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Chandrasekaran P, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Structure, Functions, and Implications of Selected Lipocalins in Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4290. [PMID: 38673873 PMCID: PMC11050150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The lipocalin proteins are a large family of small extracellular proteins that demonstrate significant heterogeneity in sequence similarity and have highly conserved crystal structures. They have a variety of functions, including acting as carrier proteins, transporting retinol, participating in olfaction, and synthesizing prostaglandins. Importantly, they also play a critical role in human diseases, including cancer. Additionally, they are involved in regulating cellular homeostasis and immune response and dispensing various compounds. This comprehensive review provides information on the lipocalin family, including their structure, functions, and implications in various diseases. It focuses on selective important human lipocalin proteins, such as lipocalin 2 (LCN2), retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS), and α1-microglobulin (A1M).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
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2
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Zhou B, Wang L, Yang S, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Pan X, Li J. Rosmarinic acid treatment protects against lethal H1N1 virus-mediated inflammation and lung injury by promoting activation of the h-PGDS-PGD 2-HO-1 signal axis. Chin Med 2023; 18:139. [PMID: 37891648 PMCID: PMC10612329 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosmarinic acid (RosA) is a natural phenolic compound that possesses a wide-range of pharmacological properties. However, the effects of RosA on influenza A virus-mediated acute lung injury remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore whether RosA could protect against H1N1 virus-mediated lung injury and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Mice were intragastrically administered with RosA for 2 days before intranasal inoculation of the H1N1 virus (5LD50) for the establishment of an acute lung injury model. At day 7 post-infection (p.i.), gross anatomic lung pathology, lung histopathologic, and lung index (lung weight/body weight) were examined. Luminex assay, multiple immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were performed to detect the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis, respectively. Western blotting and plasmid transfection with hematopoietic-type PGD2 synthase (h-PGDS) overexpression were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms. RESULTS RosA effectively attenuated H1N1 virus-triggered deterioration of gross anatomical morphology, worsened lung histopathology, and elevated lung index. Excessive pro-inflammatory reactions, aberrant alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis, and cytotoxic CD8+ T lung recruitment in the lung tissues induced by H1N1 virus infection were observed to be reduced by RosA treatment. In vitro experiments demonstrated that RosA treatment dose-dependently suppressed the increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and apoptosis through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and P38 MAPK signaling pathways in H1N1 virus-infected A549 cells, which was accompanied by promoting activation of the h-PGDS-PGD2-HO-1 signal axis. Furthermore, we strikingly found that h-PGDS inhibition significantly abrogated the inhibitory effects of RosA on H1N1 virus-mediated activation of NF-κB and P38 MAPK signaling pathways, resulting in diminishing the suppressive effects on the increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as apoptosis. Finally, suppressing h-PGDS prominently abolished the protective effects of RosA on H1N1 virus-mediated severe pneumonia and lung injury. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study demonstrates that RosA is a promising compound to alleviate H1N1 virus-induced severe lung injury through prompting the h-PGDS-PGD2-HO-1 signal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixian Zhou
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, 525200, China
| | | | - Sushan Yang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, 525200, China
| | - Yueyun Liang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, 525200, China
| | - Yuehan Zhang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, 525200, China
| | | | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Lauritano D, Mastrangelo F, D’Ovidio C, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Frydas I, Kritas SK, Trimarchi M, Carinci F, Conti P. Activation of Mast Cells by Neuropeptides: The Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054811. [PMID: 36902240 PMCID: PMC10002992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue cells that are derived from bone marrow stem cells that contribute to allergic reactions, inflammatory diseases, innate and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, and mental disorders. MCs located near the meninges communicate with microglia through the production of mediators such as histamine and tryptase, but also through the secretion of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF, which can create pathological effects in the brain. Preformed chemical mediators of inflammation and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are rapidly released from the granules of MCs, the only immune cells capable of storing the cytokine TNF, although it can also be produced later through mRNA. The role of MCs in nervous system diseases has been extensively studied and reported in the scientific literature; it is of great clinical interest. However, many of the published articles concern studies on animals (mainly rats or mice) and not on humans. MCs are known to interact with neuropeptides that mediate endothelial cell activation, resulting in central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorders. In the brain, MCs interact with neurons causing neuronal excitation with the production of neuropeptides and the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. This article explores the current understanding of MC activation by neuropeptide substance P (SP), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and neurotensin, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting a therapeutic effect of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-37 and IL-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Lauritano
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Filiberto Mastrangelo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Cristian D’Ovidio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Ronconi
- Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carla E. Gallenga
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilias Frydas
- Department of Parasitology, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyros K. Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Macedonia, Greece
| | - Matteo Trimarchi
- Centre of Neuroscience of Milan, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- Immunology Division, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Lin H, Li H. How does cigarette smoking affect airway remodeling in asthmatics? Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:13. [PMID: 36741543 PMCID: PMC9881586 DOI: 10.18332/tid/156047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a prevalent chronic airway inflammatory disease involving multiple cells, and the prolonged course of the disease can cause airway remodeling, resulting in irreversible or partial irreversible airflow limitation and persistent airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in asthmatics. Therefore, we must ascertain the factors that affect the occurrence and development of airway remodeling in asthmatics. Smokers are not uncommon in asthmatics. However, there is no systematic description of how smoking promotes airway remodeling in asthmatics. This narrative review summarizes the effects of smoking on airway remodeling in asthmatics, and the progress of the methods for evaluating airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Lin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hequan Li
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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Chiang KC, Gupta A, Sundd P, Krishnamurti L. Thrombo-Inflammation in COVID-19 and Sickle Cell Disease: Two Faces of the Same Coin. Biomedicines 2023; 11:338. [PMID: 36830874 PMCID: PMC9953430 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
People with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at greater risk of severe illness and death from respiratory infections, including COVID-19, than people without SCD (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA). Vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) in SCD and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection are both characterized by thrombo-inflammation mediated by endothelial injury, complement activation, inflammatory lipid storm, platelet activation, platelet-leukocyte adhesion, and activation of the coagulation cascade. Notably, lipid mediators, including thromboxane A2, significantly increase in severe COVID-19 and SCD. In addition, the release of thromboxane A2 from endothelial cells and macrophages stimulates platelets to release microvesicles, which are harbingers of multicellular adhesion and thrombo-inflammation. Currently, there are limited therapeutic strategies targeting platelet-neutrophil activation and thrombo-inflammation in either SCD or COVID-19 during acute crisis. However, due to many similarities between the pathobiology of thrombo-inflammation in SCD and COVID-19, therapies targeting one disease may likely be effective in the other. Therefore, the preclinical and clinical research spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, including clinical trials of anti-thrombotic agents, are potentially applicable to VOC. Here, we first outline the parallels between SCD and COVID-19; second, review the role of lipid mediators in the pathogenesis of these diseases; and lastly, examine the therapeutic targets and potential treatments for the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajay Gupta
- KARE Biosciences, Orange, CA 89128, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Vascular Medicine Institute and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lakshmanan Krishnamurti
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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West PW, Bulfone-Paus S. Mast cell tissue heterogeneity and specificity of immune cell recruitment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932090. [PMID: 35967445 PMCID: PMC9374002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells occupy a unique niche within tissues as long lived perpetrators of IgE mediated hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis, as well as other immune responses. However, mast cells are not identical in different tissues and the impact of this tissue heterogeneity on the interaction with other immune cells and on defined immune responses is still unclear. In this review, we synthesize the characteristics of mast cell heterogeneity in the gut and the skin. Furthermore, we attempt to connect mast cell heterogeneity with functional diversity by exploring differences in mast cell-induced immune cell recruitment in these two model organs. The differential expression of certain receptors on mast cells of different tissues, notably tissue-specific expression patterns of integrins, complement receptors and MRGPRX2, could indicate that tissue environment-dependent factors skew mast cell-immune cell interactions, for example by regulating the expression of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Islam MA, Khairnar R, Fleishman J, Thompson K, Kumar S. Lipocalin-Type Prostaglandin D 2 Synthase Protein- A Central Player in Metabolism. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2951-2963. [PMID: 35799081 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase was previously known as β-trace protein (BTP), a low-molecular-weight glycoprotein that is heavily expressed in human cerebrospinal fluid. Nevertheless, it is also seen to be expressed in numerous other tissues including the kidney, liver, lung, heart, adipose, muscle, and pancreas. Functionally, L-PGDS behaves like a lipocalin type protein where it helps in binding and transportation of small lipophilic substances, such as steroids, retinoids, and other lipophilic ligands. Enzymatically, L-PGDS functions as a prostaglandin synthase where it helps in the production of PGD2 by catalyzing the isomerization of PGH2, a common precursor of the two series of prostaglandins. PGD2 regulates its physiological function through two individual receptors named DP1 and DP2. L-PGDS has been a central player in many diseases, its role in metabolism including diabetes, fatty liver disease, and obesity has gathered a large attention. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about L-PGDS and it's signaling in adipose, hepatic, skeletal muscle, and pancreas tissues, which are core targets for metabolic studies. Modulation of L-PGDS signaling can be considered as a potential future therapeutic target for the treatment of insulin resistance as well as fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asrarul Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, SAH 141A, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Rhema Khairnar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, SAH 141A, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Joshua Fleishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, SAH 141A, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Kamala Thompson
