1
|
Liu M, Song W, Gao W, Jiang L, Pan H, Luo D, Shi L. Impact of Latent Virus Infection in the Cornea on Corneal Healing after Small Incision Lenticule Extraction. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2441. [PMID: 37894101 PMCID: PMC10609374 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to analyze the impact of cornea virus latent infection on corneal healing after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and predict the positive rate of virus latent infection in corneal stroma. A total of 279 patients who underwent SMILE were included in this study. Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect virus infection in the lenticules, which were taken from the corneal stroma during SMILE. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) were detected. Postoperative visual acuity, spherical equivalent, intraocular pressure, corneal curvature (Kf and Ks), corneal transparency, and corneal staining were compared between the virus-positive group and the virus-negative group. The number of corneal stromal cells and inflammatory cells, corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), corneal total branch density (CTBD), and corneal nerve fiber width (CNFW) were evaluated using an in vivo confocal microscope. Out of 240 herpes simplex virus (HSV) tested samples, 11 (4.58%) were positive, among which 5 (2.08%) were HSV-1-positive and 6 (2.50%) were HSV-2-positive. None of the 91 CMV- and EBV-tested samples were positive. There was no statistical significance in the postoperative visual acuity, spherical equivalent, intraocular pressure, Kf and Ks, corneal transparency, corneal staining, the number of corneal stromal cells and inflammatory cells, CNFD, CNBD, CNFL, CTBD, and CNFW between the virus-positive and virus-negative groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, there is a certain proportion of latent HSV infection in the myopia population. Femtosecond lasers are less likely to activate a latent infection of HSV in the cornea. The latent infection of HSV has no significant impact on corneal healing after SMILE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anhui Second Provincial People’s Hospital, Dangshan Road 1868, Hefei 230041, China (W.G.); (L.J.); (H.P.)
| | - Wenting Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei 230001, China; (W.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anhui Second Provincial People’s Hospital, Dangshan Road 1868, Hefei 230041, China (W.G.); (L.J.); (H.P.)
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anhui Second Provincial People’s Hospital, Dangshan Road 1868, Hefei 230041, China (W.G.); (L.J.); (H.P.)
| | - Hongbiao Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anhui Second Provincial People’s Hospital, Dangshan Road 1868, Hefei 230041, China (W.G.); (L.J.); (H.P.)
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei 230001, China; (W.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anhui Second Provincial People’s Hospital, Dangshan Road 1868, Hefei 230041, China (W.G.); (L.J.); (H.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moshirfar M, Ziari M, Peterson C, Kelkar N, Ronquillo Y, Hoopes P. Herpes endotheliitis following laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2023; 13:93-96. [DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo-d-22-00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
|
3
|
Nie AQ, Chen XM, Li Q. Herpes simplex keratitis following Smart Pulse Technology assisted transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:442. [DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is a rare and sight-threatening complication following refractive surgery. SmartSurfACE surgery is the result of combining transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (trans-PRK) with Smart Pulse Technology (SPT) to diminish surface irregularities of the residual stromal bed after surgery with less pain, faster re-epithelialization, and better postoperative visual acuity. In this article, we report the first case of HSK following SmartSurf ACE without history of herpetic eye disease.
Case presentation
A 21-year-old woman underwent bilateral SmartSurfACE without history of clinical herpetic infection, active eye disease, or systemic disease. Mild superficial punctate keratitis occurred on the tenth postoperative day. The condition was not improved by ophthalmic drugs of anti-inflammation or epithelial healings. Dendritic corneal ulcer appeared within one month, which is the commonly recognized clinical manifestation of herpes simplex keratitis. The patient was managed with topical and systemic antiviral agents. After nine days of antiviral therapy, the lesion healed up, remaining mild stromal scarring in both eyes ultimately.
