female: pooled HR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96–1.01; P = 0.278), carcinoma in situ (positive vs. negative: pooled HR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.88–1.10; P = 0.753), histology (transitional cell cancer vs variant: pooled HR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.79–1.02; P = 0.089) and adjuvant chemotherapy (yes vs. no: pooled HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00–1.34; P = 0.054) did not affect CSS after radical resection of bladder cancer.

Conclusions

Our results revealed that several clinicopathological characteristics can predict CSS risk after radical cystectomy. Prospective studies are needed to further confirm the predictive value of these variables for the prognosis of bladder cancer patients after radical cystectomy.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5924-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Cancer-Testis Antigens as New Candidate Diagnostic Biomarkers for Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Bladder

To evaluate the diagnostic potential of 23 candidate genes, belonging to a category of tumor-specific antigens known as cancer-testis antigens (CTAs), in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) patients. The expression of 16 known candidate CTAs and seven testis restricted/selective genes, predominantly expressed in the testis, was evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Urinary exfoliated cells (UECs) and cancerous tissues of 73 TCC patients were used as cases, while 25 tumor-free adjacent bladder tissue specimens along with bladder tissue specimens and UECs of five non-TCC individuals were analyzed as controls. Among the known CTAs only MAGEA3, MAGEB4, TSGA10, PIWIL2, OIP5, and ODF4 were expressed specifically in TCC tissues and UEC samples. ACTL7A, AURKC, and CGB2 were testis-restricted/selective genes that indicated specific expression in cases in comparison to controls. MAGEA3, MAGEB4, and ODF4 mRNA was detectable in more than 50% of both TCC tissues, and UEC samples. Slight differences were detected in the mRNA expression pattern of candidate genes between the UEC samples and tumor tissues. Different panels formed by combinations of these genes can show up to 95.9% and 94.5% of positivity in TCC tissues and UEC samples, respectively, suggesting their diagnostic and surveillance potential. Meanwhile the RT-PCR assay of at least MAGEA3, MAGEB4, and ODF4 may be particularly useful for diagnostic and surveillance of TCC in the form of a multi-biomarker panel.

Novel cancer antigens for personalized immunotherapies: latest evidence and clinical potential

The clinical success of monoclonal antibody immune checkpoint modulators such as ipilimumab, which targets cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and the recently approved agents nivolumab and pembrolizumab, which target programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1), has stimulated renewed enthusiasm for anticancer immunotherapy, which was heralded by Science as 'Breakthrough of the Year' in 2013. As the potential of cancer immunotherapy has been recognized since the 1890s when William Coley showed that bacterial products could be beneficial in cancer patients, leveraging the immune system in the treatment of cancer is certainly not a new concept; however, earlier attempts to develop effective therapeutic vaccines and antibodies against solid tumors, for example, melanoma, frequently met with failure due in part to self-tolerance and the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Increased knowledge of the mechanisms through which cancer evades the immune system and the identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and negative immune checkpoint regulators have led to the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies targeting specific tumor antigens and immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. This review first discusses the established targets of currently approved cancer immunotherapies and then focuses on investigational cancer antigens and their clinical potential. Because of the highly heterogeneous nature of tumors, effective anticancer immunotherapy-based treatment regimens will likely require a personalized combination of therapeutic vaccines, antibodies and chemotherapy that fit the specific biology of a patient's disease.

Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) protein expression and laryngeal cancer prognosis: a meta analysis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and its clinical significance in laryngeal cancer.

METHODS

A comprehensive search for the related literature published in China and other countries was conducted in a variety of databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, China Academic Journals Full-text Database, Wanfang Data and VIP Database. A total of seven case-control studies were included in the final systematic assessment. A meta-analysis software program was used to statistically analyze the raw data from each study for the calculation of the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).

RESULTS

The meta-analysis indicated that, compared with normal laryngeal tissue, the MMP2 protein was highly expressed in the laryngeal cancer tissue [OR=21.67; 95% CI: 11.61-40.43; P<0.001]. Compared with highly differentiated laryngeal cancer, the MMP2 protein expression level was higher in the moderately and poorly differentiated laryngeal cancers [OR=0.25; 95% CI: 0.13-0.46; P<0.001]. Compared with laryngeal cancers without lymph node metastasis, the laryngeal cancers with lymph node metastasis exhibited a greatly elevated MMP2 protein expression [OR=0.25; 95% CI: 0.14-0.46; P<0.001].

CONCLUSION

High protein expression levels of MMP2 may play an important role in the tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis of laryngeal cancer.