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Studies, Molloy College, Rockville Centre, NY, 11571, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, SAH 141A, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
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8
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Chiang KC, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Gupta A. Thymic Dysfunction and Atrophy in COVID-19 Disease Complicated by Inflammation, Malnutrition and Cachexia. Nutr Health 2022; 28:199-206. [PMID: 35234100 PMCID: PMC8891908 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221083160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic has put millions of people, especially children at risk of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) by pushing them into poverty and disrupting the global food supply chain. The thymus is severely affected by nutritional deficiencies and is known as a barometer of malnutrition. Aim: The present commentary provides a novel perspective on the role of malnutrition-induced thymic dysfunction, involution and atrophy on the risk and severity of disease in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A review of pertinent indexed literature including studies examining the effects of malnutrition on the thymus and immune dysfunction in COVID-19. Results: Protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies of zinc, iron and vitamin A are known to promote thymic dysfunction and thymocyte loss in children. Malnutrition- and infection-induced thymic atrophy and immune dysfunction may increase the risk of first, progression of COVID-19 disease to more severe forms including development of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C); second, slow the recovery from COVID-19 disease; and third, increase the risk of other infections. Furthermore, malnourished children may be at increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection due to socioeconomic conditions that promote viral transmission amongst contacts and create barriers to vaccination. Conclusion: National governments and international organizations including WHO, World Food Program, and UNICEF should institute measures to ensure provision of food and micronutrients for children at risk in order to limit the health impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension
and Kidney Transplantation and Department of Medicine,
University of
California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine,
USA
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Charak
Foundation, Orange, CA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension
and Kidney Transplantation and Department of Medicine,
University of
California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine,
USA
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Chiang KC, Rizk JG, Nelson DJ, Krishnamurti L, Subbian S, Imig JD, Khan I, Reddy ST, Gupta A. Ramatroban for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: David takes on Goliath. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:13-28. [PMID: 35068281 PMCID: PMC10119876 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2031975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In COVID-19 pneumonia, there is a massive increase in fatty acid levels and lipid mediators with a predominance of cyclooxygenase metabolites, notably TxB2 ≫ PGE2 > PGD2 in the lungs, and 11-dehydro-TxB2, a TxA2 metabolite, in the systemic circulation. While TxA2 stimulates thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors, 11-dehydro-TxB2 is a full agonist of DP2 (formerly known as the CRTh2) receptors for PGD2. Anecdotal experience of using ramatroban, a dual receptor antagonist of the TxA2/TP and PGD2/DP2 receptors, demonstrated rapid symptomatic relief from acute respiratory distress and hypoxemia while avoiding hospitalization. AREAS COVERED Evidence supporting the role of TxA2/TP receptors and PGD2/DP2 receptors in causing rapidly progressive lung injury associated with hypoxemia, a maladaptive immune response and thromboinflammation is discussed. An innovative perspective on the dual antagonism of TxA2/TP and PGD2/DP2 receptor signaling as a therapeutic approach in COVID-19 is presented. This paper examines ramatroban an anti-platelet, immunomodulator, and antifibrotic agent for acute and long-haul COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Ramatroban, a dual blocker of TP and DP2 receptors, has demonstrated efficacy in animal models of respiratory dysfunction, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and sepsis, as well as preliminary evidence for rapid relief from dyspnea and hypoxemia in COVID-19 pneumonia. Ramatroban merits investigation as a promising antithrombotic and immunomodulatory agent for chemoprophylaxis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G. Rizk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Arizona State University, Edson College, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Lakshmanan Krishnamurti
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School and Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John D. Imig
- Drug Discovery Center and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Departments of Medicine, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Charak Foundation, Orange, CA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
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10
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Zhu Y, Xu W, OuYang L, Wang H, Mao W, Zhou H, Shen C, Hu Z, Tan Y. OUP accepted manuscript. Lab Med 2022; 53:500-503. [PMID: 35639810 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- YuLi Zhu
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, China
| | - LiangLiang OuYang
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, China
| | - WeiWei Mao
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, China
| | - HuiXiang Zhou
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, China
| | - Chao Shen
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, China
| | - ZhiJian Hu
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, China
| | - YunChang Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, China
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11
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Cruz-Hernandez A, Mendoza RP, Nguyen K, Harder A, Evans CM, Bauer AK, Tewari-Singh N, Brown JM. Mast Cells Promote Nitrogen Mustard-Mediated Toxicity in the Lung Associated With Proinflammatory Cytokine and Bioactive Lipid Mediator Production. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:127-141. [PMID: 34453837 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) has been widely used as a chemical warfare agent including most recently in Syria. Mice exposed to SM exhibit an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines followed by immune cell infiltration in the lung, however, the mechanisms leading to these inflammatory responses has not been completely elucidated. Mast cells are one of the first responding innate immune cells found at the mucosal surfaces of the lung and have been reported to be activated by SM in the skin. Therefore, we hypothesized that nitrogen mustard (NM: a surrogate for SM) exposure promotes activation of mast cells causing chronic respiratory inflammation. To assess the role of mast cells in NM-mediated pulmonary toxicity, we compared the effects of NM exposure between C57BL/6 and B6.Cg-KitW-sh/HNihrJaeBsmJ (KitW-sh; mast cell deficient) mice. Lung injury was observed in C57BL/6J mice following NM exposure (0.125 mg/kg) at 72 h, which was significantly abrogated in KitW-sh mice. Although both strains exhibited damage from NM, C57BL/6J mice had higher inflammatory cell infiltration and more elevated prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with KitW-sh mice. Additionally, we utilized murine bone marrow-derived mast cells to assess NM-induced early and late activation. Although NM exposure did not result in mast cell degranulation, we observed an upregulation in PGD2 and IL-6 levels following exposure to NM. Results suggest that mast cells play a prominent role in lung injury induced by NM and may contribute to the acute and potentially long-term lung injury observed caused by SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cruz-Hernandez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Ryan P Mendoza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Kathleen Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Anna Harder
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Alison K Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jared M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Abstract
Asthma is a complex, heterogeneous chronic airway disease with high prevalence of uncontrolled disease. New therapies, including biologics, are now available to treat T2 high asthma. Treatment of T2 low asthma remains a challenge. Asthma guidelines need be to updated to incorporate new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Huang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics,Children's Hospital of Michigan, Suite #4022, 4th Floor, 3950 Beaubien Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Milind Pansare
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Pediatric Specialty Center, Wayne State University, Suite # 4018, 4th Floor, 3950 Beaubien Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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13
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Figurová D, Tokárová K, Greifová H, Knížatová N, Kolesárová A, Lukáč N. Inflammation, It's Regulation and Antiphlogistic Effect of the Cyanogenic Glycoside Amygdalin. Molecules 2021; 26:5972. [PMID: 34641516 PMCID: PMC8512454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory reaction accompanies in part or in full any disease process in the vascularized metazoan. This complicated reaction is controlled by regulatory mechanisms, some of which produce unpleasant symptomatic manifestations of inflammation. Therefore, there has been an effort to develop selective drugs aimed at removing pain, fever, or swelling. Gradually, however, serious adverse side effects of such inhibitors became apparent. Scientific research has therefore continued to explore new possibilities, including naturally available substances. Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside present, e.g., in bitter almonds. This glycoside has already sparked many discussions among scientists, especially about its anticancer potential and related toxic cyanides. However, toxicity at different doses made it generally unacceptable. Although amygdalin given at the correct oral dose may not lead to poisoning, it has not yet been accurately quantified, as its action is often affected by different intestinal microbial consortia. Its pharmacological activities have been studied, but its effects on the body's inflammatory response are lacking. This review discusses the chemical structure, toxicity, and current knowledge of the molecular mechanism of amygdalin activity on immune functions, including the anti-inflammatory effect, but also discusses inflammation as such, its mediators with diverse functions, which are usually targeted by drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarína Tokárová
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (D.F.); (H.G.); (N.K.); (A.K.); (N.L.)
