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Kuznetsova VG, Gavrilov-Zimin IA, Grozeva SM, Golub NV. Comparative analysis of chromosome numbers and sex chromosome systems in Paraneoptera (Insecta). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2021; 15:279-327. [PMID: 34616525 PMCID: PMC8490342 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i3.71866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article is part (the 4th article) of the themed issue (a monograph) "Aberrant cytogenetic and reproductive patterns in the evolution of Paraneoptera". The purpose of this article is to consider chromosome structure and evolution, chromosome numbers and sex chromosome systems, which all together constitute the chromosomal basis of reproduction and are essential for reproductive success. We are based on our own observations and literature data available for all major lineages of Paraneoptera including Zoraptera (angel insects), Copeognatha (=Psocoptera; bark lice), Parasita (=Phthiraptera s. str; true lice), Thysanoptera (thrips), Homoptera (scale insects, aphids, jumping plant-lice, whiteflies, and true hoppers), Heteroptera (true bugs), and Coleorrhyncha (moss bugs). Terminology, nomenclature, classification, and the study methods are given in the first paper of the issue (Gavrilov-Zimin et al. 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina G. Kuznetsova
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Snejana M. Grozeva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Blvd Tsar Osvoboditel 1, Sofia 1000, BulgariaInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Natalia V. Golub
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
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Mathers TC, Wouters RHM, Mugford ST, Swarbreck D, van Oosterhout C, Hogenhout SA. Chromosome-Scale Genome Assemblies of Aphids Reveal Extensively Rearranged Autosomes and Long-Term Conservation of the X Chromosome. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:856-875. [PMID: 32966576 PMCID: PMC7947777 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome rearrangements are arguably the most dramatic type of mutations, often leading to rapid evolution and speciation. However, chromosome dynamics have only been studied at the sequence level in a small number of model systems. In insects, Diptera and Lepidoptera have conserved genome structure at the scale of whole chromosomes or chromosome arms. Whether this reflects the diversity of insect genome evolution is questionable given that many species exhibit rapid karyotype evolution. Here, we investigate chromosome evolution in aphids-an important group of hemipteran plant pests-using newly generated chromosome-scale genome assemblies of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), and a previously published assembly of the corn-leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis). We find that aphid autosomes have undergone dramatic reorganization over the last 30 My, to the extent that chromosome homology cannot be determined between aphids from the tribes Macrosiphini (Myzus persicae and Acyrthosiphon pisum) and Aphidini (Rhopalosiphum maidis). In contrast, gene content of the aphid sex (X) chromosome remained unchanged despite rapid sequence evolution, low gene expression, and high transposable element load. To test whether rapid evolution of genome structure is a hallmark of Hemiptera, we compared our aphid assemblies with chromosome-scale assemblies of two blood-feeding Hemiptera (Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma rubrofasciata). Despite being more diverged, the blood-feeding hemipterans have conserved synteny. The exceptional rate of structural evolution of aphid autosomes renders them an important emerging model system for studying the role of large-scale genome rearrangements in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mathers
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Roland H M Wouters
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sam T Mugford
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - David Swarbreck
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cock van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Kuznetsova V, Grozeva S, Gokhman V. Telomere structure in insects: A review. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Kuznetsova
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Snejana Grozeva
- Cytotaxonomy and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
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Golub N, Anokhin B, Kuznetsova V. Comparative FISH mapping of ribosomal DNA clusters and TTAGG telomeric sequences to holokinetic chromosomes of eight species of the insect order Psocoptera. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2019; 13:403-410. [PMID: 31850138 PMCID: PMC6910881 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v13i4.48891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive DNAs are the main components of eukaryotic genome. We mapped the 18S rDNA and TTAGG telomeric probe sequences by FISH to meiotic chromosomes of eight species of the order Psocoptera considered a basal taxon of Paraneoptera: Valenzuela burmeisteri (Brauer, 1876), Stenopsocus lachlani Kolbe, 1960, Graphopsocus cruciatus (Linnaeus, 1768), Peripsocus phaeopterus (Stephens, 1836), Philotarsus picicornis (Fabricius, 1793), Amphigerontia bifasciata (Latreille, 1799), Psococerastis gibbosa (Sulzer, 1766), and Metylophorus nebulosus (Stephens, 1836). These species belong to five distantly related families of the largest psocid suborder Psocomorpha: Caeciliusidae, Stenopsocidae, Peripsocidae, Philotarsidae, and Psocidae. We show that all the examined species share a similar location of 18S rDNA on a medium-sized pair of autosomes. This is the first study of rDNA clusters in the order Psocoptera using FISH. We also demonstrate that these species have the classical insect (TTAGG)n telomere organization. Our results provide a foundation for further cytogenetic characterization and chromosome evolution studies in Psocoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golub
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Boris Anokhin
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Valentina Kuznetsova
