Contact Dermatitis Reaction to 2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate Following 3 Orthopedic Procedures

Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Octyl Cyanoacrylate Skin Glue After Surgical Wound Closure: A Systematic Review

The rising incidence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) after cyanoacrylate adhesive use necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its clinical presentations, risk factors, and management. In this systematic review, we conducted an exhaustive search following PRISMA guidelines within Medline and PubMed databases to identify studies reporting cases of ACD resulting from cyanoacrylate adhesive application in wound closure. A total of 47 studies, covering 193 ACD cases, were included in our analysis. These cases involved 35 male, 120 female patients, and 38 cases without gender information (M:F ratio = 1:3.43), with ages ranging from 7 to 92 years (mean age 43.9 years). The majority of cases (n = 140) were part of 6 orthopedic studies, focusing on joint replacements (n = 68), orthopedic surgeries (n = 38), and breast surgeries (n = 29). The remaining 58 cases encompassed various surgical procedures. Common clinical manifestations included swelling, pruritic rash, erythema, vesicles, and itching around the surgical sites, typically appearing around 10 days post-adhesive application (within a range of 6 hours to 6 weeks). Patients with prior exposure to 2-octyl cyanoacrylate tended to exhibit earlier symptoms. Similar rates of dermatitis were observed across different adhesive brands, suggesting brand independence. Treatment strategies involved adhesive removal, administration of steroids and antihistamines, meticulous wound care, and, in some cases, surgical intervention. Notably, 3.1% of the 193 cases required surgical intervention. Risk factors, including a history of atopic dermatitis, high body mass index, diabetes, prior adhesive exposure, and surgical history, were identified in the studies. Patch tests confirmed 2-octyl cyanoacrylate as the allergen in 21 studies. Our review aims to enhance health care professionals' understanding of ACD resulting from the use of cyanoacrylate adhesive, facilitating improved postsurgical management and prevention strategies. Recognizing diverse risk factors, understanding varying clinical presentations, distinguishing ACD from infection, and employing appropriate treatment approaches are essential for achieving optimal outcomes in such cases.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Perioperative Allergic Complications: A Practical Review

Background

Reported drug allergies are commonly encountered by surgeons and can lead to uncertainty in selecting an appropriate agent due to concerns of associated risks with related and cross-reactive drugs. This uncertainty can ultimately lead to increased infection rates.

Methods

A literature review was conducted in PubMed using a combination of the terms "allergy," "allergic reaction," "anaphylaxis," and "surgery," "surgical," or "operating room" for articles published within the last 10 years. Publications identified with these search terms were then filtered for review articles, sorted by "best match," and a maximum of 100 articles were manually reviewed for each combination of search terms.

Results

Search results yielded 46,484 articles, 676 of which were ultimately included for manual review, based on selection criteria. Specifically, articles selected for inclusion focused on surgical allergic reactions that were either related to mechanism of action, causative agent for the allergic reaction, timing of allergic reaction, or recommendations for appropriate management.

Conclusions

Allergic reactions can be a common occurrence in the operative room. Knowledge of likely causative agents, timing of a reaction to various agents, and appropriate management in the immediate and delayed setting can improve outcomes and safety for plastic surgery patients.

Pediatric Glue-Related Injuries in U.S. Emergency Departments: A 10-Year Overview

Slime's increasing popularity has caused children to be more frequently exposed to glue. There is no comprehensive literature describing pediatric glue-related injuries. This study's purpose is to characterize pediatric glue-related injuries presented to U.S. emergency departments (EDs). We queried the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for pediatric glue-related injuries from 2009 to 2018. Data were abstracted from discrete and case narrative data. Odds ratios were calculated to determine age-related differences in injuries. An estimated 18,126 pediatric patients were treated in U.S. EDs for glue-related injuries. Injury incidence increased over time. The most frequently injured body part was the eye, and the most common diagnosis was foreign body without documented sequelae. The most common injury mechanism was unintentional splash/squirt/explosion. Younger children were more likely to accidentally ingest glue; older children were more likely to sustain burns. Preventive efforts should focus on personal protective equipment, proper storage/labeling, and supervision of use.

Comparison of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate skin adhesive and interrupted polypropylene sutures for wound closure in total ankle arthroplasty

BACKGROUND

Adhesive skin materials have increasingly been used in orthopedic surgery. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of skin adhesive (2-octyl cyanoacrylate and polymer mesh, Dermabond Prineo) and interrupted polypropylene sutures for wound closure in patients undergoing total ankle arthroplasty (TAA).