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Pang L, Yu P, Liu X, Fan Y, Shi Y, Zou S. Fine particulate matter induces airway inflammation by disturbing the balance between Th1/Th2 and regulation of GATA3 and Runx3 expression in BALB/c mice. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:378. [PMID: 33760131 PMCID: PMC7986036 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2.5 µm particulate matter (PM2.5) on airway inflammation and to investigate the possible underlying mechanism. Specifically, the focus was on the imbalance of T helper (Th)1/Th2 cells and the dysregulated expression of transcription factors, including trans-acting T cell-specific transcription factor 3 (GATA3), runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3) and T-box transcription factor TBX21 (T-bet). In this study, ambient PM2.5 was collected and analyzed, male BALB/c mice were sensitized and treated with PBS, ovalbumin (OVA), PM2.5 or OVA + PM2.5. The effects of PM2.5 alone or PM2.5 + OVA on immunopathological changes, the expression of transcription factors GATA3, Runx3 and T-bet, and the imbalance of Th1/Th2 were investigated. It was found that PM2.5 + OVA co-exposure significantly enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration, increased higher tracheal secretions in lung tissue and upregulated respiratory resistance response to acetylcholine compared with PM2.5 or OVA single exposure and control groups. In addition, higher protein and mRNA expression levels of Th2 inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were observed in PM2.5 + OVA treated mice, whereas the expression levels of GATA3 and STAT6 were exhibited in mice exposed to OVA + PM2.5 compared with the OVA and PM2.5 groups. By contrast, PM2.5 exposure decreased the protein and mRNA expression levels of Th1 cytokine interferon-γ and transcription factors Runx3 and T-bet, especially among asthmatic mice, different from OVA group, PM2.5 exposure only failed to influence the expression of T-bet. To conclude, PM2.5 exposure evoked the allergic airway inflammation response, especially in the asthmatic mouse model and led to Th1/Th2 imbalance. These effects worked mainly by upregulating GATA3 and downregulating Runx3. These data suggested that Runx3 may play an important role in PM2.5-aggravated asthma in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Pang
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Yingqi Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Shenchun Zou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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Gupta A, Chander Chiang K. Prostaglandin D 2 as a mediator of lymphopenia and a therapeutic target in COVID-19 disease. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110122. [PMID: 32759007 PMCID: PMC7373045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of COVID-19 disease is lymphopenia. Lymphopenia occurs early in the clinical course and is a predictor of disease severity and outcomes. The mechanism of lymphopenia in COVID-19 is uncertain. It has been variously attributed to the release of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α; direct infection of the lymphocytes by the virus; and rapid sequestration of lymphocytes in the tissues. Additionally, we postulate that prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a key meditator of lymphopenia in COVID-19. First, SARS-CoV infection is known to stimulate the production of PGD2 in the airways, which inhibits the host dendritic cell response via the DP1 receptor signaling. Second, PGD2 is known to upregulate monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) via the DP2 receptor signaling in group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). We propose targeting PGD2/DP2 signaling using a receptor antagonist such as ramatroban as an immunotherapy for immune dysfunction and lymphopenia in COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine, USA.
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16
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Aierken A, Yusufu B, Xu P. Correlation between asthmatic infants with rickets and vitamin D, inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin E. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2122-2126. [PMID: 32765686 PMCID: PMC7401696 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlation between asthmatic infants with rickets and vitamin D, inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin was investigated. A total of 60 child patients with asthma who met the inclusion criteria and received treatment from January 2016 to October 2017 were collected. Among them, 17 asthmatic infants with rickets were set as observation group, while 43 child patients with simple asthma were regarded as the control group. Venous blood was drawn from the two groups of subjects after admission. The levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and IL-17 in serum were determined by ELISA, vitamin D and immunoglobulin E levels in serum were detected using a fully-automatic biochemical analyzer, and wheezing duration during asthma attack was recorded. IL-1, IL-6, IL-17 and immunoglobulin E levels in serum of observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The vitamin D level in the observation group was remarkably lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Wheezing duration in observation group was evidently longer than that in control group (P<0.05). Moreover, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17 and immunoglobulin E levels in serum were positively related to wheezing duration, but the vitamin D level was negatively associated with wheezing duration. Infantile asthma with rickets is closely correlated with vitamin D, inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin E, which are major risk factors in infantile asthma with rickets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aibibai Aierken
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Bweimaieryemu Yusufu
- Department of Pediatrics, First people's Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, Xinjiang 844000, P.R. China
| | - Peiru Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Evidence-Based Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
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Abstract
Prostanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane) belong to the oxylipin family of biologically active lipids generated from arachidonic acid (AA). Protanoids control numerous physiological and pathological processes. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the conversion of AA into prostanoids. There are two COX isozymes: the constitutive COX-1 and the inducible COX-2. COX-1 and COX-2 have similar structures, catalytic activities, and subcellular localizations but differ in patterns of expression and biological functions. Non-selective COX-1/2 or traditional, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (tNSAIDs) target both COX isoforms and are widely used to relieve pain, fever and inflammation. However, the use of NSAIDs is associated with various side effects, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. NSAIDs selective for COX-2 inhibition (coxibs) were purposefully designed to spare gastrointestinal toxicity, but predisposed patients to increased cardiovascular risks. These health complications from NSAIDs prompted interest in the downstream effectors of the COX enzymes as novel drug targets. This chapter describes various safety issues with tNSAIDs and coxibs, and discusses the current development of novel classes of drugs targeting the prostanoid pathway, including nitrogen oxide- and hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs, inhibitors of prostanoid synthases, dual inhibitors, and prostanoid receptor agonists and antagonists.
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Abstract
Asthma is a complex, heterogeneous chronic airway disease with high prevalence of uncontrolled disease. New therapies, including biologics, are now available to treat T2 high asthma. Treatment of T2 low asthma remains a challenge. Asthma guidelines need be to updated to incorporate new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Huang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics,Children's Hospital of Michigan, Suite #4022, 4th Floor, 3950 Beaubien Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Milind Pansare
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Pediatric Specialty Center, Wayne State University, Suite # 4018, 4th Floor, 3950 Beaubien Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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A cellular census of human lungs identifies novel cell states in health and in asthma. Nat Med 2019; 25:1153-1163. [PMID: 31209336 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human lungs enable efficient gas exchange and form an interface with the environment, which depends on mucosal immunity for protection against infectious agents. Tightly controlled interactions between structural and immune cells are required to maintain lung homeostasis. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomics to chart the cellular landscape of upper and lower airways and lung parenchyma in healthy lungs, and lower airways in asthmatic lungs. We report location-dependent airway epithelial cell states and a novel subset of tissue-resident memory T cells. In the lower airways of patients with asthma, mucous cell hyperplasia is shown to stem from a novel mucous ciliated cell state, as well as goblet cell hyperplasia. We report the presence of pathogenic effector type 2 helper T cells (TH2) in asthmatic lungs and find evidence for type 2 cytokines in maintaining the altered epithelial cell states. Unbiased analysis of cell-cell interactions identifies a shift from airway structural cell communication in healthy lungs to a TH2-dominated interactome in asthmatic lungs.