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
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Silva AA, Rocha MP, ompolo SDG, Campos LADO, Tavares MG. Karyotypic description of the stingless bee Meliponaquinquefasciata Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera, Meliponini) with emphasis on the presence of B chromosomes. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2018; 12:471-482. [PMID: 30479700 PMCID: PMC6240122 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v12i4.29165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stingless bees are distributed widely in the tropics, where they are major pollinators of several plant species. In this study, the karyotype of Meliponaquinquefasciata Lepeletier, 1836 was analysed, with emphasis on the presence of B chromosomes. Post-defecating larvae were analysed using Giemsa staining, the C-banding technique, sequential staining with fluorochromes, and FISH. The chromosome number ranged from 2n = 18 to 22 (females) and from n = 9 to 13 (males) due to the presence of 0-4 B chromosomes. This result demonstrates that M.quinquefasciata has the same chromosomal number as other Melipona Illiger, 1806 species. Considering the A complement, heterochromatin was located only in the pericentromeric region of pair 1. Staining with chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and labelling with rDNA probe, indicated that this region corresponded to the nucleolus organising region. The B chromosomes of M.quinquefasciata could be found in individuals from different localities, they were completely heterochromatic (C-banding) and uniformly stained by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Variations in the number of B chromosomes were detected between cells of the same individual, between individuals of the same colony, and between colonies from different localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Avelar Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaBrazil
| | - Marla Piumbini Rocha
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96030-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal de PelotasPelotasBrazil
| | - Silvia das Graças ompolo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaBrazil
| | - Lucio Antonio de Oliveira Campos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaBrazil
| | - Mara Garcia Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaBrazil
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Zedek F, Bureš P. Holocentric chromosomes: from tolerance to fragmentation to colonization of the land. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:9-16. [PMID: 29069342 PMCID: PMC5786251 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dispersed occurrence of holocentric chromosomes across eukaryotes implies they are adaptive, but the conditions under which they confer an advantage over monocentric chromosomes remain unclear. Due to their extended kinetochore and the attachment of spindle microtubules along their entire length, holocentric chromosomes tolerate fragmentation; hence, they may be advantageous in times of exposure to factors that cause chromosomal fragmentation (clastogens). SCOPE It is shown that holocentric organisms may, indeed, thrive better than monocentric organisms under clastogenic conditions and that such conditions of various duration and intensity have occurred many times throughout the history of Earth's biota. One of the most important clastogenic events in eukaryotic history, in which holocentric chromosomes may have played the key role, was the colonization of land by plants and animals half a billion years ago. In addition to arguments supporting the anticlastogenic hypothesis of holocentric chromosomes and a discussion of its evolutionary consequences, experiments and analyses are proposed to explore this hypothesis in more depth. CONCLUSIONS It is argued that the tolerance to clastogens explains the origin of holocentric lineages and may also have far-reaching consequences for eukaryotic evolution in general as exemplified by the potential role of holocentric chromosomes in terrestrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Zedek
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlarska, Brno, Czech Republic
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Petr Bureš
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlarska, Brno, Czech Republic
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Anjos A, Rocha GC, Paladini A, Mariguela TC, Cabral-de-Mello DC. Karyotypes and Repetitive DNA Evolution in Six Species of the Genus Mahanarva (Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopidae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 149:321-327. [PMID: 27811473 DOI: 10.1159/000450730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects of the Cercopidae family are widely distributed and comprise 59 genera and 431 species in the New World. They are xylemophagous, causing losses in agricultural and pasture grasses, and are considered as emerging pests. Chromosomally, these insects have been studied by standard techniques, revealing variable diploid numbers and primarily X0 sex chromosome systems (males). We performed chromosome studies in 6 Mahanarva (Cercopidae) species using standard and differential chromosome staining as well as mapping of repetitive DNAs. Moreover, the relationship between the repetitive DNAs was analyzed at the interspecific level. A diploid chromosome number of 2n = 19,X0 was documented, with chromosomes gradually decreasing in size. Neutral or GC-rich regions were detected which varied depending on the species. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a (TTAGG)n telomeric motif probe revealed terminal signals, matching those of the Cot DNAs obtained from each species, that were also restricted to the terminal regions of all chromosomes. Dot blot analysis with the Cot fraction from M. quadripunctata showed that at least part of the repetitive genome is shared among the 6 species. Our data highlight the conservation of chromosomal features and organization of repetitive DNAs in the genus Mahanarva, suggesting a low differentiation for chromosomes and repetitive DNAs in most of the 6 species studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Anjos
