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Luo J, Ren H, Ye J, Wang X, Li P, Bai J, Lu Y, Du S. Differences in in vivo absorption of flavone glycosides, flavone aglycones and terpene lactones under different dosage forms and physiological conditions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116159. [PMID: 36649852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba L. extract (GBE) oral preparations have been used for many years in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and the main active ingredients are flavonoids and terpene lactones. Among them, the oral absorption of the prototype components of flavonoid glycosides into the blood needs to be further clarified, and the differences in the oral absorption of different components in GBE by different dosage forms and physiological conditions are not clear yet. AIM OF THE STUDY To clarify the oral absorption of the prototype flavonoid glycosides in vivo, and to further explore the differences in the oral absorption of various active compounds under different oral dosage forms and dietary conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, the target compounds were selected based on the characteristic chromatogram of GBE and literature. Then, the content differences of three different oral GBE preparations were studied, and their pharmacokinetics (PK) were compared. Finally, the PK differences of the preparations with better oral absorption under different dietary conditions were studied. RESULTS Five flavonoid glycosides, three aglycones and four terpene lactones were selected as the research objects. The content determination results of GBE tablets, guttate pills and tinctures showed that the content of several components especially flavonoid glycosides in the tincture was higher than that of the other two preparations. After oral administration of these three preparations, the PK study showed different results from previous studies. The PK behavior of flavonoid glycosides was also determined at the same time as flavonoid glycosides and terpene lactones. and the bioavailability of flavonoid glycosides in the tincture was higher than that of the other two preparations. PK results of fasting and non-fasting showed that taking GBE tincture on an empty stomach increased the absorption of various compounds, especially flavonoid glycosides. However, due to the existence of food residues in the gastrointestinal tract, the oral bioavailability of flavonoid glycosides was significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS This study discussed the differences in the content and oral absorption of active compounds in different oral preparations of GBE, clarified the in vivo absorption of flavonoid glycosides prototype, as well as the influence of diet on the PK of active compounds, which has certain guiding significance for the clinical application of GBE oral preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyuan Luo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Hairu Ren
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Jinhong Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Xinran Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Pengyue Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Shouying Du
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Silva H, Martins FG. Cardiovascular Activity of Ginkgo biloba-An Insight from Healthy Subjects. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010015. [PMID: 36671707 PMCID: PMC9855530 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is the oldest living tree species in the world. Despite less than encouraging clinical results, extracts from its leaves are among the most used herbal preparations in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Most data on the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba on cardiovascular disease is from clinical studies, with few results from healthy subjects. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying the known beneficial cardiovascular activities of Ginkgo biloba. It displays myocardial suppressant and vasorelaxant activities ex vivo, potentiating endothelial-dependent and -independent pathways. It improves perfusion in different vascular beds, namely ocular, cochlear, cutaneous, cerebral, and coronary. Although scarce, evidence suggests that Ginkgo biloba displays a heterogeneous effect on tissue perfusion which is dependent on the individual elimination pathways. It displays an acceptable safety profile, with most reported adverse reactions constituting rare occurrences. Collectively, Ginkgo biloba positively impacts cardiovascular physiology, improving hemodynamics and organ perfusion. In the future, better controlled clinical studies should be performed in order to identify the target populations who may benefit the most from pharmacotherapeutic interventions involving Ginkgo biloba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering Institute (IBEB), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Filipe Gazalho Martins
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinnitus is a symptom defined as the perception of sound in the absence of an external source. In England alone there are an estimated ¾ million general practice consultations every year where the primary complaint is tinnitus, equating to a major burden on healthcare services. Clinical management strategies include education and advice, relaxation therapy, tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT), cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), sound enrichment using ear-level sound generators or hearing aids, and drug therapies to manage co-morbid symptoms such as insomnia, anxiety or depression. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus in adults and children. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane ENT Information Specialist searched the Cochrane ENT Register; CENTRAL (2022, Issue 6); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid Embase; CINAHL; Web of Science; ClinicalTrials.gov; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was 7 June 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) recruiting adults and children with acute or chronic subjective tinnitus. We included studies where the intervention involved Ginkgo biloba and this was compared to placebo, no intervention, or education and information. Concurrent use of other medication or other treatment was acceptable if used equally in each group. Where an additional intervention was used equally in both groups, we analysed this as a separate comparison. The review included all courses of Ginkgo biloba, regardless of dose regimens or formulations, and for any duration of treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were tinnitus symptom severity measured as a global score on a multi-item