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Hayashi Y, Oguchi K, Nakamura M, Koshikawa S, Miura T. Construction of a massive genetic resource by transcriptome sequencing and genetic characterization of Megasyllis nipponica (Annelida: Syllidae). Genes Genet Syst 2022; 97:153-166. [PMID: 36070927 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.21-00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes and consequences of the morphological diversity of organisms is one of the major goals of evolutionary biology. Studies on the evolution of developmental mechanisms of morphologies, or evo-devo, have been extensively conducted in many taxa and have revealed many interesting phenomena at the molecular level. However, many other taxa exhibiting intriguing morphological diversity remain unexplored in the field of evo-devo. Although the annelid family Syllidae shows spectacular diversity in morphological development associated with reproduction, its evo-devo study, especially on molecular development, has progressed slowly. In this study, we focused on Megasyllis nipponica as a new model species for evo-devo in syllids and performed transcriptome sequencing to develop a massive genetic resource, which will be useful for future molecular studies. From the transcriptome data, we identified candidate genes that are likely involved in morphogenesis, including genes involved in hormone regulation, sex determination and appendage development. Furthermore, a computational analysis of the transcriptome sequence data indicated the occurrence of DNA methylation in coding regions of the M. nipponica genome. In addition, flow cytometry analysis showed that the genome size of M. nipponica was approximately 524 megabases. These results facilitate the study of morphogenesis in molecular terms and contribute to our understanding of the morphological diversity in syllids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kohei Oguchi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo.,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Mayuko Nakamura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shigeyuki Koshikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University.,Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo
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Schmidbaur H, Schwaha T, Franzkoch R, Purschke G, Steiner G. Within-family plasticity of nervous system architecture in Syllidae (Annelida, Errantia). Front Zool 2020; 17:20. [PMID: 32582362 PMCID: PMC7310387 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ground pattern underlying the nervous system of the last common ancestor in annelids was long thought to be settled, consisting of a dorsal brain, circumoesophageal connectives and a subepithelial, ladder-like ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia connected by paired connectives. With the advent of immunocytochemical stainings and confocal laser scanning microscopy, it becomes evident that its architecture is extremely diverse, which makes the reconstruction of a ground pattern in annelida challenging. Whereas the nervous systems of many different families has already been described, only very few studies looked at the diversity of nervous systems within such clades to give a closer estimate on how plastic the annelid nervous system really is. So far, little is known on syllid nervous system architecture, one of the largest and most diverse groups of marine annelids. RESULTS The position of the brain, the circumoesophageal connectives, the stomatogastric nervous system, the longitudinal nerves that traverse each segment and the innervation of appendages are relatively uniform within the clade. Both the number of connectives within the ventral nerve cord and the number of segmental nerves, which in earlier studies were used to infer phylogenetic relationships and to reconstruct an annelid ground pattern, are highly diverse and differ between genera or even within a given genus. Differences in the distribution of somata of the brain, the nuchal innervation and its associated cell bodies were found between Syllinae and Exogoninae and may be subfamily-specific. CONCLUSIONS The nervous system morphology of syllids very likely depends on the taxon-specific ecological requirements. Thus, it is not surprising that in a clade, which occupies such diverse niches as the Annelida, we find similar patterns in phylogenetically widely separated species in similar niches and a high degree of modularity within a family. Only standardized protocols and staining methods can lead to comparable results, but so far different approaches have been taken to describe annelid nervous systems, making homologization of certain structures difficult. This study provides the first thorough description of the nervous system in the family Syllidae, allowing more detailed comparisons between annelid families in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schmidbaur
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Present address: Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rico Franzkoch
- Zoology and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
- Present address: Microbiology, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Günter Purschke
- Zoology and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerhard Steiner
