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Concentration of ochratoxin A in coffee products and probabilistic health risk assessment. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
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2
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Tangni EK, Huybrechts B, Masquelier J, Van Hoeck E. Organisation of Multi-Mycotoxin Proficiency Tests: Evaluation of the Performances of the Laboratories Using the Triple A Rating Approach. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:591. [PMID: 34564596 PMCID: PMC8473274 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with the International Standard Organization ISO 17043, two proficiency tests (PTs) for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2); deoxynivalenol; fumonisins FB1, FB2, and B3; ochratoxin A, the T-2 toxin; and the HT-2 toxin were conducted in 2019 and 2020 using cornflakes and rusk flours that were prepared in house. The homogeneity and the stability of these materials were verified according to the criteria laid down in ISO 13528 using randomly selected samples. Most of the targeted toxins were found to be homogenously distributed in both materials with no significant changes during the timescale of the PTs. Next, the materials were distributed to approximately 25 participating laboratories from Europe, Canada, and the United States. The obtained datasets were computed using robust statistics. The outliers were checked and removed, and the toxin concentrations were assigned as the consensus value of the results of the participants at Horwitz ratios <1.2. The z scores were generated for all mycotoxins, and the results were pooled to calculate the relative sum of squared z scores (SZ2) indexes and were clustered according to the triple A rating. Overall, at least 80% of the participating laboratories achieved good and acceptable performances. The most frequent categories assigned to good performances (SZ2 ≤ 2) were AAA (51%) and BAA (13%). Clusters of BBA + CBA (6%) included laboratories reporting acceptable z scores <90% of the total z scores for less than 90% or 50% of the mycotoxins targeted in the 2 matrices. The triple A rating seems to be appropriate in evaluating the performances of laboratories involved in multi-mycotoxin analyses. Accredited and non-accredited analytical methods achieved good and acceptable performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel K. Tangni
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Scientific Directorate of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium; (B.H.); (J.M.); (E.V.H.)
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Schrenk D, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Alexander J, Dall'Asta C, Mally A, Metzler M, Binaglia M, Horváth Z, Steinkellner H, Bignami M. Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06113. [PMID: 37649524 PMCID: PMC10464718 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update their 2006 opinion on ochratoxin A (OTA) in food. OTA is produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium and found as a contaminant in various foods. OTA causes kidney toxicity in different animal species and kidney tumours in rodents. OTA is genotoxic both in vitro and in vivo; however, the mechanisms of genotoxicity are unclear. Direct and indirect genotoxic and non-genotoxic modes of action might each contribute to tumour formation. Since recent studies have raised uncertainty regarding the mode of action for kidney carcinogenicity, it is inappropriate to establish a health-based guidance value (HBGV) and a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. For the characterisation of non-neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 4.73 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day was calculated from kidney lesions observed in pigs. For characterisation of neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 14.5 μg/kg bw per day was calculated from kidney tumours seen in rats. The estimation of chronic dietary exposure resulted in mean and 95th percentile levels ranging from 0.6 to 17.8 and from 2.4 to 51.7 ng/kg bw per day, respectively. Median OTA exposures in breastfed infants ranged from 1.7 to 2.6 ng/kg bw per day, 95th percentile exposures from 5.6 to 8.5 ng/kg bw per day in average/high breast milk consuming infants, respectively. Comparison of exposures with the BMDL 10 based on the non-neoplastic endpoint resulted in MOEs of more than 200 in most consumer groups, indicating a low health concern with the exception of MOEs for high consumers in the younger age groups, indicating a possible health concern. When compared with the BMDL 10 based on the neoplastic endpoint, MOEs were lower than 10,000 for almost all exposure scenarios, including breastfed infants. This would indicate a possible health concern if genotoxicity is direct. Uncertainty in this assessment is high and risk may be overestimated.
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Pitt J, Boesch C, Whitaker T, Clarke R. A systematic approach to monitoring high preharvest aflatoxin levels in maize and peanuts in Africa and Asia. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin in maize and peanuts remains a critical problem in much of Africa and Asia. Many countries in these regions lack a systematic preharvest approach for providing government agencies with warnings of a potential threat to human and animal health resulting from excessive levels of aflatoxin in crops at harvest. This paper sets out an approach to such a system. It is based on the establishment of a surveillance system in each community to monitor aflatoxin contamination resulting from drought stress before harvest and advise on remedial actions. The system should be under the control of a central government coordinator. If severe drought stress occurs, the coordinator would arrange for samples of the affected crop to be provided to a central aflatoxin laboratory established and controlled by the relevant government department. Assays from the central laboratory would be sent via the central coordinator to a government scientific advisory body, which would recommend appropriate remedial action to be taken at government level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.I. Pitt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - C. Boesch
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme die Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
| | - R. Clarke
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme die Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
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5
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Naegeli H, Parent-Massin D, Rietjens I, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Eskola M, Gergelova P, Ramos Bordajandi L, Benkova B, Dörr B, Gkrillas A, Gustavsson N, van Manen M, Edler L. Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04718. [PMID: 32625635 PMCID: PMC7010102 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink.