tinnitus questionnaire and serious adverse effects (bleeding, seizures). Our secondary outcomes were tinnitus loudness (change in subjective perception), tinnitus intrusiveness, generalised depression, generalised anxiety, health-related quality of life and other adverse effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, allergic reaction). We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS This review included 12 studies (with a total of 1915 participants). Eleven studies compared the effects of Ginkgo biloba with placebo and one study compared the effects of Ginkgo biloba with hearing aids to hearing aids alone. All included studies were parallel-group RCTs. In general, risk of bias was high or unclear due to selection bias and poor reporting of allocation concealment and blinding of participants, personnel and outcome assessments. Due to heterogeneity in the outcomes measured and measurement methods used, only limited data pooling was possible. Ginkgo biloba versus placebo When we pooled data from two studies for the primary outcome tinnitus symptom severity, we found that Ginkgo biloba may have little to no effect (Tinnitus Handicap Inventory scores) at three to six months compared to placebo, but the evidence is very uncertain (mean difference (MD) -1.35 (scale 0 to 100), 95% confidence interval (CI) -8.26 to 5.55; 2 studies; 85 participants) (very low-certainty). Ginkgo biloba may result in little to no difference in the risk of bleeding or seizures, with no serious adverse effects reported in either group (4 studies; 1154 participants; low-certainty). For the secondary outcomes, one study found that there may be little to no difference between the effects of Ginkgo biloba and placebo on tinnitus loudness measured with audiometric loudness matching at 12 weeks, but the evidence is very uncertain (MD -4.00 (scale -10 to 140 dB), 95% CI -13.33 to 5.33; 1 study; 73 participants) (very low-certainty). One study found that there may be little to no difference between the effects of Ginkgo biloba and placebo on health-related quality of life measured with the Glasgow Health Status Inventory at three months (MD -0.58 (scale 0 to 100), 95% CI -4.67 to 3.51; 1 study; 60 participants) (low-certainty). Ginkgo biloba may not increase the frequency of other adverse effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, allergic reaction) at three months compared to placebo (risk ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.60; 4 studies; 1175 participants) (low-certainty). None of the studies reported the other secondary outcomes of tinnitus intrusiveness or changes in depressive symptoms or depression, anxiety symptoms or generalised anxiety. Gingko biloba with concurrent intervention versus concurrent intervention only One study compared Ginkgo biloba with hearing aids to hearing aids only. It assessed the mean difference in the change in Tinnitus Handicap Inventory scores and tinnitus loudness using a 10-point visual analogue scale (VAS) at three months. The study did not report adverse effects, tinnitus intrusiveness, changes in depressive symptoms or depression, anxiety symptoms or generalised anxiety, or health-related quality of life. This was a single, very small study (22 participants) and for all outcomes the certainty of the evidence was very low. We were unable to draw meaningful conclusions from the numerical results. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is uncertainty about the benefits and harms of Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of tinnitus when compared to placebo. We were unable to draw meaningful conclusions regarding the benefits and harms of Ginkgo biloba when used with concurrent intervention (hearing aids). The certainty of the evidence for the reported outcomes, assessed using GRADE, ranged from low to very low. Future research into the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in patients with tinnitus should use rigorous methodology. Randomisation and blinding should be of the highest quality, given the subjective nature of tinnitus and the strong likelihood of a placebo response. The CONSORT statement should be used in the design and reporting of future studies. We also recommend the use of validated, patient-centred outcome measures for research in the field of tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sereda
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jun Xia
- Nottingham China Health Institute, The University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo, China
| | - Polly Scutt
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Amr El Refaie
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Derek J Hoare
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Lu Z, Zhu L, Lu J, Shen N, Wang L, Liu S, Wang Q, Yu W, Kato-Noguchi H, Li W, Jin B, Wang L, Lin J. Rejuvenation increases leaf biomass and flavonoid accumulation in Ginkgo biloba. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab018. [PMID: 35039831 PMCID: PMC8769038 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rejuvenation refers to the transition from an adult state to a juvenile state. Trunk truncation at the base of the tree can result in tree rejuvenation. However, little is known about the association of rejuvenation with leaf biomass and flavonoid accumulation. The results of this study showed that, compared with control leaves, leaves of renewed Ginkgo biloba shoots were larger, thicker, and more lobed and had higher fresh/dry weights and chlorophyll contents. The leaf biomass per hectare of rejuvenated trees was twofold higher than that of the untruncated controls. Moreover, we observed a marked increase in the accumulation of flavonol glycosides via metabolomic analysis and detected upregulated expression of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, including CHS, FLS, F3'H, DFR, and LAR. Overexpression of GbCHS in ginkgo calli confirmed that GbCHS plays an important role in flavonoid biosynthesis. Interestingly, the contents of gibberellins significantly increased in the rejuvenated leaves. Moreover, exogenous gibberellin treatment significantly increased GbCHS expression and flavonoid contents. Our findings show that truncation can stimulate tree rejuvenation by altering hormone levels, representing an effective and feasible approach for enhancing the biomass and flavonoid content of G. biloba leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogeng Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Likui Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinkai Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nan Shen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Sian Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wanwen Yu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Weixing Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083,China