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Oliver ET, Chichester K, Devine K, Sterba PM, Wegner C, Vonakis BM, Saini SS. Effects of an Oral CRTh2 Antagonist (AZD1981) on Eosinophil Activity and Symptoms in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 179:21-30. [PMID: 30879003 DOI: 10.1159/000496162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 50% of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) experience symptoms that are not fully controlled by antihistamines, indicating an unmet clinical need. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of the selective CRTh2 antagonist AZD1981 on symptoms and targeted leukocytes in adults with persistent CSU despite treatment with H1-antihistamines. METHODS We performed a single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled study involving adult CSU subjects with symptoms despite daily antihistamines. The subjects underwent a 2-week placebo run-in and 4 weeks of double-blinded therapy with either AZD1981 40 mg TID or placebo, followed by a 2-week placebo washout. The primary objective was to assess the effect of AZD1981 on CSU signs and symptoms. Secondary objectives included the effects of AZD1981 on prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)-induced eosinophil shape change, circulating leukocyte subsets, CRTh2 expression on blood leukocytes, and total blood leukocyte histamine content. RESULTS Twenty-eight subjects were randomized to AZD1981 or placebo, with 26 subjects completing the study. The urticaria activity scores declined during the treatment phase in both groups, and they were significantly reduced in the AZD1981 group at the end of washout. AZD1981 treatment increased circulating eosinophils and significantly impaired PGD2-mediated eosinophil shape change. CRTh2 surface expression rose significantly on blood basophils during active treatment. No serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine the efficacy of a CRTh2 antagonist in antihistamine-refractory CSU. AZD1981 treatment was well tolerated, effectively inhibited PGD2-mediated eosinophil shape change, shifted numbers of circulating eosinophils, and reduced weekly itch scores more than hives during treatment and into washout. Further studies are needed to determine whether inhibition of the PGD2/CRTh2 pathway will be an -effective treatment for CSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tyrell Oliver
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
| | - Kris Chichester
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Devine
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Meghan Sterba
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Craig Wegner
- Scientific Partnering and Alliances, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Becky Marie Vonakis
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarbjit Singh Saini
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Intranasal curcumin protects against LPS-induced airway remodeling by modulating toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and matrixmetalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression via affecting MAP kinases in mouse model. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 27:731-748. [PMID: 30470954 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial infections can exacerbate asthmatic inflammation depending on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition, the outermost component of cell wall, its exposure timings as well as host's immune status. In present study, Balb/c mice were exposed to antigen (ovalbumin) and LPS simultaneously to establish an asthmatic model. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), well known for its anti-inflammatory potential, was administered through intranasal route 1 h before LPS and OVA (ovalbumin) exposure to evaluate its efficacy against airway structural changes. METHODS Inflammatory cell infiltration in lungs was measured by flow cytometry and further eosinophils were especially measured by immunofluorescence detection of major basic protein (MBP) as marker of eosinophilc granule protein. We also measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) in BALF by spectrofluorometry. MMP-9 activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography and mRNA expressions of MMP-9, TIMP-1, TGF-β1, IL-13, Collagen-1 and TLR-4 were measured in lungs. Protein expression of MAP kinases (P-ERK, P-JNK, P-p38), TLR-4, Cox-2, Lox-5 and Eotaxin was measured by western blotting. Hydroxyproline level and masson's trichrome staining were used to evaluate collagen deposition in lung. RESULTS Exposure to LPS (0.1 µg) exacerbates airway inflammation and induces structural changes in lungs by enhanced ROS production, collagen deposition, expression of genes involved in airway remodeling and activation of MAP kinases pathway enzymes. Intranasal curcumin pretreatment had significantly suppressed inflammatory mediators and airway remodeling proteins. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that intranasal curcumin effectively protects LPS-induced airway inflammation and structural changes by modulating genes involved in airway remodeling in safer way; hence, it can be considered as supplementary alternative towards asthma treatments.
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Domingo C, Palomares O, Sandham DA, Erpenbeck VJ, Altman P. The prostaglandin D 2 receptor 2 pathway in asthma: a key player in airway inflammation. Respir Res 2018; 19:189. [PMID: 30268119 PMCID: PMC6162887 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterised by chronic airway inflammation, airway obstruction and hyper-responsiveness. The inflammatory cascade in asthma comprises a complex interplay of genetic factors, the airway epithelium, and dysregulation of the immune response.Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a lipid mediator, predominantly released from mast cells, but also by other immune cells such as TH2 cells and dendritic cells, which plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of asthma. PGD2 mainly exerts its biological functions via two G-protein-coupled receptors, the PGD2 receptor 1 (DP1) and 2 (DP2). The DP2 receptor is mainly expressed by the key cells involved in type 2 immune responses, including TH2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and eosinophils. The DP2 receptor pathway is a novel and important therapeutic target for asthma, because increased PGD2 production induces significant inflammatory cell chemotaxis and degranulation via its interaction with the DP2 receptor. This interaction has serious consequences in the pulmonary milieu, including the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and harmful cationic proteases, leading to tissue remodelling, mucus production, structural damage, and compromised lung function. This review will discuss the importance of the DP2 receptor pathway and the current understanding of its role in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Domingo
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Pulmonary Service, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Altman
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza East Hanover, East Hanover, NJ 07936-1080 USA
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Abstract
Eicosanoids are 20-carbon bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can modulate various biological processes including cell proliferation, adhesion and migration, angiogenesis, vascular permeability and inflammatory responses. In recent years, studies have shown the importance of eicosanoids in the control of physiological and pathological processes associated with several diseases, including cancer. The polyunsaturated fatty acid predominantly metabolized to generate 2-series eicosanoids is arachidonic acid, which is the major n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal fat and in the occidental diet. The three main pathways responsible for metabolizing arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids to generate eicosanoids are the cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and P450 epoxygenase pathways. Inflammation plays a decisive role in various stages of tumor development including initiation, promotion, invasion and metastasis. This review will focus on studies that have investigated the role of prostanoids and lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids in the development and progression of different tumors, highlighting the findings that may provide insights into how these eicosanoids can influence cell proliferation, cell migration and the inflammatory process. A better understanding of the complex role played by eicosanoids in both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment may provide new markers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and identify new therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Nascimento Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Souza Felipe da Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Alison Colquhoun
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Lin R, Choi YH, Zidar DA, Walker JKL. β-Arrestin-2-Dependent Signaling Promotes CCR4-mediated Chemotaxis of Murine T-Helper Type 2 Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:745-755. [PMID: 29361236 PMCID: PMC6002661 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0240oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a complex inflammatory disease that leads to significant healthcare costs and reduction in quality of life. Although many cell types are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, CD4+ T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cells are centrally involved. We previously reported that the asthma phenotype is virtually absent in ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged mice that lack global expression of β-arrestin (β-arr)-2 and that CD4+ T cells from these mice displayed significantly reduced CCL22-mediated chemotaxis. Because CCL22-mediated activation of CCR4 plays a role in Th2 cell regulation in asthmatic inflammation, we hypothesized that CCR4-mediated migration of CD4+ Th2 cells to the lung in asthma may use β-arr-dependent signaling. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the effect of various signaling inhibitors on CCL22-induced chemotaxis using in vitro-polarized primary CD4+ Th2 cells from β-arr2-knockout and wild-type mice. Our results show, for the first time, that CCL22-induced, CCR4-mediated Th2 cell chemotaxis is dependent, in part, on a β-arr2-dependent signaling pathway. In addition, we show that this chemotactic signaling mechanism involves activation of P-p38 and Rho-associated protein kinase. These findings point to a proinflammatory role for β-arr2-dependent signaling and support β-arr2 as a novel therapeutic target in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lin
- Duke University Division of Pulmonary Medicine and
| | - Yeon ho Choi
- Duke University Division of Pulmonary Medicine and
| | - David A. Zidar
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Julia K. L. Walker
- Duke University Division of Pulmonary Medicine and
- Duke University School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