METHODS

We prospectively enrolled 107 consecutive patients (108 ankles) undergoing TAA and divided them into two groups: skin adhesive group (36 ankles) and suture group (72 ankles). The primary outcome assessment included wound complications and patient satisfaction for wound cosmesis. The secondary outcome assessment included duration of surgery, length of hospital stay, and the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS) pain and disability score.

RESULTS

There was one case of allergic contact dermatitis, three cases of wound dehiscence, and one case of superficial surgical site infection in the skin adhesive group. Among them, one case each with allergic contact dermatitis and wound dehiscence finally progressed to deep surgical site infection. Three cases of wound dehiscence were also reported in the suture group; however, there was no case of surgical site infection. Patient satisfaction for wound cosmesis was significantly higher in the skin adhesive group than in the suture group (p = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of secondary outcomes (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Although the use of Dermabond Prineo showed better patient satisfaction for wound cosmesis, it showed significantly high wound complication rates and no other clinical benefits compared to interrupted polypropylene suture in TAA. Our results suggest that awareness of the possibility of wound complications is necessary when Dermabond Prineo is used in TAA.

Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Dermabond Prineo After Elective Orthopedic Surgery

The Dermabond Prineo skin closure system (Ethicon, Somerville, New Jersey) is a wound closure device that combines a 2-octyl cyanoacrylate liquid adhesive and a self-adhesive polyester mesh. Although cyanoacrylates traditionally have been associated with low rates of sensitization, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to Dermabond products is being increasingly reported after orthopedic surgery. The authors describe the first case series of ACD to Dermabond Prineo where patch testing confirmed the diagnosis in all patients. Six patients who had suspected Dermabond Prineo ACD after lower limb orthopedic surgery were assessed. Of these patients, 5 had itching within 4 days of surgery and rash within 5 days. All 5 of these patients reported previous exposure to Dermabond products. All patients had removal of the adhesive and mesh earlier than planned and were treated with corticosteroids. In addition, 4 patients received systemic antibiotics; however, only 1 had a microbiologically confirmed superficial skin infection. In all patients, the dermatitis resolved within 2 weeks of dressing removal, with no adverse effect on the orthopedic outcome. Patch testing showed positive reactions to Dermabond Prineo glue for all patients. Orthopedic surgeons should be aware of the potential for ACD to Dermabond Prineo, especially among patients with previous exposure to Dermabond products. The authors discuss the risk factors for ACD to Dermabond Prineo in the orthopedic cohort and provide recommendations for prevention and management. [Orthopedics. 2020;43(6):e515-e522.].

Patch Testing Ingredients of Dermabond and Other Cyanoacrylate-Containing Adhesives

BACKGROUND

Cyanoacrylates are strong adhesives used for a variety of medical, industrial, and cosmetic applications and have been implicated as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to review our experience in patch testing with cyanoacrylates.

METHODS

We reviewed patch test results of 38 patients with a clinical history of contact dermatitis due to a cyanoacrylate-containing adhesive (mostly Dermabond). Testing used cyanoacrylates of >99% purity diluted to 10% to 30% in petrolatum (pet.), undiluted octyl cyanoacrylate, and/or Dermabond Mini or Advanced "as is." Patch tests were also performed with methacrylates, formaldehyde (a cyanoacrylate impurity), benzalkonium chloride, and cyanoacrylate polymerization inhibitors. Three patients were also tested with Dermabond Mini on abraded skin.

RESULTS

Commercial cyanoacrylate patch testing material (ethyl cyanoacrylate 10% pet.) detected 29% of Dermabond-allergic patients, whereas patch testing with octyl cyanoacrylate 10% pet. increased detection to 50%. Testing with higher concentrations and/or on abraded skin further increased yield. Thirteen (37%) of our 35 cyanoacrylate-allergic patients were also allergic to methacrylates or acrylates.

CONCLUSIONS

Octyl cyanoacrylate is the usual allergenic ingredient in Dermabond. Patch testing with high concentrations is often required. Testing Dermabond on abraded skin further improves diagnostic sensitivity by more closely simulating clinical use.

Severe Wound Complication due to Prineo Surgical Dressing in Shoulder Hemiarthroplasty: A Case Report

CASE

A 61-year-old woman with left shoulder osteoarthritis underwent a left shoulder hemiarthroplasty. The wound was closed using the Dermabond Prineo system. The patient had a severe and progressive reaction during the first 2 weeks that necessitated debridement and skin grafting. Three months after surgery, the patient was doing well.

