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Zhang P, Xiao Y, Sun X, Lin X, Koo S, Yaremenko AV, Qin D, Kong N, Farokhzad OC, Tao W. Cancer nanomedicine toward clinical translation: Obstacles, opportunities, and future prospects. MED 2023; 4:147-167. [PMID: 36549297 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the integration of nanotechnology into the medical field at large, great strides have been made in the development of nanomedicines for tackling different diseases, including cancers. To date, various cancer nanomedicines have demonstrated success in preclinical studies, improving therapeutic outcomes, prolonging survival, and/or decreasing side effects. However, the translation from bench to bedside remains challenging. While a number of nanomedicines have entered clinical trials, only a few have been approved for clinical applications. In this review, we highlight the most recent progress in cancer nanomedicine, discuss current clinical advances and challenges for the translation of cancer nanomedicines, and provide our viewpoints on accelerating clinical translation. We expect this review to benefit the future development of cancer nanotherapeutics specifically from the clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yufen Xiao
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Xiaoning Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Seyoung Koo
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexey V Yaremenko
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duotian Qin
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Seer, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Xie J, Wang S. Small Interfering RNA in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis Therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221103318. [PMID: 35899305 PMCID: PMC9340422 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with numerous genetic disorders and cellular abnormalities, and liver metastasis is a common health concern in patients with CRC. Exploring newer and more efficient therapies to block liver metastasis is pivotal for prolonging patient survival. Therefore, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are expected to be remarkable tools capable of regulating gene expression by participating in a process called RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is a biological process among eukaryotes wherein specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are destroyed and gene expression is inhibited. This technology is a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of CRC liver metastasis (CRLM). Nevertheless, crucial problems in siRNA therapeutics, including inherent poor serum stability and nonspecific uptake into biological systems, must be recognized. For this reason, delivery systems are being developed in an attempt to solve these problems. Here, we discuss the utility of siRNA therapy for the treatment of CRCLM by targeting the major metastasis-related signaling pathways. siRNA therapy has the potential to be one of the most effective methods for CRLM treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Xie
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal
Cancer Translational Research, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen
Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shubin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal
Cancer Translational Research, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen
Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shubin Wang, Department of Oncology,
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research,
Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking
University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center,
Shenzhen, 518036, China.
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Aldahhan R, Almohazey D, Khan FA. Emerging trends in the application of gold nanoformulations in colon cancer diagnosis and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:1056-1065. [PMID: 34843989 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most aggressive types of cancer with about two million new cases and one million deaths in 2020. The side effects of the available chemotherapies and the possibility of developing resistance against treatment highlight the importance of developing new therapeutic options. The development in the field of nanotechnology have introduced the application of nanoparticles (NPs) as a promising approach in the diagnosis and treatments of colorectal cancer and other types of cancer. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are currently one of the most studied materials as they possess unique tunable properties allowing them to play a role in colorectal cancer bioimaging, diagnosis, and therapy. The high surface-to-volume ratio of AuNPs mediates their utilization in drug delivery as well as functionalization to provide specific targeting. Moreover, depending on their physical properties (size, shape), AuNPs can be modified to fit the intended application. However, there are contradictory results around the pharmacokinetics of AuNPs including their biodistribution, clearance, and toxicity. This variation of opinions is most likely due to the development of different AuNPs that vary in shape, size, and surface chemistry, in addition to the conditions under which each research was carried out. The conflicting data represent a challenge in the clinical use of AuNPs suggesting the need to understand the toxicity, fate, and long-term exposure of AuNPs in vivo. Thus, there is an unmet need for the establishment of a publicly available data base for extensive analysis. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in AuNP applications in the treatment and diagnosis of colorectal cancer, mechanisms of action, and clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Aldahhan
- Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Post Box No. 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Almohazey
- Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Post Box No. 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdos Alam Khan
- Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Post Box No. 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