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil
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Adilardi RS, Ojanguren-Affilastro AA, Mola LM. Sex-Linked Chromosome Heterozygosity in Males of Tityus confluens (Buthidae): A Clue about the Presence of Sex Chromosomes in Scorpions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164427. [PMID: 27783630 PMCID: PMC5081195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Scorpions of the genus Tityus show holokinetic chromosomes, achiasmatic male meiosis and an absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes, like all Buthidae. In this work, we analysed the meiotic behaviour and chromosome rearrangements of a population of the scorpion Tityus confluens, characterising the cytotypes of males, females and embryos with different cytogenetic techniques. This revealed that all the females were structural homozygotes, while all the males were structural heterozygotes for different chromosome rearrangements. Four different cytotypes were described in males, which differed in chromosome number (2n = 5 and 2n = 6) and meiotic multivalent configurations (chains of four, five and six chromosomes). Based on a detailed mitotic and meiotic analysis, we propose a sequence of chromosome rearrangements that could give rise to each cytotype and in which fusions have played a major role. Based on the comparison of males, females and a brood of embryos, we also propose that the presence of multivalents in males and homologous pairs in females could be associated with the presence of cryptic sex chromosomes, with the male being the heterogametic sex. We propose that the ancestral karyotype of this species could have had homomorphic XY/XX (male/female) sex chromosomes and a fusion could have occurred between the Y chromosome and an autosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Sebastián Adilardi
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Liliana María Mola
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Mandrioli M, Rivi V, Nardelli A, Manicardi GC. Genomic and Cytogenetic Localization of the Carotenoid Genes in the Aphid Genome. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 149:207-217. [PMID: 27585067 DOI: 10.1159/000448669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Data published in the scientific literature suggests a possible link between chromosomal rearrangements involving autosomes 1 and 3 and the presence of red morphs in the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer). In order to begin a study of this relationship, we analysed the genomic and chromosomal location of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in M. persicae and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), since carotenoids are the basis of the colour in many aphid species. Genomic analysis identified a DNA sequence containing carotenoid genes in synteny between the 2 species. According to the results obtained using in situ PCR, carotenoid genes were located in a subterminal portion of autosome 1 in both species. The same localization has also been observed in the onion aphid Neotoxoptera formosana Takahashi that, as M. persicae and A. pisum, belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini, thereby suggesting a synteny of this chromosomal region in aphids. In situ PCR experiments performed on 2 M. persicae asexual lineages bearing heterozygous translocations involving autosomes 1 and 3 revealed that carotenoid genes were located within chromosomal portions involved in recurrent rearrangements. We also verified by bioinformatics analyses the presence of fragile sites that could explain these recurrent rearrangements in M. persicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Manicardi GC, Nardelli A, Mandrioli M. Fast chromosomal evolution and karyotype instability: recurrent chromosomal rearrangements in the peach potato aphidMyzus persicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Carlo Manicardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 213/d 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Andrea Nardelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 213/d 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Mauro Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 213/d 41125 Modena Italy
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Mason JM, Randall TA, Capkova Frydrychova R. Telomerase lost? Chromosoma 2015; 125:65-73. [PMID: 26162505 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-015-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase and telomerase-generated telomeric DNA sequences are widespread throughout eukaryotes, yet they are not universal. Neither telomerase nor the simple DNA repeats associated with telomerase have been found in some plant and animal species. Telomerase was likely lost from Diptera before the divergence of Diptera and Siphonaptera, some 260 million years ago. Even so, Diptera is one of the most successful animal orders, making up 11% of known animal species. In addition, many species of Coleoptera and Hemiptera seem to lack canonical telomeric repeats at their chromosome ends. These and other insects that appear to lack canonical terminal repeat sequences account for another 10-15% of animal species. Conversely, the silk moth Bombyx mori maintains canonical telomeric sequences at its chromosome ends but seems to lack a functional telomerase. We speculate that a telomere-specific capping complex that recognizes the telomeric repeats and protects chromosome ends is the determining factor in maintaining canonical telomeric sequences and that telomerase is an early and efficacious mechanism for satisfying the needs of capping complex. There are alternate mechanisms for maintaining chromosome ends that do not depend on telomerase, such as recombination found in some human cancer cells and yeast mutants. These mechanisms may maintain the canonical telomeric repeats or allow the terminal sequence to evolve when specificity of the capping complex for terminal repeat sequences is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Mason
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Thomas A Randall
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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