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Kim B, Kim TH. Fundamental role of dendritic cells in inducing Th2 responses. Korean J Intern Med 2018; 33:483-489. [PMID: 29502361 PMCID: PMC5943655 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A mysterious puzzle in immunology is how the immune system decides what types of immune response to initiate against various stimuli. Although much is known about control of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses, the mechanisms that initiate Th2 responses remain obscure. Antigen-presenting cells, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), are mandatory for the induction of a Th cell response. Numerous studies have documented the organizing role of DCs in this process. The present review summarizes the fundamental roles of DCs in inducing Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungjae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Silva CAM, Belisle JT. Host Lipid Mediators in Leprosy: The Hypothesized Contributions to Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:134. [PMID: 29472920 PMCID: PMC5810268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of clinical forms observed in leprosy and its pathogenesis are dictated by the host's immune response against Mycobacterium leprae, the etiological agent of leprosy. Previous results, based on metabolomics studies, demonstrated a strong relationship between clinical manifestations of leprosy and alterations in the metabolism of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and the diverse set of lipid mediators derived from PUFAs. PUFA-derived lipid mediators provide multiple functions during acute inflammation, and some lipid mediators are able to induce both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses as determined by the cell surface receptors being expressed, as well as the cell type expressing the receptors. However, little is known about how these compounds influence cellular immune activities during chronic granulomatous infectious diseases, such as leprosy. Current evidence suggests that specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) are involved in the down-modulation of the innate and adaptive immune response against M. leprae and that alteration in the homeostasis of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators versus SPMs is associated with dramatic shifts in the pathogenesis of leprosy. In this review, we discuss the possible consequences and present new hypotheses for the involvement of ω3 and ω6 PUFA metabolism in the pathogenesis of leprosy. A specific emphasis is placed on developing models of lipid mediator interactions with the innate and adaptive immune responses and the influence of these interactions on the outcome of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. M. Silva
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - John T. Belisle
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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27
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Marcos-Vadillo E, García-Sánchez A, Sanz C, Davila I, Isidoro-García M. PTGDR gene expression and response to dexamethasone treatment in an in vitro model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186957. [PMID: 29088248 PMCID: PMC5663384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a multifactorial pathology influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Glucocorticoid treatment decreases symptoms by regulating genes involved in the inflammatory process through binding to specific DNA sequences. Polymorphisms located in the promoter region of the Prostaglandin D Receptor (PTGDR) gene have been related to asthma. We aimed to analyze the effect of PTGDR promoter haplotypes on gene expression and response to corticosteroid therapy. A549 lung epithelial cells were transfected with vectors carrying four different PTGDR haplotypes (CTCT, CCCC, CCCT and TCCT), and treated with dexamethasone. Different approaches to study the promoter activity (Dual Luciferase Reporter System), gene expression levels (qPCR) and cytokine secretion (Multiplexed Bead-based Flow Cytometric) were used. In addition, in silico analysis was also performed. Cells carrying the TCCT haplotype showed the lowest promoter activity (p-value<0.05) and mRNA expression levels in basal conditions. After dexamethasone treatment, cells carrying the wild-type variant CTCT showed the highest response, and those carrying the TCCT variant the lowest (p-value<0.05) in luciferase assays. Different transcription factor binding patterns were identified in silico. Moreover, differences in cytokine secretion were also found among different promoter haplotypes. Polymorphisms of PTGDR gene influence basal promoter activity and gene expression, as well as the cytokine secretory pattern. Furthermore, an association between these positions and response to corticoid treatment was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asunción García-Sánchez
- Institute for Biomedical Research, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Catalina Sanz
- Institute for Biomedical Research, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Davila
- Institute for Biomedical Research, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Allergy, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Institute for Biomedical Research, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Menzella F, Galeone C, Bertolini F, Castagnetti C, Facciolongo N. Innovative treatments for severe refractory asthma: how to choose the right option for the right patient? J Asthma Allergy 2017; 10:237-247. [PMID: 28919788 PMCID: PMC5587160 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s144100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing understanding of the molecular biology and the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of asthma helps in identification of numerous phenotypes and endotypes, particularly for severe refractory asthma. For a decade, the only available biologic therapy that met the unmet needs of a specific group of patients with severe uncontrolled allergic asthma has been omalizumab. Recently, new biologic therapies with different mechanisms of action and targets have been approved for marketing, such as mepolizumab. Other promising drugs will be available in the coming years, such as reslizumab, benralizumab, dupilumab and lebrikizumab. Moreover, since 2010, bronchial thermoplasty has been successfully introduced for a limited number of patients. This is a nonpharmacologic endoscopic procedure which is considered a promising therapy, even though several aspects still need to be clarified. Despite the increasing availability of new therapies, one of the major problems of each treatment is still the identification of the most suitable patients. This sudden abundance of therapeutic options, sometimes partially overlapping with each other, increases the importance to identify new biomarkers useful to guide the clinician in selecting the most appropriate patients and treatments, without forgetting the drug-economic aspects seen in elevated direct cost of new therapies. The aim of this review is, therefore, to update the clinician on the state of the art of therapies available for refractory asthma and, above all, to give useful directions that will help understand the different choices that sometimes partially overlap and to dispel the possible doubts that still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Menzella
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, IRCCS- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Carla Galeone
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, IRCCS- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Castagnetti
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, IRCCS- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Nicola Facciolongo
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, IRCCS- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Gong ZG, Liu J, Yin GC, Xu YJ. Serum eicosanoid analysis in Chinese pediatric patients with asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:485-487. [PMID: 28378348 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Gong
- Key Lab of Training, Monitoring and Intervention of Aquatic Sports of General Administration of Sport of China, Faculty of Physical Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pudong Women and Children Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Chang Yin
- Key Lab of Training, Monitoring and Intervention of Aquatic Sports of General Administration of Sport of China, Faculty of Physical Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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30
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Wilson JM, Schuyler AJ, Schroeder N, Platts-Mills TAE. Galactose-α-1,3-Galactose: Atypical Food Allergen or Model IgE Hypersensitivity? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 17:8. [PMID: 28224342 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-017-0672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) is a carbohydrate allergen with several unique characteristics. In this article, we discuss some recent advances in our understanding of the 'alpha-gal syndrome,' highlight data supporting the role of ticks in pathogenesis, and speculate on immune mechanisms that lead to sensitization. RECENT FINDINGS First described as the target of IgE in individuals suffering immediate hypersensitivity reactions to the novel anti-EGF monoclonal antibody cetuximab, it is now clear that α-gal sensitization is associated with mammalian meat allergy as well as reactions to other mammalian products. Unlike traditional IgE-mediated food allergies, reactions to α-gal often do not manifest until several hours following an exposure, although co-factors can influence the presentation. Multiple pieces of evidence, including recent work with a mouse model, point to the fact that sensitization is mediated by exposure to certain hard ticks and increasingly we are aware of its globally widespread impact. The oligosaccharide α-gal represents a novel allergen with several unusual clinical features. It has been recognized now on multiple continents and its clinical presentation can be quite variable. Moreover, efforts to delineate the mechanisms leading to α-gal sensitization may have ramifications for our broader understanding of type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Wilson
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 801355, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Alexander J Schuyler
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 801355, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Nikhila Schroeder
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 801355, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Thomas A E Platts-Mills
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 801355, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
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31
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Brüggemann TR, Fernandes P, Oliveira LDM, Sato MN, Martins MDA, Arantes-Costa FM. Cigarette Smoke Increases CD8α + Dendritic Cells in an Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:718. [PMID: 28670318 PMCID: PMC5472682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an allergic lung disease and, when associated to cigarette smoke exposition, some patients show controversial signs about lung function and other inflammatory mediators. Epidemiologic and experimental studies have shown both increasing and decreasing inflammation in lungs of subjects with asthma and exposed to cigarette smoke. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed how cigarette smoke affects pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators in a murine model of allergic pulmonary inflammation. We sensitized Balb/c mice to ovalbumin (OVA) with two intraperitoneal injections. After sensitization, the animals were exposed to cigarette smoke twice a day, 30 min per exposition, for 12 consecutive days. In order to drive the cell to the lungs, four aerosol challenges were performed every 48 h with the same allergen of sensitization. OVA sensitization and challenge developed pulmonary Th2 characteristic response with increased airway responsiveness, remodeling, increased levels of IgE, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13. Cigarette smoke, unexpectedly, reduced the levels of IL-4 and IL-13 and simultaneously decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines as IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in sensitized and challenged animals. OVA combined with cigarette smoke exposition decreased the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage and increased the number of neutrophils in lung. The combination of cigarette smoke and lung allergy increased recruitment of lymphoid dendritic cells (DCs) into lymph nodes, which may be the leading cause to an increase in number and activation of CD8+ T cells in lungs. In addition, lung allergy and cigarette smoke exposure decreased an important regulatory subtype of DC such as plasmacytoid DC as well as its activation by expression of CD86, PDL2, and ICOSL, and it was sufficient to decrease T regs influx and anti-inflammatory cytokines release such as IL-10 and TGF-β but not enough to diminish the structural changes. In conclusion, we observed, in this model, that OVA sensitization and challenge combined with cigarette smoke exposure leads to mischaracterization of the Th2 response of asthma by decreasing the number of eosinophils, IL-4, and IL-13 and increasing number of neutrophils, which is related to the increased number of CD8ɑ+ DCs and CD8+ T cells as well as reduction of the regulatory cells and its released cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayse Regina Brüggemann