Conclusion
Herpes simplex keratitis is a rare but sight-threatening complication following refractive surgery. For the ocular irritation symptoms of postoperative patients, we should consider the possibility of HSK and give timely treatment.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gessa-Sorroche M, Kanclerz P, Alio J. Evidence in the prevention of the recurrence of herpes simplex and herpes zoster keratitis after eye surgery. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2022; 97:149-160. [PMID: 35248396 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Herpetic keratitis, either due to herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) or herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO), can recur after eye surgery.º Prophylaxis is postulated as necessary to avoid it. The objective of this study was to review the scientific evidence on the preventive methods used in the perioperative period in patients previously affected by HSK/HZO. METHODS An exhaustive search was carried out in the PubMed and Web of Science databases to identify relevant articles on prophylaxis and risk of recurrence of HSK/HZO in patients undergoing eye surgery up to 31 December 2019. RESULTS There is strong evidence that oral prophylaxis should be recommended after penetrating keratoplasty in patients who have previously had HSK/HZO. For other types of surgery, the evidence is less compelling. However, a latent period of inactivity should be considered between disease and oral prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS Penetrating and lamellar keratoplasty, corneal crosslinking, cataract surgery, and photorefractive and phototherapeutic surgery cause an alteration of the subbasal nerve plexus of the cornea. Due to surgical trauma, as well as the modulation of the ocular immune response caused by steroids applied in the postoperative period, it is possible to induce the reactivation of HSK/HZO, which is common in some cases. Within this article, we discuss the available evidence for HSK/HZO prophylaxis in eye surgery. Further studies are necessary to define the real risk of HSK/HZO recurrence after ocular surgeries, particularly in cataract surgery, and to confirm the efficacy of perioperative prophylaxis with anti-HSK/HZO antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gessa-Sorroche
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Grupo Miranza, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - J Alio
- Vissum Grupo Miranza, Alicante, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Herpes simplex keratitis, caused primarily by human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), remains the most common infectious cause of unilateral blindness and vision impairment in the industrialized world. Major advances in the care of HSV keratitis have been driven in large part by the landmark Herpetic Eye Disease Study randomized clinical trials, which were among the first in ophthalmology to reflect emerging trial conventions, including multicenter subject enrollment, double-masking, placebo controls, and a priori sample size determinations. The results of these trials now form much of the evidence basis for the management of this disease. However, management patterns in clinical practice often deviate from evidence-based care. These perceived quality gaps have given rise to the evolving field of implementation science, which is concerned with the methods of promoting the application of evidence-based medicine within routine care. To overcome variations in the quality and consistency of care for HSV keratitis, a range of clinical- and technology-based innovations are proposed. The most pressing needs include the following: a rational and tractable disease classification scheme that provides an immediate link between the anatomical localization of disease (corneal epithelial, stromal, or endothelial) and the appropriate treatment, and the actualization of an electronic medical record system capable of providing evidence-based treatment algorithms at relevant points of care. The latter would also input data to population-wide disease registries to identify implementation-rich targets for quality improvement, education, and research. These innovations may allow us to reduce the human and economic burdens of this highly morbid, and often blinding, disease.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramirez-Miranda A, Mangwani-Mordani S, Quiroz-Casian N, Oliva-Bienzobas V, Cabral-Macias J, Navas A, Graue-Hernandez EO. Combined Bacterial and Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis following Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction for the Correction of Myopia. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2021; 12:227-231. [PMID: 33976687 PMCID: PMC8077540 DOI: 10.1159/000511374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 28-year-old male presented unilateral visual loss, intense ocular pain, redness and intraocular hypertension in his right eye 2 days after undergoing small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in both eyes. Initial examination of the affected eye revealed the presence of white infiltrates within the corneal interface, as well as a central epithelial defect. The patient was diagnosed with infectious keratitis, posteriorly the eye was irrigated with balanced saline solution and treatment was initiated with hourly moxifloxacin 0.5%. Since this approach failed to resolve symptoms, a sample from the interface was obtained for PCR assay, which revealed the presence of herpes simplex virus DNA, confirming the cause of the infection. The patient was prescribed a regimen of oral acyclovir, topical ganciclovir and prednisolone. Clinical improvement following resolution of the epithelial defect was observed. Although rare, herpetic keratitis following SMILE is best managed via early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate anti-herpetic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Ramirez-Miranda
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Instituto de Oftalmología, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Simran Mangwani-Mordani
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Instituto de Oftalmología, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Natalia Quiroz-Casian