CONCLUSIONS

Severe reactions to 2-octyl cyanoacrylate are uncommon. The severity of the presented reaction is rare. However, surgeons using this closure method should be aware of potential reactions that may initially mimic infection. It is important to initiate appropriate treatment including removing the dressing, topical steroids, and/or oral antihistamines, antibiotics, and possible surgical wound debridement.

Cyanoacrylate closure for peripheral veins: Consensus document of the Australasian College of Phlebology

Background

Cyanoacrylates are fast-acting adhesives used in procedural medicine including closure of superficial wounds, embolization of truncal vessels pre-operatively, vascular anomalies, visceral false aneurysms, endoleaks, gastrointestinal varices and gastrointestinal bleeding. More recently, catheter-directed cyanoacrylate adhesive closure was introduced as an alternative to endovenous thermal ablation (ETA) to occlude superficial veins of the lower limbs.

Objectives

To formulate policies for the safe and effective delivery of cyanoacrylate adhesive closure procedures in Australasia, based on current experience and evidence.

Methods

A panel of phlebologists including vascular surgeons, interventional radiologists, dermatologists and research scientists systematically reviewed the available data on cyanoacrylate products used in medicine and shared personal experience with the procedure. The reviewed material included bibliographic and biomedical data, material safety data sheets and data requested and received from manufacturers. Results and recommendations: Cyanoacrylate adhesive closure appears to be an effective treatment for saphenous reflux with occlusion rates at 36 months of 90–95%. We recommend a maximum dose of 10 mL of cyanoacrylate per treatment session. Serious complications are rare, but significant. Hypersensitivity to acrylates is reported in 2.4% of the population and is an important absolute contraindication to cyanoacrylate adhesive closure. 1 Post-procedural inflammatory reactions, including hypersensitivity-type phlebitis, occur in 10–20% of patients. 2 In the long term, cyanoacrylate adhesive closure results in foreign-body granuloma formation within 2–12 months of the procedure. We recommend against the use of cyanoacrylate adhesive closure in patients with uncontrolled inflammatory, autoimmune or granulomatous disorders (e.g. sarcoidosis). Caution should be exercised in patients with significant active systemic disease or infection and alternative therapies such as thermal ablation and foam sclerotherapy should be considered.

Conclusions

Cyanoacrylate adhesive closure appears to be an effective endovenous procedure, with short-term closure rates comparable to ETA and therefore greater efficacy than traditional surgery for treating superficial veins of the lower limbs. Ongoing data collection is required to establish the long-term safety.

Granuloma formation following cyanoacrylate glue injection in peripheral veins and arteriovenous malformation

Background

Cyanoacrylate adhesive closure is a technically simple alternative to endothermal ablation of peripheral veins. N-butyl cyanoacrylate is delivered via catheters or by percutaneous injection resulting in occlusion of target veins. The local tissue reaction or the systemic immune response that may follow have not been characterised.

Aim

To characterise the late local tissue reaction to N-butyl cyanoacrylate glue injected in peripheral vessels.

Methods

Biopsies were obtained from two patients. In patient one, distal tributaries of the great saphenous vein were injected with VenaBlock™ glue under ultrasound guidance. Ultrasound-guided incisional biopsies were performed at one week, six weeks and 12 months. In patient two, a peripheral arterio-venous malformation was injected with Venablock™ and biopsy was performed 12 months later. Histological analysis was performed using haematoxylin and eosin and immunofixation with CD-4, CD-31, CD-34, CD-68 and D2-40.

Results

Echogenic material with a strong shadow artefact consistent with the injected N-butyl cyanoacrylate was observed on ultrasound on all follow-up occasions. Biopsies taken at one week showed intravascular glue without histiocytes. Biopsies at six weeks showed isolated foreign body histiocytes coating intravascular fibrillary glue spicules but no granuloma formation. The one-year biopsies showed extravascular changes including fibrosis, lymphoid aggregates and multiple extravascular foreign body cavitated granulomas. Some vessel lumens contained residual spicules of glue but no intravascular granulomas. The extravascular granulomas were deeply located, asymptomatic and not complicated by clinical ulceration. Histologically, there was no evidence of transepidermal elimination.

Conclusion

Extravascular foreign body cavitated granulomas containing spicules of glue with fibrosis and lymphoid aggregates occur as a delayed finding following the use of N-butyl cyanoacrylate.