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics LIM20, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paula Fernandes
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics LIM20, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM56, School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Dermatology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM56, School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Dermatology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mílton de Arruda Martins
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics LIM20, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Magalhães Arantes-Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics LIM20, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Moro C, Bass J, Scott AM, Canetti EFD. Enhancing capillary blood collection: The influence of nicotinic acid and nonivamide. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 31. [PMID: 28102549 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinic acid and nonivamide are often applied topically during capillary blood collection to induce vasodilation. These molecules may have an influence on immune effector cell activity in nearby tissues. This study investigates whether the induction of flushing by nicotinic acid and nonivamide causes an inflammatory response that influences the composition of immune cells present in a capillary blood sample. METHODS Females aged between 18 and 30 years old provided capillary blood samples. Experimental samples were taken from an earlobe treated with nicotinic acid and nonivamide with controls obtained from the untreated earlobe. Immunophenotypic analyses were conducted using polychromatic flow cytometry to determine whether any changes occurred in leucocyte subpopulations (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD56, and CD14) and granulocytic functional-related surface antigen markers (CD11b, CD18, CD16b, and CD66b). RESULTS No significant differences were observed between experimental and control samples in the mean percent of parent for the lymphocyte, monocyte, or granulocyte subpopulations, or in the median fluorescence intensity of particular surface markers expressed on these leucocytes. CONCLUSION The topical application of nicotinic acid and nonivamide is a possible method to improve capillary blood collection for immunological assessments. The use of these agents may increase the safety and compliance of patients who suffer from needle phobia or are unable to provide venous blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moro
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Jessica Bass
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Anna Mae Scott
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Elisa F D Canetti
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
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33
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Park KI, Kim DG, Yoo JM, Ma JY. The Herbal Medicine KIOM-MA128 Inhibits the Antigen/IgE-Mediated Allergic Response in Vitro and in Vivo. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081015. [PMID: 27527133 PMCID: PMC6273402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KIOM-MA128, a novel herbal medicine, has been reported to exert some beneficial effects on various biological events, such as atopic dermatitis, inflammation and cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate how KIOM-MA128 regulates the allergic response. We measured the activity of β-hexosaminidase and the levels of allergic mediators in the conditioned media of antigen/IgE (Ag/IgE)-activated RBL-2H3 mast cells. We examined the levels of proteins associated with both the FcεRI and arachidonate cascades. Finally, we established the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) model in mice to confirm the anti-allergic effects of KIOM-MA128 in vivo. KIOM-MA128 dose-dependently inhibited degranulation and the production of the allergic mediators described above, with no significant cytotoxicity. In the arachidonate cascade, KIOM-MA128 significantly reduced both cytosolic phospholipase A₂ (cPLA₂) phosphorylation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Moreover, in the FcεRI cascade, KIOM-MA128 not only inhibited activation of LYN, FYN and SYK, known as the rate-limiting proteins of the FcεRI cascade, but also suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK, which is related to cytokine expression. Finally, 50 to 100 mg/kg KIOM-MA128 significantly attenuated the Ag/IgE-induced PCA reaction in mice. These findings provide novel information and improve our understanding of the anti-allergic effects of KIOM-MA128 on allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Il Park
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| | - Dong Gun Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| | - Jae Myung Yoo
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
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Identification of Susceptibility Genes of Adult Asthma in French Canadian Women. Can Respir J 2016; 2016:3564341. [PMID: 27445529 PMCID: PMC4904514 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3564341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility genes of asthma may be more successfully identified by studying subgroups of phenotypically similar asthma patients. This study aims to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with asthma in French Canadian adult women. A pooling-based genome-wide association study was performed in 240 allergic asthmatic and 120 allergic nonasthmatic women. The top associated SNPs were selected for individual genotyping in an extended cohort of 349 asthmatic and 261 nonasthmatic women. The functional impact of asthma-associated SNPs was investigated in a lung expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping study (n = 1035). Twenty-one of the 38 SNPs tested by individual genotyping showed P values lower than 0.05 for association with asthma. Cis-eQTL analyses supported the functional contribution of rs17801353 associated with C3AR1 (P = 7.90E - 10). The asthma risk allele for rs17801353 is associated with higher mRNA expression levels of C3AR1 in lung tissue. In silico functional characterization of the asthma-associated SNPs also supported the contribution of C3AR1 and additional genes including SYNE1, LINGO2, and IFNG-AS1. This pooling-based GWAS in French Canadian adult women followed by lung eQTL mapping suggested C3AR1 as a functional locus associated with asthma. Additional susceptibility genes were suggested in this homogenous subgroup of asthma patients.
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35
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Heck S, Nguyen J, Le DD, Bals R, Dinh QT. Pharmacological Therapy of Bronchial Asthma: The Role of Biologicals. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 168:241-52. [PMID: 26895179 DOI: 10.1159/000443930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous, complex, chronic inflammatory and obstructive pulmonary disease driven by various pathways to present with different phenotypes. A small proportion of asthmatics (5-10%) suffer from severe asthma with symptoms that cannot be controlled by guideline therapy with high doses of inhaled steroids plus a second controller, such as long-acting β2 agonists (LABA) or leukotriene receptor antagonists, or even systemic steroids. The discovery and characterization of the pathways that drive different asthma phenotypes have opened up new therapeutic avenues for asthma treatment. The approval of the humanized anti-IgE antibody omalizumab for the treatment of severe allergic asthma has paved the way for other cytokine-targeting therapies, particularly those targeting interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-23 and the epithelium-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Knowledge of the molecular basis of asthma phenotypes has helped, and continues to help, the development of novel biologicals that target a diverse array of phenotype-specific molecular targets in patients suffering from severe asthma. This review summarizes potential therapeutic approaches that are likely to show clinical efficacy in the near future, focusing on biologicals as promising novel therapies for severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heck
- Department of Experimental Pneumology and Allergology, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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36
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YOO JAEMYUNG, YANG JUHYE, YANG HYEJIN, CHO WONKYUNG, MA JINYEUL. Inhibitory effect of fermented Arctium lappa fruit extract on the IgE-mediated allergic response in RBL-2H3 cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:501-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Inhibitory effect of methyleugenol on IgE-mediated allergic inflammation in RBL-2H3 cells. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:463530. [PMID: 25960618 PMCID: PMC4415531 DOI: 10.1155/2015/463530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis, are common. Therefore, the discovery of therapeutic drugs for these conditions is essential. Methyleugenol (ME) is a natural compound with antiallergic, antianaphylactic, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study examined the antiallergic effect of ME on IgE-mediated inflammatory responses and its antiallergy mechanism in the mast cell line, RBL-2H3. We found that ME significantly inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, and interleukin- (IL-) 4, and was not cytotoxic at the tested concentrations (0-100 μM). Additionally, ME markedly reduced the production of the proinflammatory lipid mediators prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and leukotriene C4 (LTC4). We further evaluated the effect of ME on the early stages of the FcεRI cascade. ME significantly inhibited Syk phosphorylation and expression but had no effect on Lyn. Furthermore, it suppressed ERK1/2, p38, and JNK phosphorylation, which is implicated in proinflammatory cytokine expression. ME also decreased cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) phosphorylation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. These results suggest that ME inhibits allergic response by suppressing the activation of Syk, ERK1/2, p38, JNK, cPLA2, and 5-LO. Furthermore, the strong inhibition of COX-2 expression may also contribute to the antiallergic action of ME. Our study provides further information about the biological functions of ME.