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Cao J, Bhatnagar S, Wang J, Qi X, Prabha S, Panyam J. Cancer stem cells and strategies for targeted drug delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:1779-1805. [PMID: 33095384 PMCID: PMC8062588 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small proportion of cancer cells with high tumorigenic activity, self-renewal ability, and multilineage differentiation potential. Standard anti-tumor therapies including conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and molecularly targeted therapies are not effective against CSCs, and often lead to enrichment of CSCs that can result in tumor relapse. Therefore, it is hypothesized that targeting CSCs is key to increasing the efficacy of cancer therapies. In this review, CSC properties including CSC markers, their role in tumor growth, invasiveness, metastasis, and drug resistance, as well as CSC microenvironment are discussed. Further, CSC-targeted strategies including the use of targeted drug delivery systems are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Shubhmita Bhatnagar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Xueyong Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Swayam Prabha
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Cancer Research & Molecular Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jayanth Panyam
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Fan F, Yin R, Wang L, Zhao S, Lv D, Yang K, Geng S, Yang N, Zhang X, Wang H. ALDH3A1 driving tumor metastasis is mediated by p53/BAG1 in lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer 2021; 12:4780-4790. [PMID: 34234849 PMCID: PMC8247369 DOI: 10.7150/jca.58250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a lethal malignancy with metastasis, a major tumor feature that predominantly correlated with progression, but the molecules that mediated tumor metastasis remain elusive. To declare the critical regulatory genes, RNA sequencing data in LUAD patients was acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and found that ALDH3A1 was distinctly highly expressed in LUAD patients with metastasis (M1) compared with those without metastasis (M0), linked to the property of cancer stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Besides, high ALDH3A1 expression predicted a poor prognosis. Knockdown of ALDH3A1 showed decreased proliferation, migration, and invasion in A549 cell line. Furthermore, BAG1 was regulated by ALDH3A1 through p53, enhanced cell proliferation, and predicted clinical prognosis. Our findings collectively uncovered a novel mechanism that orchestrates tumor cells' metastasis, and decreasing ALDH3A1 represented a potential therapeutic target for reprogramming metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ruxue Yin
- Department of rheumatism and immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Liuya Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shunxin Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Dan Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Kangli Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shen Geng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ningning Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hongmin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Ortíz R, Quiñonero F, García-Pinel B, Fuel M, Mesas C, Cabeza L, Melguizo C, Prados J. Nanomedicine to Overcome Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Colon and Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Progress. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2058. [PMID: 33923200 PMCID: PMC8123136 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drug resistance is one of the main causes of cancer treatment failure. This phenomenon occurs very frequently in different types of cancer, including colon and pancreatic cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In recent years, nanomedicine has improved the delivery and efficacy of drugs, and has decreased their side effects. In addition, it has allowed to design drugs capable of avoiding certain resistance mechanisms of tumors. In this article, we review the main resistance mechanisms in colon and pancreatic cancers, along with the most relevant strategies offered by nanodrugs to overcome this obstacle. These strategies include the inhibition of efflux pumps, the use of specific targets, the development of nanomedicines affecting the environment of cancer-specific tissues, the modulation of DNA repair mechanisms or RNA (miRNA), and specific approaches to damage cancer stem cells, among others. This review aims to illustrate how advanced nanoformulations, including polymeric conjugates, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, metallic and carbon-based nanoparticles, are allowing to overcome one of the main limitations in the treatment of colon and pancreatic cancers. The future development of nanomedicine opens new horizons for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ortíz
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Quiñonero
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz García-Pinel
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Marco Fuel
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Mesas
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Cabeza
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.O.); (F.Q.); (B.G.-P.); (M.F.); (C.M.); (L.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
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Khan FA, Albalawi R, Pottoo FH. Trends in targeted delivery of nanomaterials in colon cancer diagnosis and treatment. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:227-258. [PMID: 33891325 DOI: 10.1002/med.21809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is an adenocarcinoma, which subsequently develops into malignant tumors, if not treated properly. The current colon cancer therapy mainly revolves around chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, but the search continues for more effective interventions. With the advancement of nanoparticles (NPs), it is now possible to diagnose and treat colon cancers with different types, shapes, and sizes of NPs. Nanoformulations such as quantum dots, iron oxide, polymeric NPs, dendrimers, polypeptides, gold NPs, silver NPs, platinum NPs, and cerium oxide have been either extensively used alone or in combination with other nanomaterials or drugs in colon cancer diagnosis, and treatments. These nanoformulations possess high biocompatibility and bioavailability, which makes them the most suitable candidates for cancer treatment. The size and shape of NPs are critical to achieving an effective drug delivery in cancer treatment and diagnosis. Most NPs currently are under different testing phases (in vitro, preclinical, and clinical), whereas some of them have been approved for therapeutic applications. We have comprehensively reviewed the recent advances in the applications of NPs-based formulations in colon cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdos A Khan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Albalawi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Student of the volunteer/training program at IRMC
