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Alfaro R, Martínez-Banaclocha H, Llorente S, Jimenez-Coll V, Galián JA, Botella C, Moya-Quiles MR, Parrado A, Muro-Perez M, Minguela A, Legaz I, Muro M. Computational Prediction of Biomarkers, Pathways, and New Target Drugs in the Pathogenesis of Immune-Based Diseases Regarding Kidney Transplantation Rejection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:800968. [PMID: 34975915 PMCID: PMC8714745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.800968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of graft rejection in kidney transplantation (KT) patients is made by evaluating the histological characteristics of biopsy samples. The evolution of omics sciences and bioinformatics techniques has contributed to the advancement in searching and predicting biomarkers, pathways, and new target drugs that allow a more precise and less invasive diagnosis. The aim was to search for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in patients with/without antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and find essential cells involved in AMR, new target drugs, protein-protein interactions (PPI), and know their functional and biological analysis. Material and Methods Four GEO databases of kidney biopsies of kidney transplantation with/without AMR were analyzed. The infiltrating leukocyte populations in the graft, new target drugs, protein-protein interactions (PPI), functional and biological analysis were studied by different bioinformatics tools. Results Our results show DEGs and the infiltrating leukocyte populations in the graft. There is an increase in the expression of genes related to different stages of the activation of the immune system, antigenic presentation such as antibody-mediated cytotoxicity, or leukocyte migration during AMR. The importance of the IRF/STAT1 pathways of response to IFN in controlling the expression of genes related to humoral rejection. The genes of this biological pathway were postulated as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers of AMR. These biological processes correlated showed the infiltration of NK cells and monocytes towards the allograft. Besides the increase in dendritic cell maturation, it plays a central role in mediating the damage suffered by the graft during AMR. Computational approaches to the search for new therapeutic uses of approved target drugs also showed that imatinib might theoretically be helpful in KT for the prevention and/or treatment of AMR. Conclusion Our results suggest the importance of the IRF/STAT1 pathways in humoral kidney rejection. NK cells and monocytes in graft damage have an essential role during rejection, and imatinib improves KT outcomes. Our results will have to be validated for the potential use of overexpressed genes as rejection biomarkers that can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers and as therapeutic targets to avoid graft rejection in patients undergoing kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Alfaro
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Helios Martínez-Banaclocha
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Llorente
- Nephrology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Victor Jimenez-Coll
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Galián
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Botella
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Rosa Moya-Quiles
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Parrado
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro-Perez
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Legaz
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Immunology Services, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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Wang X, Wang D, Wang X, Wang X, Sha JC, Gao Q. Mechanisms underlying the production of chemokine CXCL11 in the reaction of renal tubular epithelial cells with CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Transpl Immunol 2020; 65:101337. [PMID: 32971208 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2020.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the release mechanism of C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (CXCL11) and other chemokines after the co-cultivation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with the renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) in the process of allograft renal transplantation rejection. METHODS The Human CD4+, CD8+ T cells were obtained from the blood of volunteers and kidney transplantation (Ktx) patients, and co-cultured with renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) in vitro. RT-PCR was run for detecting the mRNA transcription of CXCL11, IFN-induced protein of 10 (CXCL10), and IL-6 in cells after RTEC was stimulated with IFN-γ or co-cultured with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The concentration of CXCL11, CXCL10 and IL-6 in the culture medium was detected by Multiplex Assay after RTEC was stimulated with IFN-γ or co-cultured with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. IFN-γ receptor antibody was used for interfering with the above reaction and the blocking effect was observed. Western blot was used for protein expression analysis. Finally, we applied renal biopsies from kidney transplantation patients with and without rejection to verify the results of the above experiments by using RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS The mRNA expression of CXCL11 and CXCL10 were significantly increased after RTEC was stimulated with IFN-γ or co-cultured with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Multiplex Assay showed that the concentration of CXCL11 and CXCL10 in the supernatant were significantly increased in a time-dependence fashion after stimulation RTEC by IFN-γ. Anti-IFN-γ receptor1 (anti-IFN-γR1) antibody could reduce the production of CXCL11 and CXCL10 in this situation. The concentration of CXCL11 and CXCL11 in the supernatant was significantly increased with a time-dependent effect after the co-culture of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with RTEC. The anti-IFN-γR1 blocked this effect. Our study showed that the expression levels of CXCL11 and CXCL10 were upgraded in the biopsies of patients with renal transplant rejection comparatively to pre-transplant biopsies, both at mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS RTEC and T cells can stimulate each other during the acute rejection of allogeneic kidney transplantation and secret CXCL11,CXCL10 and other chemokines. IFN-γ plays a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong University & Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong University & Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong University & Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University & Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China.