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38
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de Boer AS, Koszka K, Kiskinis E, Suzuki N, Davis-Dusenbery BN, Eggan K. Genetic validation of a therapeutic target in a mouse model of ALS. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:248ra104. [PMID: 25100738 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurons produced from stem cells have emerged as a tool to identify new therapeutic targets for neurological diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, it remains unclear to what extent these new mechanistic insights will translate to animal models, an important step in the validation of new targets. Previously, we found that glia from mice carrying the SOD1G93A mutation, a model of ALS, were toxic to stem cell-derived human motor neurons. We use pharmacological and genetic approaches to demonstrate that the prostanoid receptor DP1 mediates this glial toxicity. Furthermore, we validate the importance of this mechanism for neural degeneration in vivo. Genetic ablation of DP1 in SOD1G93A mice extended life span, decreased microglial activation, and reduced motor neuron loss. Our findings suggest that blocking DP1 may be a therapeutic strategy in ALS and demonstrate that discoveries from stem cell models of disease can be corroborated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sophie de Boer
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kathryn Koszka
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Evangelos Kiskinis
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Brandi N Davis-Dusenbery
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Cyclic AMP concentrations in dendritic cells induce and regulate Th2 immunity and allergic asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1529-34. [PMID: 25605931 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417972112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The inductive role of dendritic cells (DC) in Th2 differentiation has not been fully defined. We addressed this gap in knowledge by focusing on signaling events mediated by the heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins Gαs, and Gαi, which respectively stimulate and inhibit the activation of adenylyl cyclases and the synthesis of cAMP. We show here that deletion of Gnas, the gene that encodes Gαs in mouse CD11c(+) cells (Gnas(ΔCD11c) mice), and the accompanying decrease in cAMP provoke Th2 polarization and yields a prominent allergic phenotype, whereas increases in cAMP inhibit these responses. The effects of cAMP on DC can be demonstrated in vitro and in vivo and are mediated via PKA. Certain gene products made by Gnas(ΔCD11c) DC affect the Th2 bias. These findings imply that G protein-coupled receptors, the physiological regulators of Gαs and Gαi activation and cAMP formation, act via PKA to regulate Th bias in DC and in turn, Th2-mediated immunopathologies.
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Radonjic-Hoesli S, Valent P, Klion AD, Wechsler ME, Simon HU. Novel targeted therapies for eosinophil-associated diseases and allergy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:633-56. [PMID: 25340931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil-associated diseases often present with life-threatening manifestations and/or chronic organ damage. Currently available therapeutic options are limited to a few drugs that often have to be prescribed on a lifelong basis to keep eosinophil counts under control. In the past 10 years, treatment options and outcomes in patients with clonal eosinophilic and other eosinophilic disorders have improved substantially. Several new targeted therapies have emerged, addressing different aspects of eosinophil expansion and inflammation. In this review, we discuss available and currently tested agents as well as new strategies and drug targets relevant to both primary and secondary eosinophilic diseases, including allergic disorders.
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41
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Izumi Y, Aritake K, Urade Y, Fukusaki E. Practical evaluation of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and enzyme immunoassay method for the accurate quantitative analysis of prostaglandins. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:116-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Key mediators in the immunopathogenesis of allergic asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:316-29. [PMID: 24933589 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is described as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the conducting airways. It is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, eosinophil and Th2 infiltration, airway hyper-responsiveness and airway remodeling. Our findings to date have largely been dependent on work done using animal models, which have been instrumental in broadening our understanding of the mechanism of the disease. However, using animals to model a uniquely human disease is not without its drawbacks. This review aims to examine some of the key mediators and cells of allergic asthma learned from animal models and shed some light on emerging mediators in the pathogenesis allergic airway inflammation in acute and chronic asthma.
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43
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Kelvin AA, Degousee N, Banner D, Stefanski E, Leόn AJ, Angoulvant D, Paquette SG, Huang SSH, Danesh A, Robbins CS, Noyan H, Husain M, Lambeau G, Gelb M, Kelvin DJ, Rubin BB. Lack of group X secreted phospholipase A₂ increases survival following pandemic H1N1 influenza infection. Virology 2014; 454-455:78-92. [PMID: 24725934 PMCID: PMC4106042 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of Group X secreted phospholipase A2 (GX-sPLA2) during influenza infection has not been previously investigated. We examined the role of GX-sPLA2 during H1N1 pandemic influenza infection in a GX-sPLA2 gene targeted mouse (GX(-/-)) model and found that survival after infection was significantly greater in GX(-/-) mice than in GX(+/+) mice. Downstream products of GX-sPLA2 activity, PGD2, PGE2, LTB4, cysteinyl leukotrienes and Lipoxin A4 were significantly lower in GX(-/-) mice BAL fluid. Lung microarray analysis identified an earlier and more robust induction of T and B cell associated genes in GX(-/-) mice. Based on the central role of sPLA2 enzymes as key initiators of inflammatory processes, we propose that activation of GX-sPLA2 during H1N1pdm infection is an early step of pulmonary inflammation and its inhibition increases adaptive immunity and improves survival. Our findings suggest that GX-sPLA2 may be a potential therapeutic target during influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norbert Degousee
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Stefanski
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto J Leόn
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Denis Angoulvant
- Division of Cardiology, Trousseau Hospital, Tours University Hospital Center and EA 4245, Francois Rabelais University, Tours, France
| | - Stéphane G Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S H Huang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Danesh
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 2-Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hossein Noyan
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mansoor Husain
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerard Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275 CNRS and Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Michael Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David J Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita׳ degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Barry B Rubin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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The prostaglandin D2 receptor (PTGDR) gene in asthma and allergic diseases. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2014; 42:64-8. [PMID: 23410912 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The prostaglandin D2 receptor (PTGDR) gene has been associated to asthma and related phenotypes by linking and association studies. Functional studies involving animal models and other expression studies based on in vitro cell models also point to a possible role of polymorphisms in the promoter region, in the differential binding of transcription factors, and thus in PTGDR expression, which appear to be associated to the development of asthma or of susceptibility to the disease.
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Yoo JM, Kim NY, Seo JM, Kim SJ, Lee SY, Kim SK, Kim HD, Lee SW, Kim MR. Inhibitory effects of mulberry fruit extract in combination with naringinase on the allergic response in IgE-activated RBL-2H3 cells. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:469-77. [PMID: 24336971 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the anti-allergic action of mulberry fruit extract (MFE) or MFE in combination with naringinase (MFEN) in IgE-activated RBL-2H3 cells, and investigated the mechanisms responsible for the anti-allergic effects of MFEN. β-hexosaminidase release assay was used to measure the amount of β-hexosaminidase released from the cells, and ELISA was used to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). We found that MFE significantly reduced the release of β-hexosaminidase (IC(50), 10.59 mg/ml) and TNF-α (IC(50), 4.87 mg/ml). Moreover, MFEN enhanced the inhibitory effects on the release of β-hexosaminidase (IC(50), 123.10 µg/ml) and TNF-α (IC(50), 65.01 µg/ml). Furthermore, MFEN had no cytotoxicity at the concentration range used to exert the anti-allergic effects. In addition, we evaluated the effects of MFEN on the formation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, such as prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)), leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits. MFEN markedly reduced the formation of PGD(2) (IC(50), 6.47 µg/ml) and LTC(4) (IC(50), 0.31 µg/ml), but not LTB(4) (IC(50), 25.75 µg/ml). In mechanistic analyses, we measured the phosphorylation of Syk, Lyn and Fyn by immunoblot analysis. MFEN significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of Syk, but not that of Lyn or Fyn. MFEN also suppressed the phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC)γ1/2, protein kinase C (PKC)δ, linker for activation of T cells (LAT), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2, JNK, GRB2-associated binding protein 2 (Gab2), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, cytosolic phospholipase A2 and 5-lipoxygenase, as well as the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. In conclusion, these results suggest that MFEN exerts potent inhibitory effects on allergic response through the suppression of the activation of the FcεRI signaling cascade. Our data demonstrating the anti-allergic effects of MFEN may provide further insight into the therapeutic application of MFEN or its use as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Myung Yoo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Seo