| | - Faheem H Pottoo
- College of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Chircov C, Grumezescu AM, Holban AM. Magnetic Particles for Advanced Molecular Diagnosis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2158. [PMID: 31284393 PMCID: PMC6651565 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnosis is the field that aims to develop nucleic-acid-based analytical methods for biological markers and gene expression assessments by combining laboratory medicine and molecular genetics. As it gradually becomes a clinical reality, molecular diagnosis could benefit from improvements resulting from thorough studies that could enhance the accuracy of these methods. The application of magnetic particles in molecular diagnosis tools has led to tremendous breakthroughs in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and discrimination in bioassays. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight the principles involved in the implementation of magnetic particles for sample preparation and targeted analyte isolation, purification, and extraction. Furthermore, the most recent advancements in the area of cancer and infectious disease diagnosis are presented, with an emphasis on screening and early stage detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Chircov
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract
Certain genetic mutations lead to the development of cancer through unchecked cell growth and division. Cancer is typically treated through surgical resection, radiotherapy, and small-molecule chemotherapy. A relatively recent approach to cancer therapy involves the use of a natural process wherein small RNA molecules regulate gene expression in a pathway known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNA oligomers pair with a network of proteins to form an RNA-induced silencing complex, which inhibits the translation of mRNA into proteins, thereby controlling the expression of gene products. Synthetically produced RNA oligomers may be designed to target and silence specific oncogenes to provide cancer therapy. The primary challenges facing the use of the RNAi pathway for cancer therapy are the safe and efficacious delivery of RNA payloads and their release at pertinent sites within disease-causing cells. Nucleases are abundant in the bloodstream and intracellular environment, and therapeutic RNA sequences often require a suitable carrier to provide protection from degradation prior to reaching their site of action in the body. The use of metal core nanoparticles (NPs) serving as targeted delivery vehicles able to shield and direct RNA payloads to their intended destinations have recently gained favor. Biological barriers present in the body establish a size prerequisite for drug delivery vehicles; to overcome recognition by the body's immune system and to gain access to intracellular environments, drug carriers must be small (< 100 nm). Iron oxide and gold core NPs can be synthesized with a high degree of control to create uniform ultrasmall drug delivery vehicles capable of bypassing key biological barriers. While progress is being made in size control of liposomal and polymer NPs, such advances still lag in comparison to the exquisite tunability and time stability of size engineering achievable with metal core NPs at bulk scales. Further, unlike lipid- and viral-based transfection agents, the biodistribution of metal core NPs can be traced using noninvasive imaging techniques that capitalize on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and the inorganic atoms at the core of the NPs. Finally, metal core NPs have been shown to match the transfection efficiency of conventional RNA-delivery vehicles while also providing less immunogenicity and minimal side effects through the addition of tumor-targeting ligands on their surface. This Account reviews recent advances in the use of iron oxide and gold NPs for RNAi therapy. An overview of the different types of RNA-based therapies is provided along with a discussion of the advantages and current limitations of the technique. We highlight design considerations for the use of iron oxide and gold NP carriers in RNAi, including a discussion of the importance of size and its role in traversing biological barriers, NP surface modifications required for targeted delivery and RNA payload release, and auxiliary properties supporting imaging functionality for treatment monitoring. Applications of NPs for combination therapies including the pairing of RNAi with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy are explored through examples. Finally, future perspectives are provided with a focus on the current limitations and the potential for clinical translation of iron oxide and gold NPs in RNAi therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Revia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zachary R. Stephen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Li Q, Zhou X, Fang Z, Pan Z. Effect of STC2 gene silencing on colorectal cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:977-984. [PMID: 31173256 PMCID: PMC6625197 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stanniocalcin 2 (STC2), a secretory glycoprotein hormone, regulates many biological processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis and atherosclerosis. However, the effect of STC2 on proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells remains poorly understood. The expression level of STC2 was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect