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Santhosh S, Malik B, Kalantary A, Kunadi A. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Following Natural COVID-19 Infection. Cureus 2022; 14:e26582. [PMID: 35815306 PMCID: PMC9270081 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) has been linked to the COVID-19 vaccine series as a rare adverse event but has recently emerged in the literature as a sequela of natural COVID-19 infection. ITP is a diagnosis of exclusion where a diagnosis is made by having isolated thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100,000/μL) and no other identifiable etiology for the thrombocytopenia. We share the case of a young male without any history of hematological or immunological disorders presenting with severe, symptomatic thrombocytopenia following a natural COVID-19 infection. Patients should be made aware of the potential risk of adverse events with not only vaccination but also even mild cases of natural infection with COVID-19. An emphasis should be placed on the fact that the benefits of vaccination continue to outweigh the potential risks of adverse events, even in those with a pre-existing diagnosis of ITP.
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Chatterjee A, Saha R, Mishra A, Shilkar D, Jayaprakash V, Sharma P, Sarkar B. Molecular determinants, clinical manifestations and effects of immunization on cardiovascular health during COVID-19 pandemic era - A review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2022:101250. [PMID: 35577079 PMCID: PMC9098920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has enveloped the world into an unprecedented pandemic since 2019. Significant damage to multiple organs, such as the lungs and heart, has been extensively reported. Cardiovascular injury by ACE2 downregulation, hypoxia-induced myocardial injury, and systemic inflammatory responses complicate the disease. This virus causes multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with similar symptoms to adult SARS-CoV-2-induced myocarditis. While several treatment strategies and immunization programs have been implemented to control the menace of this disease, the risk of long-term cardiovascular damage associated with the disease has not been adequately assessed. In this review, we surveyed and summarized all the available information on the effects of COVID-19 on cardiovascular health as well as comorbidities. We also examined several case reports on post-immunization cardiovascular complications.
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Conti V, Sellitto C, Torsiello M, Manzo V, De Bellis E, Stefanelli B, Bertini N, Costantino M, Maci C, Raschi E, Sabbatino F, Corbi G, Pagliano P, Filippelli A. Identification of Drug Interaction Adverse Events in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e227970. [PMID: 35438752 PMCID: PMC9020212 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.7970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE During the COVID-19 pandemic, urgent clinical management of patients has mainly included drugs currently administered for other diseases, referred to as repositioned drugs. As a result, some of these drugs have proved to be not only ineffective but also harmful because of adverse events associated with drug-drug interactions (DDIs). OBJECTIVE To identify DDIs that led to adverse clinical outcomes and/or adverse drug reactions in patients with COVID-19 by systematically reviewing the literature and assessing the value of drug interaction checkers in identifying such events. EVIDENCE REVIEW After identification of the drugs used during the COVID-19 pandemic, the drug interaction checkers Drugs.com, COVID-19 Drug Interactions, LexiComp, Medscape, and WebMD were consulted to analyze theoretical DDI-associated adverse events in patients with COVID-19 from March 1, 2020, through February 28, 2022. A systematic literature review was performed by searching the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane for articles published from March 1, 2020, through February 28, 2022, to retrieve articles describing actual adverse events associated with DDIs. The drug interaction checkers were consulted again to evaluate their potential to assess such events. FINDINGS The DDIs identified in the reviewed articles involved 46 different drugs. In total, 575 DDIs for 58 drug pairs (305 associated with at least 1 adverse drug reaction) were reported. The drugs most involved in DDIs were lopinavir and ritonavir. Of the 6917 identified studies, 20 met the inclusion criteria. These studies, which enrolled 1297 patients overall, reported 115 DDI-related adverse events: 15 (26%) were identifiable by all tools analyzed, 29 (50%) were identifiable by at least 1 of them, and 14 (24%) remained nonidentifiable. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The main finding of this systematic review is that the use of drug interaction checkers could have identified several DDI-associated adverse drug reactions, including severe and life-threatening events. Both the interactions between the drugs used to treat COVID-19 and between the COVID-19 drugs and those already used by the patients should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Conti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Carmine Sellitto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Doctoral School, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Martina Torsiello
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valentina Manzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Emanuela De Bellis
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
- Postgraduate Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Berenice Stefanelli
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
- Postgraduate Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Nicola Bertini
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
- Postgraduate Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Maria Costantino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Chiara Maci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Emanuel Raschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Sabbatino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Oncology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Amelia Filippelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