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Instituto de Oftalmología, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valeria Oliva-Bienzobas
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Instituto de Oftalmología, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesus Cabral-Macias
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Instituto de Oftalmología, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Navas
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Instituto de Oftalmología, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique O Graue-Hernandez
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Instituto de Oftalmología, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arshad S, Petsoglou C, Lee T, Al-Tamimi A, Carnt NA. 20 years since the Herpetic Eye Disease Study: Lessons, developments and applications to clinical practice. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 104:396-405. [PMID: 33689622 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1877531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is the most common virus that causes eye disease. Although around 60% of the world's population are seropositive for HSV antigens, fortunately, it is estimated that only 1% of seropositive individuals develop eye disease. The most common ocular manifestation of HSV is keratitis, while uveitis and retinal necrosis occur in a small number of cases. HSV keratitis is a debilitating disease, for several reasons: pain , photophobia, and vision loss in acute disease, latency of the virus which leads to infection reactivation from various triggers, scarring, and neovascularisation, leading to permanent vision loss with poor visual rehabilitation prospects. The Herpetic Eye Disease Study (HEDS) was a landmark series of randomised controlled trials in the 1990s that set the benchmark for evidence-based treatment guidelines for anterior eye herpetic disease. Since this time, there has been a change in the distribution of seroprevalence of herpes in the community, a simplified diagnostic classification, advances in treatment options, an emergence of new and a better understanding of risk factors, and discoveries in science that show promise for vaccine and novel future treatments. However, many of the principles of the HEDS study remain rightly entrenched in clinical practice. In this article, the HEDS study is revisited 20 years on through the lens of published literature, to determine current best practise and look towards the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Arshad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Taehwan Lee
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Nicole A Carnt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moshirfar M, Milner DC, Baker PA, McCabe SE, Ronquillo YC, Hoopes PC. Corneal Refractive Surgery in Patients with a History of Herpes Simplex Keratitis: A Narrative Review. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:3891-3901. [PMID: 33235430 PMCID: PMC7678688 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s282070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) in patients following corneal refractive surgery is higher than in the general population, and several case reports of ocular morbidity in HSK infection following corneal refractive surgery have been published. HSK is listed by the American Academy of Ophthalmology as a relative contraindication to corneal refractive surgery, although specifics have not been further elucidated. This review summarizes the current literature regarding reactivation of HSK following corneal refractive surgery and provides a guideline for considering corneal refractive surgery in a patient with a previous history of HSK. Based on the current literature, we recommend that corneal refractive surgery is appropriate for patients with a history of HSK without multiple recurrences who have had no evidence of disease for at least one year. In addition to a thorough history and physical examination, we also recommend these patients begin 400 mg twice daily of oral acyclovir or valacyclovir 500 mg once daily for two weeks prior to surgery and continue this regimen for at least two weeks postoperatively or while on topical steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Moshirfar
- Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT, USA.,John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Utah Lions Eye Bank, Murray, UT, USA
| | | | - Preston A Baker
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nättinen J, Mäkinen P, Aapola U, Orsila L, Pietilä J, Uusitalo H. Early changes in tear film protein profiles after femtosecond LASIK surgery. Clin Proteomics 2020; 17:36. [PMID: 33088244 PMCID: PMC7574433 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-020-09303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) has proven to be an efficacious, predictable, and safe procedure for the correction of refractive errors. We examined the early tear protein changes of patients undergoing LASIK surgery in order to better understand the mechanisms and proteins related to laser corneal surgery and initial recovery. Methods Corneal flaps were created with Ziemer FEMTO LDV Z6 I femtosecond laser and stroma was ablated using Wavelight EX500 excimer laser. Tear samples were collected preoperatively as well as 1.5 h and 1 month after LASIK treatment using glass microcapillary tubes. Relative quantification of tear proteins was performed with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS). Results SWATH-MS revealed that 158 proteins had altered expression levels 1.5 h after the operation. Two-thirds of these proteins, mostly connected to migration and inflammation response, returned to preoperative levels within the first postoperative month. The other proteins, which did not return to baseline levels, included proteins connected to for example epithelial barrier function. We also identified several proteins, which correlated with surgical variables, such as the amount of correction, flap thickness and flap diameter. Conclusions The present study showed that an uneventful femtosecond LASIK refractive surgery induced a significant immune cell migration and inflammation-associated changes in tear proteomics profile quickly after the operation, but the expression of most proteins recovered almost completely to the preoperative levels within the first month. The individual proteins identified in our study are potential targets for the follow-up and modification of LASIK-induced biochemical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janika Nättinen