| | - Ji-Chang Sha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhangqiu District People's Hospital, Jinan 250200, China.
| | - Qingzhen Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong University & Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China.
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Abstract
Early detection of graft injury after kidney transplantation is key to maintaining long-term good graft function. Graft injury could be due to a multitude of factors including ischaemia reperfusion injury, cell or antibody-mediated rejection, progressive interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, infections and toxicity from the immunosuppressive drugs themselves. The current gold standard for assessing renal graft dysfunction is renal biopsy. However, biopsy is usually late when triggered by a change in serum creatinine and of limited utility in diagnosis of early injury when histological changes are equivocal. Therefore, there is a need for timely, objective and non-invasive diagnostic techniques with good early predictive value to determine graft injury and provide precision in titrating immunosuppression. We review potential novel plasma and urine biomarkers that offer sensitive new strategies for early detection and provide major insights into mechanisms of graft injury. This is a rapidly expanding field, but it is likely that a combination of biomarkers will be required to provide adequate sensitivity and specificity for detecting graft injury.
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Gao J, Wu L, Wang S, Chen X. Role of Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 10 (CXCL10) in Renal Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6194864. [PMID: 32089645 PMCID: PMC7025113 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6194864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine C-X-C ligand 10 (CXCL10), also known as interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), exerts biological function mainly through binding to its specific receptor, CXCR3. Studies have shown that renal resident mesangial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, podocytes, endothelial cells, and infiltrating inflammatory cells express CXCL10 and CXCR3 under inflammatory conditions. In the last few years, strong experimental and clinical evidence has indicated that CXCL10 is involved in the development of renal diseases through the chemoattraction of inflammatory cells and facilitation of cell growth and angiostatic effects. In addition, CXCL10 has been shown to be a significant biomarker of disease severity, and it can be used as a prognostic indicator for a variety of renal diseases, such as renal allograft dysfunction and lupus nephritis. In this review, we summarize the structures and biological functions of CXCL10 and CXCR3, focusing on the important role of CXCL10 in the pathogenesis of kidney disease, and provide a theoretical basis for CXCL10 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in human kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road 324, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Siyang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
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Xu X, Han Y, Huang H, Bi L, Kong X, Ma X, Shi B, Xiao L. Circulating NK cell subsets and NKT‑like cells in renal transplant recipients with acute T‑cell‑mediated renal allograft rejection. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4238-4248. [PMID: 30942398 PMCID: PMC6471129 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that natural killer (NK) cells and NKT-like cells may affect allograft outcomes following solid organ transplantation. However, the roles of these cells in allograft acceptance and dysfunction are controversial. To assess the changes in NK cell and CD3+CD56+ NKT-like cell frequency and phenotype in renal allograft recipients and to explore their associations with acute T-cell-mediated renal allograft rejection (ACR), longitudinal changes in NK and NKT-like cell frequency and phenotype were characterized using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry in the peripheral blood and kidney allograft tissues in 142 recipients undergoing kidney transplantation. The serum concentrations of NK cell-associated cytokines were also detected by cytokine multiplex immunoassay. In contrast to the healthy controls, recipients with stable graft function exhibited increased proportions of CD56brightCD16dim subsets and decreased proportions of NKT-like cells in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Patients with ACR demonstrated increased proportions of NK cells, which were associated with increased CD3−CD56bright subsets and decreased CD3−CD56dim subsets, an increase in the CD56bright/CD56dim ratio in PBMCs and increased CD56+ NK cell infiltration in the kidney allograft, compared with the stable controls. In addition, there was a decreased proportion of NKT-like cells in patients with ACR, and an increased ratio of CD56bright/NKT-like cells compared with the stable controls. These differences appeared to be consistent with the increase in the serum concentrations of C-C motif chemokine 19 and the decrease in the serum concentrations of interleukin-15. These data indicate that CD56bright NK cells may promote the development of ACR, and that NKT-like cells may have immunoregulatory