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6
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De Girolamo A, Ciasca B, Stroka J, Bratinova S, Pascale M, Visconti A, Lattanzio VM. Performance evaluation of LC–MS/MS methods for multi-mycotoxin determination in maize and wheat by means of international Proficiency Testing. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Tangni EK, Debongnie P, Huybrechts B, Van Hove F, Callebaut A. Towards the development of innovative multi-mycotoxin reference materials as promising metrological tool for emerging and regulated mycotoxin analyses. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 33:15-24. [PMID: 27815916 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The interest in LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin methods unveiled an urgent need for multi-mycotoxin reference material. A multi-fusariotoxin, including deoxynivalenol (DON); zearalenone (ZEN); T-2 toxin (T-2); HT-2 toxin (HT-2); enniatin A, A1, B, and B1 (ENNs); and beauvericin (BEA), contaminated wheat flour was obtained by inoculation Fusarium spp. strains. The candidate material has successfully passed the homogeneity test and submitted to an international interlaboratory study achieved by 19 laboratories from 11 countries using their routine analytical method. The dispersion of the results for ZEN and BEA did not allow the derivation of reliable consensus values, while the assignment was only possible for DON, HT-2, T-2, and ENN A. No link was found between the methods used by the participants and the results. Significant changes in dry matter contents (≥±1.4 % of the initial dry matter) and significant changes in ergosterol contents (≥±10 %) did not occur. Using the mycotoxin contents in wheat flour stored at -80 °C as reference values, statistically significant decreases were observed only for T-2 contents at +24 °C, in contrast to the storage at -20 and +4 °C. For the other involved toxins, the candidate material was found to be stable at -20, +4, or +24 °C. Based on the T-2 decreases, a shelf life of 6 years was derived from isochronous study when the material is kept at -20 °C. At room temperature (e.g., +24 °C) or higher, this time validity drastically decreases down to 6 months. The development of this metrological tool is an important step towards food and feed quality control using multi-mycotoxin analyses. In vivo animal experiments using multi-mycotoxin-contaminated feeds dealing with the carryover or mitigation could further benefit from the methodology of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Tangni
- CODA-CERVA, Toxins and Natural Components, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.
| | - P Debongnie
- CODA-CERVA, Toxins and Natural Components, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - B Huybrechts
- CODA-CERVA, Toxins and Natural Components, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - F Van Hove
- Mycothèque de l'UcL (BCCM/MUcL), Earth and Life Institute (ELI)-Applied Microbiology (ELIM), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 2 bte L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - A Callebaut
- CODA-CERVA, Toxins and Natural Components, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
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8
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Stepurska K, Soldatkin O, Arkhypova V, Soldatkin A, Lagarde F, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Dzyadevych S. Development of novel enzyme potentiometric biosensor based on pH-sensitive field-effect transistors for aflatoxin B1 analysis in real samples. Talanta 2015; 144:1079-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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Khakimov B, Bak S, Engelsen SB. High-throughput cereal metabolomics: Current analytical technologies, challenges and perspectives. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Xu L, Zhang G, Guo C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Yang H, Yang D, He L, Zeng Z, Fang B. Simultaneous determination of major type-B trichothecenes and the de-epoxy metabolite of deoxynivalenol in chicken tissues by HPLC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:642-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Guijun Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Chunna Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Jianlong Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Haicui Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Dexue Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Limin He
- Centre for Veterinary of Drug Residues; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Binghu Fang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
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11
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Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stroka J, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2012-2013. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2012 and mid-2013. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. A wide range of analytical methods for mycotoxin determination in food and feed were developed last year, in particular immunochemical methods and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based methods. After a section on sampling and sample preparation, due to the rapid spread and developments in the field of LC-MS/MS multimycotoxin methods, a separate section has been devoted to this area of research. It is followed by a section on mycotoxins in botanicals and spices, before continuing with the format of previous reviews in this series with dedicated sections on method developments for the individual mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P.A. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 5, 228220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M.H. Iha
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Laboratrio I de Ribeiro Preto, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, CEP 14085-410, Ribeiro Preto SP, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - J. Stroka