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Silmäasema Eye Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Aapola
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Lasse Orsila
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Pietilä
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Silmäasema Eye Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,TAUH Eye Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ocular surgery after herpes simplex and herpes zoster keratitis. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:3599-3612. [PMID: 32910331 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The recurrence of herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) and herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) has been reported after a variety of ocular surgeries. The aim of this study was to review the evidence on the preventive methods employed in the perioperative period in patients having undergone HSK/HZO. METHODS The PubMed and Web of Science databases were the main resources used to conduct the medical literature search. An extensive search was performed to identify relevant articles concerning the prophylaxis against and risk of HSK/HZO recurrence in patients undergoing ocular surgery up to December 31, 2019. RESULTS The disturbance of the corneal nerve plexus occurs during several ocular surgeries including penetrating keratoplasty, lamellar keratoplasty, corneal cross-linking, cataract surgery, as well as photorefractive and phototherapeutic procedures. Such trauma, as well as modulation of the ocular immunological response caused by steroids applied postoperatively, might engender the HSK/HZO reactivation which is not uncommon. There is strong evidence that oral prophylaxis should be recommended just after surgery in patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty and having suffered from HSK/HZO. For other types of surgeries, the evidence is less compelling; nevertheless, a period of disease quiescence and oral prophylaxis should still be considered. CONCLUSIONS Within the article, we discuss the available evidence for HSK/HZO prophylaxis in ocular surgery. Additional studies would be required to define the real risk of HSK/HZO recurrence following eye surgeries, and particularly cataract surgery, and to confirm the utility of perioperative HSK/HZO prophylaxis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Afsharpaiman S, Zare M, Yasemi M, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The Prevalence of Infectious Keratitis after Keratorefractive Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:6329321. [PMID: 32774907 PMCID: PMC7407012 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6329321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The keratorefractive surgeries (KRS) are one of the most common ocular surgeries. One of the dangerous complications of these surgeries is infectious keratitis (IK), which is the second cause of blindness after cataract surgery. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of IK after KRS in different parts of the world. METHODS In order to obtain relevant studies, all national and international databases including IranMedex, SID, Magiran, IranDoc, Medlib, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched using standard keywords. RESULTS IK prevalence after KRS was 0.000496% (0.000145% for the left eye and 0.000149% for the right eye). IK prevalence after KRS in the United States, Europe, and Asia was 0.000667%, 0.000473%, and 0.000045%, respectively, in all of which the common microorganisms were Staphylococci. Meta-regression showed no significant association between IK after KRS and either sample size or publication year of the studies. IK prevalence after KRS in the right eye was more than that in the left one. Also, the probability of IK incidence after LASIK surgery was more than PRK and LASEK. In the evaluation of continents, IK after KRS in the United States was more frequent compared with Europe and Asia. CONCLUSIONS This study provided data as to the overall prevalence of IK following KRS and its variations according to the types of eye, surgery, pathogenic microorganism, and geographical location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Afsharpaiman
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Bagiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Musa Zare
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Masoud Yasemi
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Bagiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Refractive Errors & Refractive Surgery Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:P1-P104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
13
|
Postoperative herpetic endophthalmitis-A case report. Tzu Chi Med J 2017; 28:160-161. [PMID: 28757748 PMCID: PMC5442899 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of herpetic endophthalmitis following cataract surgery. A 65-year-old man underwent uneventful phacoemulsification and vision improved within the first few postoperative days. However, visual loss with an anterior chamber reaction of ++++ and a ++ vitreous cell were noted in the 4th postoperative week. Repeated intravitreal injection of vancomycin and ceftriaxone, pars plana vitrectomy and removal of the intraocular lens (IOL), and the capsular bag were performed sequentially but in vain. Bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal culture of the IOL and capsular bag demonstrated negative findings. Pathological examination revealed no pathogen but a number of mononuclear cells and several multinuclear giant cells. Serology exam revealed positive herpes simplex virus immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG. The intraocular inflammation resolved soon after changing antibiotics to oral valcyclovir.