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Schreiner T, Sauter D, Friz M, Heil J, Morlock GE. Is Our Natural Food Our Homeostasis? Array of a Thousand Effect-Directed Profiles of 68 Herbs and Spices. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:755941. [PMID: 34955829 PMCID: PMC8696259 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.755941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of plant-rich diets and traditional medicines are increasingly recognized in the treatment of civilization diseases due to the abundance and diversity of bioactive substances therein. However, the important active portion of natural food or plant-based medicine is presently not under control. Hence, a paradigm shift from quality control based on marker compounds to effect-directed profiling is postulated. We investigated 68 powdered plant extracts (botanicals) which are added to food products in food industry. Among them are many plants that are used as traditional medicines, herbs and spices. A generic strategy was developed to evaluate the bioactivity profile of each botanical as completely as possible and to straightforwardly assign the most potent bioactive compounds. It is an 8-dimensional hyphenation of normal-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography with multi-imaging by ultraviolet, visible and fluorescence light detection as well as effect-directed assay and heart-cut of the bioactive zone to orthogonal reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromato-graphy-photodiode array detection-heated electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In the non-target, effect-directed screening via 16 different on-surface assays, we tentatively assigned more than 60 important bioactive compounds in the studied botanicals. These were antibacterials, estrogens, antiestrogens, androgens, and antiandrogens, as well as acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, and tyrosinase inhibitors, which were on-surface heart-cut eluted from the bioautogram or enzyme inhibition autogram to the next dimension for further targeted characterization. This biological-physicochemical hyphenation is able to detect and control active mechanisms of traditional medicines or botanicals as well as the essentials of plant-based food. The array of 1,292 profiles (68 samples × 19 detections) showed the versatile bioactivity potential of natural food. It reveals how efficiently and powerful our natural food contributes to our homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schreiner
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dorena Sauter
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maren Friz
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia Heil
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud Elisabeth Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Zheng XY, Lin TW, Du JF, Huang LJ, Li P, Lu X. A novel method for ginkgolide biosynthesis elucidation based on MeJA induction and differential metabolomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1176:122758. [PMID: 34052558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgolides from Ginkgo Biloba have significantly therapeutic effect to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the biosynthetic pathway of ginkgolides has not been fully elucidated until now. As ginkgolides are synthesized in the ginkgo roots, the accumulation of ginkgolides intermediate metabolites varies greatly between roots and leaves. As Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can effectively enhance the biosynthesis of ginkgolides, a novel method based on MeJA induction and differential metabolomics was used to screen the differentially intermediate metabolites among ginkgo leaves, roots and roots-MJ-3. Two differential intermediate metabolites (dehydroabietadienal and 1, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 9, 10, 10a-Octahydro-6-hydroxy-7-isopropyl-1, 4a-dimethyl-1-phenanthrenemethanol) were identified in ginkgo roots by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Then, a new ginkgolides biosynthetic pathway was proposed based on differential metabolomics. This study provides a novel method for the elucidation of nature product precursor and is helpful to promote the clarification of ginkgolides biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting-Wen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Fa Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
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Revell MA, Pugh MA. Herbal Medications Used to Ameliorate Cardiac Conditions. Nurs Clin North Am 2021; 56:123-136. [PMID: 33549280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herbs have been used for centuries to treat various diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Herbs may be used by clients exclusively for disease management or in combination with conventional medications. This article increases provider awareness of certain herbs and their potential use by clients, as well as their impact on the cardiovascular system. It is important for the advanced practice nurse to collect information related to herb use during history retrieval. This information should prompt the nurse to discuss possible benefits and side effects that may occur taking herbs in isolation or in combination with cardiovascular prescription medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Revell
- Tennessee State University, School of Nursing, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Campus Box 9590, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Marcia A Pugh
- Greene County Health System, 509 Wilson Avenue, Eutaw, AL 35462, USA
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Bosch-Morell F, Villagrasa V, Ortega T, Acero N, Muñoz-Mingarro D, González-Rosende ME, Castillo E, Sanahuja MA, Soriano P, Martínez-Solís I. Medicinal plants and natural products as neuroprotective agents in age-related macular degeneration. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2207-2216. [PMID: 32594032 PMCID: PMC7749482 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina may suffer neurodegenerative damages, as other tissues of the central nervous system do, and serious eye diseases may develop. One of them is age-related macular degeneration, which causes progressive loss of vision due to retina degeneration. Treatment of age-related macular degeneration focuses on antioxidant agents and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor compounds, among others, that prevent/diminish oxidative stress and reduce neovascularisation respectively. The phytochemicals, medicinal plants and/or plant-diet supplements might be a useful adjunct in prevention or treatment of age-related macular degeneration owing to their antioxidant and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor properties. This review article presents the most investigated plants and natural products in relation to age-related macular degeneration, such as saffron, ginkgo, bilberry and blueberry, curcuma or turmeric, carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins C and E. This study provides up-to-date information on the effects, treatments, safety and efficiency of these phytotherapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bosch-Morell