function. The results also imply that the CD56bright/CD56dim ratio may affect the ACR signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation, Transplant Research Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Institute, The 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Yong Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation, Transplant Research Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Institute, The 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation, Transplant Research Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Institute, The 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Lili Bi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation, Transplant Research Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Institute, The 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation, Transplant Research Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Institute, The 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Xihui Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation, Transplant Research Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Institute, The 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Bingyi Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation, Transplant Research Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Institute, The 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Li Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation, Transplant Research Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Institute, The 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
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Zahran A, Attia A, Mansell H, Shoker A. Contribution of diminished kidney transplant GFR to increased circulating chemokine ligand 27 level. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2018; 15:18. [PMID: 30214382 PMCID: PMC6131940 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-018-0194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammatory chemokine ligands (CCLs) play an important role in cardiovascular disease and allograft injury. CCLs may independently associate with diminished estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in stable renal transplant recipients (RTR). Methods Plasma levels of 19 CCLs (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 24, 26, 27, CXCL5, 8, 10, 12 and 13) were measured in a cohort of 101 RTR. The cohort was divided according to CKD-EPI equation into three groups; group 1: eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min, group 2: eGFR 30–59.9 ml/min and group 3 eGFR ≤ 29.9 ml/min. ANOVA, Krusklwallis, Mann- Whitney Spearman correlation and regression analysis tests were used to determine association between reduced eGFR and inflammatory CCLs plasma levels measured by multiplex techniques. 20 healthy subjects with eGFR above 90 ml/min were included as control. Significance was sat at < 0.05. Results Levels of CCLs 1, 4, 15, 27, CXCL8 and CXCL10 were significantly different among the four studied groups. Multivariate regression analysis (MVA) between eGFR and all CCLs demonstrated that CCL27 was the only ligand to remain significantly associated with diminished eGFR {P = 0.021 and r = − 0.35,(P = 0.001)}. In a second MVA between CCL 27 and patient’s demographics and laboratory variables, diminished eGFR, and elevated PTH, out of the twenty one available variables remained significantly associated with elevated CCL27levels. Conclusion Diminished eGFR in stable RTR is associated with elevated plasma levels of CCL27. This association may explain, at least in part, the independent contribution of reduced eGFR to enhanced inflammation in RTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zahran
- 1Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Menoufia, Shibin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Attia
- 2National Liver Institute, University of Menoufia, Shibin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Holly Mansell
- 3College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Ahmed Shoker
- 4Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada.,5Saskatchewan Transplant Program, St Paul's Hospital, 1702- 20th Street West, Saskatoon, SK S7M 0Z9 Canada
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Zou XF, Song B, Duan JH, Hu ZD, Cui ZL, Yang T. PRINS Long Noncoding RNA Involved in IP-10–Mediated Allograft Rejection in Rat Kidney Transplant. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:1558-1565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Matz M, Lorkowski C, Fabritius K, Wu K, Rudolph B, Frischbutter S, Brakemeier S, Gaedeke J, Neumayer HH, Mashreghi MF, Budde K. The selective biomarker IL-8 identifies IFTA after kidney transplantation in blood cells. Transpl Immunol 2016; 39:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identification of allograft injury, including acute clinical and subclinical injury, is vital in increasing the longevity of the transplanted organ. Acute rejection, which occurs as a result of a variety of immune and non-immune factors including the infiltration of immune cells and antibodies to the donor specific epitopes, poses a significant risk to the organ. Recent years have marked an increase in the discovery of new genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic biomarkers in molecular diagnostics, which offer better potential