Collapse
|
14
|
Post-keratorefractive Surgery Infections: Management Strategies. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40135-015-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
15
|
Royer DJ, Cohen A, Carr D. The Current State of Vaccine Development for Ocular HSV-1 Infection. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015; 10:113-126. [PMID: 25983856 DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2015.1004315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HSV-1 continues to be the leading cause of infectious corneal blindness. Clinical trials for vaccines against genital HSV infection have been ongoing for more than three decades. Despite this, no approved vaccine exists, and no formal clinical trials have evaluated the impact of HSV vaccines on eye health. We review here the current state of development for an efficacious HSV-1 vaccine and call for involvement of ophthalmologists and vision researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Royer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - A Cohen
- Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Djj Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center ; Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fulminant herpetic keratouveitis with flap necrosis following laser in situ keratomileusis: Case report and review of literature. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014; 40:2152-6. [PMID: 25311411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A 25-year-old woman presented with redness, pain, and diminution of vision that occurred 2 weeks after microkeratome-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). On presentation, corneal edema, Descemet membrane folds, keratic precipitates, stromal infiltrates, and flap necrosis were observed. Delayed post-LASIK microbial keratitis was diagnosed. The patient had no history of ocular herpes. Culture and scraping showed no organisms. Immunofluorescence stain was positive for the herpes simplex virus antigen. The patient was started on oral valacyclovir, and progress was monitored through serial clinical photographs and anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Resolution began within 3 days of initiating treatment and was complete in 4 weeks.
Collapse
|
17
|
Update on contraindications for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2014; 25:251-7. [DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
18
|
Jhanji V, Ferdinands M, Sheorey H, Sharma N, Jardine D, Vajpayee RB. Unusual clinical presentations of new-onset herpetic eye disease after ocular surgery. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:514-8. [PMID: 21155984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.02060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report five cases of new-onset herpetic eye disease with unusual presentation after ocular surgery. METHODS Herpetic eye disease was suspected in five cases, three after cataract surgery and two after lamellar corneal transplantation surgery. Of these, four cases presented within 2-6 weeks of surgery. The clinical presentation was in the form of an epithelial defect, suspected epithelial down growth, graft oedema with unexplained anterior chamber inflammation and graft-host interface infection. A swab for viral detection with real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed in all the described cases. RESULTS Herpes simplex disease was detected in all cases. All cases responded to the antiherpetic medications. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that new-onset herpetic eye disease may occur after cataract surgery and lamellar corneal transplantation, and a high index of suspicion may be necessary for the diagnosis in such cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Labetoulle M, Colin J. Aspects actuels du traitement des kératites herpétiques. J Fr Ophtalmol 2012; 35:292-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
20
|
Sharma DP, Sharma S, Wilkins MR. Microbial keratitis after corneal laser refractive surgery. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:819-31. [PMID: 21797693 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal laser refractive surgery is increasingly being performed on patients with the aim of improving unaided vision. Most candidates for surgery have excellent spectacle- or contact lens-corrected vision. Although microbial keratitis following refractive surgery is a rare complication, and usually has a good visual outcome, it can be sight-threatening. The spectrum of pathogens differs to other causes of microbial keratitis, such as contact lens-associated keratitis, and a different management approach is required. Postoperatively, patients are prescribed topical steroids and broad-spectrum topical antibiotics, typically fluoroquinolones. These do not cover unusual organisms, such as fungi, Nocardia, Acanthamoeba and some atypical mycobacteria. In post-laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis microbial keratitis, the lamellar flap should be lifted to acquire samples for specific microbiological examination, including these atypical organisms. Confocal microscopy is a noninvasive test that provides morphological information, and is operator dependent, but may assist in the rapid diagnosis of fungal, Acanthamoeba or Norcardia keratitis. PCR is not in widespread use, but has high sensitivity and specificity, and may facilitate early diagnosis and specific treatment of the causative organism, which is critical in obtaining the best clinical outcome.