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victoria Villagrasa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Acero
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Muñoz-Mingarro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Eugenia González-Rosende
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Encarna Castillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Amparo Sanahuja
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Soriano
- ICBiBE-Botanical Garden, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez-Solís
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
- ICBiBE-Botanical Garden, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Fang J, Wang Z, Wang P, Wang M. Extraction, structure and bioactivities of the polysaccharides from Ginkgo biloba: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1897-1905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Suroowan S, Mahomoodally MF. Herbal Medicine of the 21st Century: A Focus on the Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Five Widely Advocated Phytotherapies. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2718-2738. [PMID: 31721714 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191112121330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Widely advocated for their health benefits worldwide, herbal medicines (HMs) have evolved into a billion dollar generating industry. Much is known regarding their wellness inducing properties, prophylactic and therapeutic benefits for the relief of both minor to chronic ailment conditions given their long-standing use among various cultures worldwide. On the other hand, their equally meaningful chemistry, pharmacokinetic profile in humans, interaction and toxicity profile have been poorly researched and documented. Consequently, this review is an attempt to highlight the health benefits, pharmacokinetics, interaction, and toxicity profile of five globally famous HMs. A systematic literature search was conducted by browsing major scientific databases such as Bentham Science, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar and EBSCO to include 196 articles. In general, ginsenosides, glycyrrhizin and curcumin demonstrate low bioavailability when orally administered. Ginkgo biloba L. induces both CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 and alters the AUC and Cmax of conventional medications including midazolam, tolbutamide, lopinavir and nifedipine. Ginsenosides Re stimulates CYP2C9, decreasing the anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze increases the bioavailability of buspirone and is rich in vitamin K thereby inhibiting the activity of anticoagulant agents. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. displaces serum bound cardiovascular drugs such as diltiazem, nifedipine and verapamil. Herbal medicine can directly affect hepatocytes leading to hepatoxicity based on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The potentiation of the activity of concurrently administered conventional agents is potentially lethal especially if the drugs bear dangerous side effects and have a low therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suroowan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - M F Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius.,Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
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11
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Sereda M, Xia J, Scutt P, Hilton MP, El Refaie A, Hoare DJ. Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sereda
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre; Ropewalk House, 113 The Ropewalk Nottingham UK NG1 5DU
| | - Jun Xia
- The University of Nottingham Ningbo; Nottingham China Health Institute; 199 Taikang E Rd Yinzhou Qu Ningbo Zhejiang Sheng China 315000
| | - Polly Scutt
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre; Ropewalk House, 113 The Ropewalk Nottingham UK NG1 5DU
| | - Malcolm P Hilton
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust; ENT Department; Barrack Road Exeter Devon UK EX2 5DW
| | - Amr El Refaie
- University College Cork; Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences; Cork Ireland
| | - Derek J Hoare
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre; Ropewalk House, 113 The Ropewalk Nottingham UK NG1 5DU
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Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents to Prepare Mixture Extracts of Three Long-Lived Trees with Maximized Skin-Related Bioactivities. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9132581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to apply deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as safe and efficient extraction media that could yield maximized skin-related bioactivities from a mixture of long-lived trees. Ginkgo biloba L., Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., and Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don, native to Asia, were examined as potential resources of cosmeceutical products. Various DESs synthesized from cosmetics-compatible compounds were used to prepare leaf extracts. A DES containing glycerol and xylitol yielded the highest extractability for isoquercetin, and was selected as the optimal solvent. Isoquercetin has various bioactivities and was found in the extracts of the leaves of all three trees. Then, a series of mixtures of the tree leaves were prepared according to a simplex-centroid mixture design, and their DES-extracts were tested for skin-related activities, including antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-elastase activities. The mixture design resulted in two special cubic models and one quadratic model best fitted for describing the antioxidant and anti-elastase activities, and the anti-tyrosinase activity, respectively. Based on the established models, three different optimal formulations of the three kinds of tree leaves were suggested for maximized responses. The present strategy, which is based on the simplex-centroid mixture design with a DES as the extraction solvent, could be applied to developing new materials from a mixture of natural resources, suitable for the cosmetics and related fields.
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