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Don Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Ree Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Kudva AK, Kaushal N, Mohinta S, Kennett MJ, August A, Paulson RF, Prabhu KS. Evaluation of the stability, bioavailability, and hypersensitivity of the omega-3 derived anti-leukemic prostaglandin: Δ(12)-prostaglandin J3. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80622. [PMID: 24312486 PMCID: PMC3846793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived endogenous cyclopentenone prostaglandin (CyPG) metabolite, Δ12-PGJ3, to selectively target leukemic stem cells, but not the normal hematopoietic stems cells, in in vitro and in vivo models of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Here we evaluated the stability, bioavailability, and hypersensitivity of Δ12-PGJ3. The stability of Δ12-PGJ3 was evaluated under simulated conditions using artificial gastric and intestinal juice. The bioavailability of Δ12-PGJ3 in systemic circulation was demonstrated upon intraperitoneal injection into mice by LC-MS/MS. Δ12-PGJ3 being a downstream metabolite of PGD3 was tested in vitro using primary mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and in vivo mouse models for airway hypersensitivity. ZK118182, a synthetic PG analog with potent PGD2 receptor (DP)-agonist activity and a drug candidate in current clinical trials, was used for toxicological comparison. Δ12-PGJ3 was relatively more stable in simulated gastric juice than in simulated intestinal juice that followed first-order kinetics of degradation. Intraperitoneal injection into mice revealed that Δ12-PGJ3 was bioavailable and well absorbed into systemic circulation with a Cmax of 263 µg/L at 12 h. Treatment of BMMCs with ZK118182 for 12 h resulted in increased production of histamine, while Δ12-PGJ3 did not induce degranulation in BMMCs nor increase histamine. In addition, in vivo testing for hypersensitivity in mice showed that ZK118182 induces higher airways hyperresponsiveness when compared Δ12-PGJ3 and/or PBS control. Based on the stability studies, our data indicates that intraperitoneal route of administration of Δ12-PGJ3 was favorable than oral administration to achieve effective pharmacological levels in the plasma against leukemia. Δ12-PGJ3 failed to increase histamine and IL-4 in BMMCs, which is in agreement with reduced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. In summary, our studies suggest Δ12-PGJ3 to be a promising bioactive metabolite for further evaluation as a potential drug candidate for treating CML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biological Availability
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Drug Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/adverse effects
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacokinetics
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mast Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Prostaglandins/adverse effects
- Prostaglandins/pharmacokinetics
- Prostaglandins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash K. Kudva
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Naveen Kaushal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sonia Mohinta
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary J. Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Avery August
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Paulson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - K. Sandeep Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kaur R, Sloan LA, Blanchard AD, Smith JL, Churcher I, Wayne GJ, Ludbrook SB. A Phenotypic Screening Approach in Cord Blood–Derived Mast Cells to Identify Anti-Inflammatory Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:1223-33. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057113500073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are unique hematopoietic cells that are richly distributed in the skin and mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. They play a key role in allergic inflammation by releasing a cocktail of granular constituents, including histamine, serine proteases, and various eicosanoids and cytokines. As such, a number of drugs target either inhibition of mast cell degranulation or the products of degranulation. To identify potential novel drugs and mechanisms in mast cell biology, assays were developed to identify inhibitors of mast cell degranulation and activation in a phenotypic screen. Due to the challenges associated with obtaining primary mast cells, cord blood–derived mononuclear cells were reproducibly differentiated to mast cells and assays developed to monitor tryptase release and prostaglandin D2 generation. The tryptase assay was particularly sensitive, requiring only 500 cells per data point, which permitted a set of approximately 12,000 compounds to be screened robustly and cost-effectively. Active compounds were tested for concomitant inhibition of prostaglandin D2 generation. This study demonstrates the robustness and effectiveness of this approach in the identification of potential novel compounds and mechanisms targeting mast cell–driven inflammation, to enable innovative drug discovery efforts to be prosecuted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejbinder Kaur
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Lisa A. Sloan
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Andy D. Blanchard
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Janet L. Smith
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Ian Churcher
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Gareth J. Wayne
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
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Li H, Edin ML, Bradbury JA, Graves JP, DeGraff LM, Gruzdev A, Cheng J, Dackor RT, Wang PM, Bortner CD, Garantziotis S, Jetten AM, Zeldin DC. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibits T helper cell type 9 differentiation during allergic lung inflammation via down-regulation of IL-17RB. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:812-22. [PMID: 23449692 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201211-2073oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Helper CD4(+) T cell subsets, including IL-9- and IL-10-producing T helper cell type 9 (Th9) cells, exist under certain inflammatory conditions. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 play important roles in allergic lung inflammation and asthma. It is unknown whether COX-derived eicosanoids regulate Th9 cells during allergic lung inflammation. OBJECTIVES To determine the role of COX metabolites in regulating Th9 cell differentiation and function during allergic lung inflammation. METHODS COX-1(-/-), COX-2(-/-), and wild-type (WT) mice were studied in an in vivo model of ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation and an in vitro model of Th9 differentiation using flow cytometry, cytokine assays, confocal microscopy, real-time PCR, and immunoblotting. In addition, the role of specific eicosanoids and their receptors was examined using synthetic prostaglandins (PGs), selective inhibitors, and siRNA knockdown. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Experimental endpoints were not different between COX-1(-/-) and WT mice; however, the percentage of IL-9(+) CD4(+) T cells was increased in lung, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lymph nodes, and blood of allergic COX-2(-/-) mice relative to WT. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid IL-9 and IL-10, serum IL-9, and lung IL-17RB levels were significantly increased in allergic COX-2(-/-) mice or in WT mice treated with COX-2 inhibitors. IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17RB expression in vivo was inhibited by PGD2 and PGE2, which also reduced Th9 cell differentiation of murine and human naive CD4(+) T cells in vitro. Inhibition of protein kinase A significantly increased Th9 cell differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells isolated from WT mice in vitro. CONCLUSIONS COX-2-derived PGD2 and PGE2 regulate Th9 cell differentiation by suppressing IL-17RB expression via a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Abstract
LDs (lipid droplets) are metabolically highly active intracellular organelles. The lipid and protein profiles of LDs are cell-type-specific, and they undergo dynamic variation upon changes in the physiological state of a cell. It is well known that the main function of the LDs in adipocytes is to ensure energy supply and to maintain lipid homoeostasis in the body. In contrast, LDs in inflammatory cells have been implicated in eicosanoid biosynthesis, particularly under inflammatory conditions, thereby enabling them to regulate immune responses. Human mast cells are potent effector cells of the innate immune system, and the triacylglycerol (triglyceride) stores of their cytoplasmic LDs have been shown to contain large amounts of arachidonic acid, the main precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge about the formation and function of LDs in inflammatory cells with specific emphasis on arachidonic acid and eicosanoid metabolism. On the basis of findings reported previously and our new observations, we propose a model in which lipolysis of LD-triacylglycerols provides arachidonic acid for lipid mediator generation in human mast cells.
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Yoo JM, Sok DE, Kim MR. Effect of endocannabinoids on IgE-mediated allergic response in RBL-2H3 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:123-31. [PMID: 23731947 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, some endocannabinoids were reported to show anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities. In this respect, various arachidonoyl endocannabinoids were screened for the inhibition of allergic response in IgE-activated RBL-2H3 cells. Among arachidonoyl endocannabinoids with a low cytotoxicity, only NA-5HT remarkably inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase (IC(50), 13.58 μM), a marker of degranulation, and tumor necrosis factor-α (IC(50), 12.52 μM), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in IgE-activated RBL-2H3 cells. Additionally, NA-5HT markedly suppressed the formation of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) with IC(50) value of 1.27 μM and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) with IC(50) value of 1.20 μM, and slightly LTC4. When effect of NA-5HT on early stage of FcεRI cascade was investigated, it significantly inhibited phosphorylation of Syk, but not Lyn. Furthermore, NA-5HT suppressed phosphorylation of PLCγ1/2 and PKCδ, related to degranulation process, as well as phosphorylation of LAT, ERK1/2, p38, JNK, Gab2, PI3K and Akt, implicated in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Relative to its effect on the late stage, NA-5HT slightly reduced phosphorylation of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Additionally, NA-5HT significantly reduced the level of p40(phox), and partially inhibited the expression of p47(phox) and p67(phox). From these results, it is suggested that NA-5HT expresses anti-allergic action by suppressing the activation of Syk, LAT, p38, JNK, PI3K and Akt, as well as the expression of ERK1/2 and NADPH oxidase subunits. Further, a strong inhibition of PGD(2) or LTB(4) biosynthesis by NA-5HT may be an additional mechanism for its anti-allergic action. Such anti-allergic actions of NA-5HT may contribute to further information about its biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Myung Yoo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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