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Parapar J, Caramelo C, Candás M, Cunha-Veira X, Moreira J. An integrative approach to the anatomy of Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840 (Annelida) using micro-computed X-ray tomography. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7251. [PMID: 31328035 PMCID: PMC6622173 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall anatomy of the genus Syllis (Annelida: Syllidae) has been largely studied; however, an integrative approach considering different anatomical techniques has never been considered. Here, we use micro-computed X-ray tomography (micro-CT) to examine the internal anatomy of Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840, along with other widely available techniques. METHODS We studied the anatomy of the marine annelid S. gracilis through an integrative approach, including micro-CT along with stereo and light compound microscopy (STM, LCM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and histological sectioning (HIS). In this manner, we evaluated the applicability of micro-CT for the examination of annelid anatomy by testing whether the images obtained make it possible to visualize the main body structures, in comparison with other current techniques, of the various elements of its internal anatomy. RESULTS Overall external and internal body elements are clearly shown by the integrative use of all techniques, thus overcoming the limitations of each when studied separately.Any given method shows disparate results, depending on the body part considered. For instance, micro-CT provided good images of the external anatomy, including relevant characters such as the shape, length and number of articles of dorsal parapodial cirri. However, it is especially useful for the examination of internal anatomy, thus allowing for 3D visualization of the natural spatial arrangement of the different organs. The features best visualized are those of higher tissue density (i.e., body musculature, anterior parts of the digestive tract), particularly in 3D images of unstained specimens, whereas less electrodense tissues (i.e., the peritoneal lining of septa and nervous system) are less clearly visualized. The use of iodine stain with micro-CT has shown advantages against non-staining for the adequate observation of delicate elements of low density, such as the segmental organs, the connective between the ganglia, the ventral nerve cord and segmental nerves. DISCUSSION Main external anatomical elements of S. gracilis are well shown with micro-CT, but images show lesser optical resolution and contrast when compared to micrographs provided by SEM and CLSM, especially for fine structural features of chaetae. Comparison of micro-CT and HIS images revealed the utility and reliability of the former to show the presence, shape and spatial disposition of most internal body organs; the resolution of micro-CT images at a cellular level is, however, much lower than that of HIS, which makes both techniques complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parapar
- Departamento de Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Caramelo
- Departamento de Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - María Candás
- Estación de Bioloxía Mariña da Graña, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Xela Cunha-Veira
- Estación de Bioloxía Mariña da Graña, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Juan Moreira
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Papatheodoulou M, Jimenez C, Petrou A, Thasitis I. Endobiotic communities of Marine Sponges in Cyprus (Levantine Sea). Heliyon 2019; 5:e01392. [PMID: 30976679 PMCID: PMC6439280 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges host cryptic endobionts within their network of canals, with representatives from all major animal phyla. This study investigates the endobiotic community of four sponge species (Spongia officinalis, Sarcotragus spinosulus, Ircinia cf. variabilis and Ircinia oros) that were collected during scientific trawl surveys in the coastal area of Cyprus. Moreover, it examines the endobiotic community composition of S. spinosulus in relation to sponges' volume, and various environmental variables. In general, the four sponge endobiotic communities were similar; S. officinalis had a significantly different community composition to I. cf. variabilis and I. oros. The phyla identified followed the general infauna composition of sponges, with the relative abundances of the dominant phyla, Arthropoda and Annelida, ranging from 66.9 - 83.7 % and 4.8-26.5 %, respectively. The highest intensity (I) corresponded to the isopod Cymodoce truncata in S. officinalis (I = 85 individuals/sponge) and S. spinosulus (I = 27.2 individuals/sponge). A general linear model also suggested that distance from shore influenced the total endobiotic abundance of S. spinosulus. This is the first sponge endobiotic community baseline study that covers the whole coastal area of the Republic of Cyprus and is particularly important due to potential changes of Eastern Mediterranean endobiotic communities due to the invasion through the Suez Canal of non-indigenous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene Papatheodoulou
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, G12 8QQ, UK
- Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA), 2101, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Carlos Jimenez
- Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA), 2101, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Centre (EEWRC), The Cyprus Institute, 1645, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Antonis Petrou
- Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA), 2101, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Thasitis
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Research (DFMR), Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, 2033, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Brugler MR, Aguado MT, Tessler M, Siddall ME. The transcriptome of the Bermuda fireworm Odontosyllis enopla (Annelida: Syllidae): A unique luciferase gene family and putative epitoky-related genes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200944. [PMID: 30089107 PMCID: PMC6082529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bermuda fireworm Odontosyllis enopla exhibits an extremely tight circalunar circadian behavior that results in an impressive bioluminescent mating swarm, thought to be due to a conventional luciferase-mediated oxidation of a light-emitting luciferin. In addition, the four eyes become hypertrophied and heavily pigmented, and the nephridial system is modified to store and release gametes and associated secretions. In an effort to elucidate transcripts related to bioluminescence, circadian or circalunar periodicity, as well as epitoky-related changes of the eyes and nephridial system, we examined the transcriptomic profile of three female O. enopla during a bioluminescent swarm in Ferry Reach, Bermuda. Using the well-characterized luciferase gene of the