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review new clinically relevant data regarding the prevention cause and treatment of laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) infections. RECENT FINDINGS Many recent studies of post-LASIK infectious keratitis show the predominance of atypical mycobacteria and Gram-positive cocci and the growing number of other rare pathogens. The American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery White Paper treatment paradigm remains the model for initial treatment of LASIK-associated infectious keratitis. SUMMARY Improved understanding of the risk factor, different causes, along with a high degree of suspicion on initial presentation is crucial in order to provide the appropriate management in LASIK-associated infectious keratitis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Freitas DD. Penetrating Keratoplasty in Herpes Simplex Disease. Cornea 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06387-6.00134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Jain V, Pineda R. Reactivated herpetic keratitis following laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35:946-8. [PMID: 19393899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 40-year-old woman presented with an unusual form of corneal herpetic reactivation 5 weeks after laser in situ keratomileusis. The cornea showed diffuse edema and a stromal ring infiltrate (disciform in appearance). Oral antiviral and topical steroids in tapered dosages were administered. The infiltrate disappeared within 6 weeks. Progressive improvement was also seen in all the parameters on Pentacam scans, including the pachymetry, keratometry readings, and elevation on the anterior float. Herpetic reactivation may occur in many forms after excimer laser ablation. Timely diagnosis and management is crucial to maintain good structural and visual outcomes. Pentacam analysis may serve as a useful adjunct in following the progression of herpetic reactivation cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Jain
- Department of Cornea, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Unilateral Candida parapsilosis interface keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis: case report and review of the literature. Cornea 2009; 28:105-7. [PMID: 19092419 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e318184e69b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a rare case of early-onset Candida parapsilosis infection after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and review the published reports of post-LASIK fungal infections. METHODS A 32-year-old woman presented with interface infiltration in the central interface in the right eye 2 days after LASIK surgery. The right eye flap was lifted, and the opacities were scraped. Two days later, a 3- x 3-mm-dense oval opacity and diffuse hazes were noted. Surgical intervention was arranged because of suspicion of interface infectious keratitis. RESULTS After an apparent post-LASIK keratitis with related interface inflammation failed to respond to medical therapy, corneal culture results were positive for C. parapsilosis 2 weeks 6 days after presentation. The patient was started on topical drops of amphotericin B 0.15% every hour after the smear showed the presence of yeast. The opacities decreased, and the topical antifungal drops were tapered. One month later, her uncorrected visual acuity recovered to 20/20. CONCLUSIONS Candida parapsilosis interface keratitis after LASIK may occur in the early phase. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can result in good outcome.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
We report the case of a 34-year-old man who had uncomplicated cataract surgery in his left eye. Medical history was significant for atopic dermatitis, requiring oral immunosuppressive medications. Two days after the surgery, the patient presented with pain, photophobia, decreased vision, and a small corneal abrasion. On postoperative day 5, the patient returned with left upper lid vesicular lesions and 2 corneal dendrites. Corrected vision was 20/100 OS, with intraocular pressure of 18 mm Hg and 1+ pigmented cells in the anterior chamber. Cultures of the lid lesions revealed herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1. The patient was placed on oral acyclovir 800 mg 5 times a day. By day 8, the dendrites had resolved, and by day 15, the lid lesions healed over. HSV keratitis is an uncommon complication after cataract surgery. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the possibility of developing HSV keratitis even after the most routine cataract extraction.