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Lee JH, Oh SM, Lee E, Bang JH, Park SW. Treatment for Immune Thrombocytopenia in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report. Infect Chemother 2022; 54:559-562. [PMID: 35132832 PMCID: PMC9533155 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2021.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is one of the rare signs of both the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and COVID-19 vaccination. An 85-year-old man was diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenia and COVID-19, 7 days after COVID-19 vaccination. The patient was successfully treated with a short course of intravenous immunoglobulin and oral corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Oh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Bang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura in a Child with COVID-19: A Case Report. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It may have many undescribed clinical manifestations. Case Presentation: In this study, we report a 7-year-old male COVID-19 patient with low platelet count who presented with gingival bleeding and ecchymosis and had a good response to corticosteroid therapy. Conclusions: This case highlights the need to be vigilant for atypical presentations or complications of COVID-19, one of which is SARS-CoV-2-induced immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). It is necessary to pay attention to platelet count in addition to typical clinical features and radiographic findings. On the other hand, viral testing in thrombocytopenic patients should be considered for timely diagnosis of COVID-19 and taking necessary measurements for patient isolation in order to prevent the spread of disease and healthcare workers’ infection during this pandemic.
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Delshad M, Safaroghli-Azar A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Poopak B, Shokouhi S, Bashash D. Platelets in the perspective of COVID-19; pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia and its implication as prognostic and therapeutic opportunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107995. [PMID: 34304001 PMCID: PMC8295197 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite endorsed and exponential research to improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, efforts have not yet converted into a better prospect for patients infected with the novel coronavirus (2019nCoV), and still, the name of SARS-CoV-2 is coupled with numerous unanswered questions. One of these questions is concerning how this respiratory virus reduces the number of platelets (PLTs)? The results of laboratory examinations showed that about a quarter of COVID-19 cases experience thrombocytopenia, and more remarkably, about half of these patients succumb to the infection due to coagulopathy. These findings have positioned PLTs as a pillar in the management as well as stratifying COVID-19 patients; however, not all the physicians came into a consensus about the prognostic value of these cells. The current review aims to unravel the contributory role of PLTs s in COVID-19; and also to summarize the original data obtained from international research laboratories on the association between COVID-19 and PLT production, activation, and clearance. In addition, we provide a special focus on the prognostic value of PLTs and their related parameters in COVID-19. Questions on how SARS-CoV-2 induces thrombocytopenia are also responded to. The last section provides a general overview of the most recent PLT- or thrombocytopenia-related therapeutic approaches. In conclusion, since SARS-CoV-2 reduces the number of PLTs by eliciting different mechanisms, treatment of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients is not as simple as it appears and serious cautions should be considered to deal with the problem through scrutiny awareness of the causal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahda Delshad
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Poopak
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shervin Shokouhi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Gruden G, Beggiato E, Camerino E, Capriotti S, Canepa S, Scandella M, Avolio M, Pittalunga F, Barutta F, Durazzo M. Treatment with eltrombopag of severe immune thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia associated with COVID-19 pneumonia: a case report. Ther Adv Hematol 2021; 12:20406207211011353. [PMID: 33995989 PMCID: PMC8082984 DOI: 10.1177/20406207211011353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whether SARS-CoV-2 can trigger an autoimmune reaction against platelets and red blood cells remains unclear. Herein, we report a case of COVID-19 pneumonia associated with severe immune thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. An 83-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of both dyspnea and diffuse mucocutaneous bleeding. Exams revealed hemolytic anemia (HA), severe immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and bilateral pneumonia. Molecular testing confirmed a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. Thrombocytopenia did not respond to first-line treatment with immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, and platelet transfusions. Addition to therapy of the thrombopoietin receptor agonist, eltrombopag, resulted in full recovery. COVID-19 can be associated with ITP and HA. There are neither guidelines nor clinical experience on the treatment of COVID-19-associated ITP and our case, showing complete response to eltrombopag, may help clinicians in their practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY The case of an 83-year-old woman with COVID-19 pneumonia associated with two severe blood diseases that cause platelet and red cell destruction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We do not know exactly whether this virus can stimulate our immune system to react against platelets and red blood cells. Herein, we report a case of COVID-19 pneumonia associated