the viability of SW480 cells. The invasion and migration of cells were identified by wound healing and Transwell assays. The mRNA and protein expression levels of β-catenin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, E-cadherin and vimentin were assessed by qPCR and western blot analysis. In the present study, it was demonstrated that STC2 was highly expressed in the CRC cell lines. After silencing of STC2, the cell viability, migration and invasion were significantly reduced. Silencing of STC2 in the CRC Sw480 cells increased the expression of E-cadherin and decreased the expression of vimentin, MMP-2 and MMP-9, compared to those in the normal and empty vector group. Furthermore, the expression of β-catenin in the STC2 gene silenced group was suppressed, and the expression of β-catenin was reversed by Wnt activator, SB216763. These results demonstrated that STC2 participates in the development and progression of CRC by promoting CRC cell proliferation, survival and migration and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyuan Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiukou Zhou
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyu Fang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Pan
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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11
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Tang Y, Zeng Z, He X, Wang T, Ning X, Feng X. SiRNA Crosslinked Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Inflammation-induced Liver Injury. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600228. [PMID: 28251047 PMCID: PMC5323819 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides a powerful tool for gene regulation, and has a broad potential as a promising therapeutic strategy. However, therapeutics based on siRNA have had limited clinical success due to their undesirable pharmacokinetic properties. This study presents pH-sensitive nanoparticles-based siRNA delivery systems (PNSDS), which are positive-charge-free nanocarriers, composed of siRNA chemically crosslinked with multi-armed poly(ethylene glycol) carriers via acid-labile acetal linkers. The unique siRNA crosslinked structure of PNSDS allows it to have minimal cytotoxicity, high siRNA loading efficiency, and a stimulus-responsive property that enables the selective intracellular release of siRNA in response to pH conditions. This study demonstrates that PNSDS can deliver tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) siRNA into macrophages and induce the efficient down regulation of the targeted gene in complete cell culture media. Moreover, PNSDS with mannose targeting moieties can selectively accumulate in mice liver, induce specific inhibition of macrophage TNF-α expression in vivo, and consequently protect mice from inflammation-induced liver damages. Therefore, this novel siRNA delivering platform would greatly improve the therapeutic potential of RNAi based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Tang
- Innovative Drug Research CenterChongqing UniversityChongqing401331P. R. China
| | - Ziying Zeng
- Innovative Drug Research CenterChongqing UniversityChongqing401331P. R. China
| | - Xiao He
- Innovative Drug Research CenterChongqing UniversityChongqing401331P. R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Innovative Drug Research CenterChongqing UniversityChongqing401331P. R. China
| | - Xinghai Ning
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Xuli Feng
- Innovative Drug Research CenterChongqing UniversityChongqing401331P. R. China
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Zhang Z, Chen H, Xu C, Song L, Huang L, Lai Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Gu D, Ren L, Yao Q. Curcumin inhibits tumor epithelial‑mesenchymal transition by downregulating the Wnt signaling pathway and upregulating NKD2 expression in colon cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2615-23. [PMID: 26985708 PMCID: PMC4811403 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor invasion and metastasis are closely associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT refers to epithelial cells under physiological and pathological conditions that are specific to mesenchymal transition. Curcumin inhibits EMT progression via Wnt signaling. The Wnt signaling pathway is a conservative EMT-related signaling pathway that is involved in the development of various tumors. In the present study, MTS assays were employed to analyze the proliferation of curcumin-treated cells. Naked cuticle homolog 2 (NKD2), chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and antibodies associated with EMT were examined in SW620 colorectal cancer cell lines using western blot analysis and real-time qPCR. NKD2 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and CXCR4 expression plasmid was synthesized and transfected into the colorectal cancer cell lines, and NKD2 and CXCR4 expression levels were detected. The results showed that curcumin significantly inhibited the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and upregulated the expression of NKD2 in SW620 colorectal cancer cells and in the xenograft, resulting in the downregulation of key markers in the Wnt signaling. In addition, the progression of ETM was inhibited due to the overexpression of E-cadherin as well as the downregulation of vimentin. Curcumin also inhibited tumor metastasis by downregulating the expression of CXCR4 significantly. The results suggested involvement of the NKD2-Wnt-CXCR4 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells. In addition, curcumin is inhibit this signaling and the development of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Chen
- Second Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Chao Xu
- First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Lu Song
- Second Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Huang
- First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yuebiao Lai
- First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Hanlu Chen
- First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Danlin Gu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Lili Ren
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Yao
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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