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), European Commission Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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Krska R, Malachova A, Berthiller F, van Egmond H. Determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in food and feed: an update. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the recent scientific opinion of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in food and feed that was published by EFSA in the EFSA Journal, this article provides an update on the determination of these Fusarium mycotoxins. After a brief introduction into the chemistry of these toxins, both chromatographic and immuno-analytical methods are discussed for the determination of these type A trichothecenes. During the last decade, liquid chromatography with (tandem) mass spectrometry has become the most frequently used method for the determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins, often within a multi-analyte approach. However, complex matrices and the resulting signal suppression effects, as observed particularly in electrospray-mass spectrometry methods owing to matrix effects, may require careful optimisation of clean-up, usage of matrix matched standards, or e.g. the use of internal standards. For specific purposes where extremely low limits of quantification are needed, e.g. for the analysis of duplicate diets, a dedicated gas chromatography method with multistage mass spectrometry has become available. Other novel analytical approaches to determine T-2 and HT-2 toxins in food and feed include biosensor-based methods in surface plasmon resonance and electrochemical formats, as well as DNA microchip assays. For rapid screening, several immunochemical methods (mostly ELISAs) have become available and some are sold as commercial test kits. Whereas these methods work fast, cross-reactivities with other trichothecenes can have an undesired effect on their accuracy. While proficiency tests including T-2 and HT-2 toxins have been carried out, none of the chromatographic or immunochemical methods have been formally validated in interlaboratory validation studies. There are no certified reference materials available for T-2 and HT-2 toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - A. Malachova
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - F. Berthiller
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - H.P. van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Shephard G, Gelderblom W. Rapid testing and regulating for mycotoxin concerns: a perspective from developing countries. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the many hurdles faced by developing countries, food safety with respect to mycotoxin contamination has frequently been side-lined with few countries having regulations and with poor enforcement where they do exist. Whereas commodity exporters may have the resources for engaging commercial accredited laboratories, the greatest challenge is found in rural, predominantly subsistence or smallholder farms, where conventional food surveillance is lacking. Rapid methods, designed for use in field conditions, where electricity is lacking or unreliable, can offer some solution to these problems. The World Food Programme's ‘Blue Box’ is an example of how technology can be adapted for these rural areas. The recent development of temperature stable aptamers and smart mobile phone technology may further enhance efforts to provide food safety in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.S. Shephard
- MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - W.C.A. Gelderblom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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14
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Solfrizzo M, Gambacorta L, Warth B, White K, Srey C, Sulyok M, Krska R, Gong Y. Comparison of single and multi-analyte methods based on LC-MS/MS for mycotoxin biomarker determination in human urine. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The performances of four LC-MS/MS methodologies for determination of up to eight mycotoxin biomarkers in human urines were compared by involving three laboratories that analysed common urine samples spiked at two levels of each biomarker. Each laboratory received a calibration solution, spiked urines and the corresponding unspiked urine. The two spiking levels for each biomarker were chosen by considering the levels naturally occurring in human urines and the limits of quantification of the LC-MS/MS methodologies used by the participating laboratories. The results of each laboratory were evaluated for their z-score values. The percentage of satisfactory z-scores (| z | < 2) were: 100% for deoxynivalenol, de-epoxy deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin M1, β-zearalenol and zearalenone, 87% for α-zearalenol, 50% for ochratoxin A and 42% for fumonisin B1. Good method performances were obtained for most biomarkers at the levels tested in this study, as demonstrated by the overall percentage of satisfactory z-scores for all analytes (87%). Unsatisfactory/questionable z-scores (| z | ≯2) were obtained for fumonisin B1 (7/12 results), ochratoxin A (4/8 results) and ?-zearalenol (1/8 results). The percentage of satisfactory z-scores for fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A increased from 42 to 83% for fumonisin B1 and from 50 to 62% for ochratoxin A when laboratories 1 and 2 used own calibrants. Factors that could explain the different results obtained for fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A with provided and own calibration solutions could not be identified in this study and should be carefully investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - L. Gambacorta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. Warth
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - K. White
- Division of Epidemiology, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - C. Srey
- Division of Epidemiology, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - M. Sulyok
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Y.Y. Gong
- Division of Epidemiology, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