with two severe blood diseases, immune thrombocytopenia, which causes platelet destruction, and hemolytic anemia, which causes red cell destruction. An 83-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of both difficulty in breathing and diffuse bleeding in mucosae and skin. Exams revealed hemolytic anemia, severe immune thrombocytopenia, and pneumonia in both lungs. Molecular testing confirmed a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. The first treatment with immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, and platelet transfusions was not enough to cure thrombocytopenia; the addition of eltrombopag which acts on the thrombopoietin receptor agonist resulted in full recovery. COVID-19 can be present together with immune thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. As there are no guidelines on the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia in patients with COVID-19 and the clinical experience is limited, the complete response achieved with eltrombopag may help clinicians in their practice during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Gruden
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Eloise Beggiato
- Department of Hematology, University of Turin, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Enrica Camerino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Serena Capriotti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepa
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Michela Scandella
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Maria Avolio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Molinette Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Federica Barutta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Marilena Durazzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Piemonte, Italy
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Ceftriaxone/levofloxacin/lopinavir/ritonavir. REACTIONS WEEKLY 2021. [PMCID: PMC7787582 DOI: 10.1007/s40278-021-88040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Mahévas M, Moulis G, Andres E, Riviere E, Garzaro M, Crickx E, Guillotin V, Malphettes M, Galicier L, Noel N, Darnige L, Terriou L, Guerveno C, Sanchis-Borja M, Moulinet T, Meunier B, Ebbo M, Michel M, Godeau B. Clinical characteristics, management and outcome of COVID-19-associated immune thrombocytopenia: a French multicentre series. Br J Haematol 2020; 190:e224-e229. [PMID: 32678953 PMCID: PMC7404899 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Mahévas
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Adult's Immune Cytopenias Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Guillaume Moulis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU de Toulouse), Toulouse, France.,CIC 1436, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU de Toulouse), Toulouse, France.,UMR 1027 Inserm, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Andres
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Research Team EA, 3072 "Mitochondrie, Stress oxydant et Protection musculaire", University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Riviere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU de Bordeaux), Bordeaux, France.,Inserm U1034-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Margaux Garzaro
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Saint Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Crickx
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Adult's Immune Cytopenias Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Vivien Guillotin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Research Team EA, 3072 "Mitochondrie, Stress oxydant et Protection musculaire", University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marion Malphettes
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Saint Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Galicier
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Saint Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Noel
- Department of internal medicine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Luc Darnige
- Inserm UMR-S 1140, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Louis Terriou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Immunology, Claude-Huriez University Hospital, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Claire Guerveno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albi Hospital, Albi, France
| | - Mateo Sanchis-Borja
- Department of pneumology, Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Moulinet
- Department of internal medicine, Nancy University Hospital (CHU de Nancy), University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Benoit Meunier
- Department of internal medicine, Hôpital la Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Mikael Ebbo
- Department of internal medicine, Hôpital la Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Michel
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Adult's Immune Cytopenias Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Bertrand Godeau
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Adult's Immune Cytopenias Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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Ciccarese G, Drago F, Boatti M, Porro A, Muzic SI, Parodi A. Oral erosions and petechiae during SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2020; 93:129-132. [PMID: 32579237 PMCID: PMC7362051 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ciccarese
- Dermatology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Drago
- Dermatology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,DI.S.Sal., Section of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Boatti
- Division of General Medicine, Asl 3 Genovese, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alice Porro
- Division of General Medicine, Asl 3 Genovese, Genoa, Italy
| | - Shaun Ivan Muzic
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Medical School University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Dermatology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,DI.S.Sal., Section of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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