Japanese syllid Odontosyllis undecimdonta as a reference, a complete best-matching luciferase open reading frame (329 amino acids in length) was found in all three individuals analyzed in addition to numerous other paralogous sequences in this new gene family. No photoproteins were detected. We also recovered a predicted homolog of 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (268 amino acids in length) that best matched luciferase of the firefly Luciola with the best predicted template being the crystal structure of luciferase for Photinus pyralis, the common eastern firefly. A wide variety of genes associated with periodicity were recovered including predicted homologs of clock, bmal1, period, and timeless. Several genes corresponding to putative epitoky-related changes of the eyes were recovered including predicted homologs of a phototransduction gene, a retinol dehydrogenase and carotenoid isomerooxygenase as well as a visual perception related retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase. Genes correlating to putative epitoky-related changes of the nephridia included predicted homologs of nephrocystin-3 and an egg-release sex peptide receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercer R. Brugler
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- Biological Sciences Department, NYC College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - M. Teresa Aguado
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Tessler
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Siddall
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
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Faulwetter S, Simboura N, Katsiaras N, Chatzigeorgiou G, Arvanitidis C. Polychaetes of Greece: an updated and annotated checklist. Biodivers Data J 2017; 5:e20997. [PMID: 29362552 PMCID: PMC5769717 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.5.e20997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The last annotated checklist of marine polychaetes in Greece was published in 2001. Since then, global taxonomic progress, combined with many new species records for Greece, required a thorough review of the taxonomic, nomenclatural and biogeographic status of the national species list. This checklist revises the status of all extant polychaete species reported from the Greek Exclusive Economic Zone since 1832. The work was undertaken as part of the efforts on compiling a national species inventory (Greek Taxon Information System initiative) in the framework of the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure. NEW INFORMATION This checklist comprises an updated and annotated inventory of polychaete species in Greek waters, compiled from literature reports, online databases, museum collections and unpublished datasets. The list provides information on 836 species-level taxa from Greece, of which 142 are considered questionable. An additional 84 species reported in the past are currently considered absent from Greece; reasons for the exclusion of each species are given. Fourteen species are reported here for the first time from Greek waters. At least 52 species in the present list constitute in fact a complex of cryptic or pseudo-cryptic species. Forty-seven species are considered non-native to the area. In addition to the species-level taxa reported in this checklist, eleven genera have been recorded from Greece with no representatives identified to species level. One replacement name is introduced. For each species, a comprehensive bibliographic list of occurrence records in Greece and the synonyms used in these publications are provided as supplementary material. Where necessary, the taxonomic, nomenclatural or biogeographic status is discussed. Finally, the findings are discussed in the wider context of Mediterranean polychaete biogeography, taxonomic practice and worldwide research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Faulwetter
- University of Patras, Department of Zoology, Section of Marine Biology, Patras, Greece
| | - Nomiki Simboura
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Katsiaras
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavyssos, Greece
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, Mytilini, Greece
| | - Giorgos Chatzigeorgiou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion Crete, Greece
| | - Christos Arvanitidis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion Crete, Greece
- Hellenic Center for Marine Recearch (HCMR), Heraklion Crete, Greece
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
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Musk W, Faulwetter S, McIlwaine P. First record of Streptosyllis nunezi Faulwetter et al., 2008 (Annelida, Syllidae) from the United Kingdom, and amendment to the genus Streptosyllis Webster & Benedict, 1884. Zookeys 2016:1-11. [PMID: 27199585 PMCID: PMC4857045 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.582.8006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During a benthic survey of a Marine Conservation Zone located on the Skerries Bank in the English Channel off the south-west coast of England, three specimens of StreptosyllisnuneziFaulwetter et al., 2008 were found. This is the second ever record of the species after its original description, and the first record from waters around the U.K. and a significant northerly range extension for a species previously only recorded from the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean Sea. A single simple ventral chaeta in each of the two posterior-most segments was discovered in this and two other species of Streptosyllis Webster & Benedict, 1884. The generic definition of Streptosyllis is emended to include this feature previously unknown for the genus, and an updated key to the Streptosyllis found in UK waters is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Musk
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Sarah Faulwetter
- Institute for Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Thalassocosmos, Gournes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Paul McIlwaine
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK
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