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Shephard GS, Burger HM, Gambacorta L, Krska R, Powers SP, Rheeder JP, Solfrizzo M, Sulyok M, Visconti A, Warth B, van der Westhuizen L. Mycological analysis and multimycotoxins in maize from rural subsistence farmers in the former Transkei, South Africa. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8232-40. [PMID: 23915226 DOI: 10.1021/jf4021762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Maize harvested in the Centane region of the former Transkei, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, by subsistence farmers has been shown over many seasons to be contaminated with fumonisin mycotoxins. However, there are limited data on the presence of other mycotoxins. Two multimycotoxin LC-MS/MS methods were applied to good and moldy maize samples, as separated by the farmers themselves from the 2011 harvest. One method involved extract cleanup on multitoxin immunoaffinity columns before LC-MS/MS analysis for aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and T-2 and HT-2 toxins. The other method was based on a "dilute-and-shoot" approach for the above mycotoxins and a wide range of other fungal secondary metabolites. Both methods showed high incidences of fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2) in good maize (100% for both by the first method, means were 2083 and 927 μg/kg for the two analogues; 93% for both by the second method, positive means of 2764 and 1050 μg/kg, respectively). All samples of moldy maize were contaminated (mean FB1 of 27.64 and 35.98 mg/kg, respectively; mean FB2 of 10.58 and 14.14 mg/kg, respectively). Comparison of the two methods for FB1 and FB2 over the entire range of samples gave R(2) values 0.9144 and 0.8859, respectively. Low levels of DON were found by both methods (positive means of 12 and 4.7 μg/kg in good maize, respectively, and of 14 and 5.8 μg/kg in moldy maize, respectively). ZEN was determined with positive means of 108 and 25 μg/kg in good maize, respectively, and of 111 and 135 μg/kg in moldy maize, respectively. No aflatoxins, OTA, or T-2 or HT-2 toxins were detected. A wide range of other Fusarium , Aspergillus , Alternaria , and Penicillium mycotoxins and secondary metabolites were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon S Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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De Girolamo A, Solfrizzo M, Lattanzio V, Stroka J, Alldrick A, van Egmond H, Visconti A. Critical evaluation of LC-MS-based methods for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, aflatoxins, fumonisins and T-2/HT-2 toxins in maize. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The results of a proficiency test for the LC-MS/(MS) determination of up to 11 mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, fumonisins B1 and B2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and zearalenone) in maize were evaluated to identify possible strengths and weaknesses of various methodologies used by the 41 participating laboratories. The majority of laboratories (56%) used mixtures of acetonitrile:water for extraction. Other laboratories used methanol:water mixtures (17%) or performed two consecutive extractions with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) followed by methanol (15%). Few laboratories used mixtures of acetonitrile:water:methanol (7%), water:ethyl acetate (2.5%) or PBS alone (2.5%). The majority of laboratories (58%) used a clean-up step prior to chromatography. The remaining laboratories analysed crude extracts (37%) or used a mixed approach (5%). The amount of sample equivalent injected into LC-MS/(MS) ranged between 0.1-303 mg for purified extracts and 0.08-20 mg for directly analysed crude extracts. External (54%), matrix-matched (22%) or stable isotope-labelled internal standards calibration (24%) were used for toxin quantification. In general, extraction mixtures of water with acetonitrile, methanol or both provided good results for quantitative extraction of mycotoxins from maize. Laboratories using sample extract clean-up reported acceptable results for the majority of mycotoxins. Good results were also obtained by laboratories that analysed crude extracts although a high variability of results was observed for all tested mycotoxins. Matrix-matched calibration or isotope-labelled internal standards efficiently compensated matrix effects whereas external calibration gave reliable results by injecting ≤10 mg of matrix equivalent amounts. Unacceptable high recovery and high variability of fumonisin results were obtained by the majority of laboratories, which could not be explained and thus require further investigation. These findings provide the basis for the optimization and selection of methods to be used in future interlaboratory validation studies to derive their performance characteristics for simultaneous determination of mycotoxins in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. De Girolamo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. Stroka
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - A. Alldrick
- Campden BRI, Chipping Campden GL55 6LD, United Kingdom
| | - H.P. van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A. Visconti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2011-2012. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2011 and mid- 2012. It covers the major mycotoxins aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. A section on mycotoxins in botanicals and spices is also included. Methods for mycotoxin determination continue to be developed using a wide range of analytical systems ranging from rapid immunochemical-based methods to the latest advances in mass spectrometry. This review follows the format of previous reviews in this series (i.e. sections on individual mycotoxins), but due to the rapid spread and developments in the field of multimycotoxin methods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a separate section has been devoted to advances in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.S. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin-Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P.A. Burdaspal
- Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, National Centre for Food, km 5.100, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M.A. Jonker
- Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin-Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - H.P. van Egmond
- Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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