for personalized management of the transplanted organ by providing earlier detection of rejection episodes. Areas covered: This review was compiled from key word searches of full-text publications relevant to the field. Expert commentary: Many of the recent advancements in the molecular diagnostics of allograft injury show much promise, but before they can be fully realized further validation in larger sample sets must be conducted. Additionally, for better informed therapeutic decisions, more work must be completed to differentiate between different causes of injury. Moreover, the diagnostics field is looking at methodologies that allow for multiplexing, the ability to identify multiple targets simultaneously, in order to provide more robust biomarkers and better understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nasr
- Sarwal Lab, University of California, San Francisco
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering
| | - Tara Sigdel
- Sarwal Lab, University of California, San Francisco
- Unversity of California, San Francisco Department of Surgery
| | - Minnie Sarwal
- Sarwal Lab, University of California, San Francisco
- Unversity of California, San Francisco Department of Surgery
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Donor CD47 controls T cell alloresponses and is required for tolerance induction following hepatocyte allotransplantation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26839. [PMID: 27230788 PMCID: PMC4882503 DOI: 10.1038/srep26839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47-deficient hepatocyte transplantation induces rapid innate immune cell activation and subsequent associated graft loss in syngeneic recipients. However, the role of donor CD47 in regulation of T-cell alloresponses is poorly understood. We addressed this question by assessing OVA-specific immune responses in mice following hepatocyte transplantation from CD47-competent or -deficient OVA-transgenic donors. Compared to sham-operated controls, intrasplenic transplantation of CD47-deficient OVA+ hepatocytes significantly accelerated rejection of OVA+ skin grafted 7 days after hepatocyte transplantation. In contrast, mice receiving CD47-competent OVA+ hepatocytes showed prolonged and even indefinite survival of OVA+ skin allografts. T cells from mice receiving CD47-deficient, but not CD47-competent, OVA+ hepatocytes showed significantly enhanced responses to OVA+ stimulators compared to sham-operated controls. In contrast to the production of tolerogenic cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in the recipients of CD47-competent hepatocytes, mice receiving CD47-deficient hepatocytes showed elevated production of IFN-γ and IL-1α. Moreover, significant expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells was detected in the recipients of CD47-competent hepatocytes, which was required for tolerance induction in these mice. Thus, donor CD47 plays an important role in the control of T-cell alloresponses and tolerance induction following hepatocyte transplantation. Our data also suggest that intrasplenic hepatocyte transplantation may provide a means to induce allograft tolerance.
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Czaja AJ. Review article: chemokines as orchestrators of autoimmune hepatitis and potential therapeutic targets. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40:261-79. [PMID: 24890045 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis by directing the migration and positioning of inflammatory and immune cells within the liver. AIM Describe the liver-infiltrating effector cell populations in autoimmune hepatitis, indicate the chemokines that influence their migration, describe the role of chemokines in hepatic fibrosis and identify chemokine-directed treatment opportunities. METHODS Studies cited in Pub Med from 1972 to 2014 for autoimmune hepatitis, chemokines in liver disease, pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis and chemokine therapy were selected. RESULTS T helper type 17 lymphocytes expressing CXCR3 and CCR6 are attracted to the liver by the secretion of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. These cells recruit pro-inflammatory T helper type 1 lymphocytes expressing CXCR3 and CCR5 by secreting CXCL10. Resident natural killer T cells expressing CXCR6 migrate in response to the local secretion of CXCL16, and they modulate the inflammatory response. T helper type 2 lymphocytes expressing CCR4 are attracted by CCL17 and CCL22, and they dampen the expansion of pro-inflammatory cells. Regulatory T cells expressing CXCR3 are attracted by the secretion of CXCL9, and they help dampen the pro-inflammatory responses. CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL4, CXCL10 and CXCL16 promote fibrosis by activating or attracting hepatic stellate cells, and CX3CL1 may prevent fibrosis by affecting the apoptosis of monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Chemokines are requisites for mobilising, directing and positioning the effector cells in immune-mediated liver disease. They are feasible therapeutic targets in autoimmune hepatitis, and the evaluation of monoclonal antibodies that neutralise the pro-inflammatory ligands or designer peptides that block receptor activity are investigational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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