Collapse
|
27
|
Toma HS, Murina AT, Areaux RG, Neumann DM, Bhattacharjee PS, Foster TP, Kaufman HE, Hill JM. Ocular HSV-1 latency, reactivation and recurrent disease. Semin Ophthalmol 2008; 23:249-73. [PMID: 18584563 DOI: 10.1080/08820530802111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ocular infection with HSV-1 continues to be a serious clinical problem despite the availability of effective antivirals. Primary infection with HSV-1 can involve ocular and adenaxial sites and can manifest as blepharitis, conjunctivitis, or corneal epithelial keratitis. After initial ocular infection, HSV-1 can establish latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia for the lifetime of the host. During latency, the viral genome is retained in the neuron without producing viral proteins. However, abundant transcription occurs at the region encoding the latency-associated transcript, which may play significant roles in the maintenance of latency as well as neuronal reactivation. Many host and viral factors are involved in HSV-1 reactivation from latency. HSV-1 DNA is shed into tears and saliva of most adults, but in most cases this does not result in lesions. Recurrent disease occurs as HSV-1 is carried by anterograde transport to the original site of infection, or any other site innervated by the latently infected ganglia, and can reinfect the ocular tissues. Recurrent corneal disease can lead to corneal scarring, thinning, stromal opacity and neovascularization and, eventually, blindness. In spite of intensive antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy, a significant percentage of patients do not respond to chemotherapy for herpetic necrotizing stromal keratitis. Therefore, the development of therapies that would reduce asymptomatic viral shedding and lower the risks of recurrent disease and transmission of the virus is key to decreasing the morbidity of ocular herpetic disease. This review will highlight basic HSV-1 virology, and will compare the animal models of latency, reactivation, and recurrent ocular disease to the current clinical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassanain S Toma
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2234, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
de Rojas Silva V, Rodríguez-Conde R, Cobo-Soriano R, Beltrán J, Llovet F, Baviera J. Laser in situ keratomileusis in patients with a history of ocular herpes. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33:1855-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Herpetic keratitis is a rare complication of cataract surgery. We describe 3 cases of herpes simplex keratitis after cataract surgery in eyes with no clinical history of this disease. METHODS Three patients underwent uneventful phacoemulsification of cataract with intraocular lens implantation. All were treated postoperatively with topical steroids. On subsequent development of corneal dendritic epithelial lesions in the operated eyes, the corticosteroids were replaced by treatment with topical acyclovir. RESULTS The first postoperative day was uneventful. Corneal dendritic epithelial lesions were observed 1-5 weeks postoperatively and healed without sequelae after topical acyclovir treatment. CONCLUSIONS In view of the surgical trauma along with the topical corticosteroid treatment commonly prescribed after cataract surgery, physicians should be aware of the possible development of herpetic epithelial keratitis even in patients with no clinical history of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Barequet
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moshirfar M, Welling JD, Feiz V, Holz H, Clinch TE. Infectious and noninfectious keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33:474-83. [PMID: 17321399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To retrospectively review the occurrence, treatment, and visual outcomes associated with various etiologies of keratitis as a postoperative complication of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) at an academic surgical center. SETTING John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. METHODS The charts of 5618 post-LASIK patients (10 477 eyes) were reviewed for the development of keratitis. Occurrence rates, management regimens, and final best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) were reported for infectious and noninfectious keratitis etiologies. RESULTS Post-LASIK keratitis was diagnosed in 279 eyes. The keratitis was diagnosed as infectious in 33 eyes (12%) and as noninfectious in 246 eyes (88%). Infectious cases included 5 eyes (15%) with herpes simplex keratitis (HSV), 18 (55%) with adenoviral keratitis, and 10 (30%) with nonviral (including bacterial, fungal, and parasitic) keratitis. Of noninfectious cases, 193 (78%) were classified as diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK), 36 (15%) as staphylococcal marginal hypersensitivity, and 17 (15%) as localized debris-related keratitis. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of post-LASIK keratitis was 2.66%, with DLK being the most common diagnosis overall. The occurrence of noninfectious keratitis (2.34%) was 7.5 times greater than the occurrence of infectious keratitis (0.31%). Adenoviral keratitis had the best visual outcomes overall, with all 18 patients achieving 20/20 BSCVA. In contrast, all 5 eyes with HSV keratitis lost 1 or 2 lines of BSCVA. Excluding adenoviral keratitis, infectious etiologies had significantly worse visual outcomes than noninfectious etiologies at the 20/40 and 20/20 levels (P = .0013 and P<.001, respectively).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Moshirfar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bibliography. Current world literature. Corneal and external disorders. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006; 17:413-8. [PMID: 16900037 DOI: 10.1097/01.icu.0000233964.03757.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
34
|
Lu CK, Chen KH, Lee SM, Hsu WM, Lai JY, Li YS. Herpes Simplex Keratitis Following Excimer Laser Application. J Refract Surg 2006; 22:509-11. [PMID: 16722492 DOI: 10.3928/1081-597x-20060501-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report two cases of herpes simplex keratitis following excimer laser application. METHODS Two immunocompetent patients with no history of ocular viral infection developed ulcers after LASIK and phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK), respectively. RESULTS Antiviral treatment was administered, and the lesions healed within 14 days. CONCLUSIONS These two cases suggest that herpes simplex virus was associated with the use of the excimer laser.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Kung Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|