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Schepens EJA, Boek WM, Boesveldt S, Stokroos RJ, Stegeman I, Kamalski DMA. One-year psychophysical evaluation of COVID-19-induced olfactory disorders: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med 2023; 21:490. [PMID: 38066629 PMCID: PMC10709885 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory disorders are common in COVID-19. While many patients recover within weeks, a notable number of patients suffer from prolonged olfactory disorders. Much research has focused on the acute phase of olfactory disorders in COVID-19; however, there is still inconsistency regarding the prognosis. We aim to assess both objective and subjective olfactory function in patients with persisting olfactory disorders following COVID-19, 1 year after diagnosis. METHODS We objectively measured olfactory function in 77 patients who initially had COVID-19-induced smell disorders, 1 year after confirmed diagnosis. These patients previously underwent two objective measurements at approximately 3 and 6 months after COVID-19, in the context of the COCOS trial (COrticosteroids for COvid-19-induced loss of Smell). The main outcome measurement was TDI score (threshold-discrimination-identification) on Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST). Secondary outcomes included objective gustatory function on Taste Strip Test (TST), self-reported olfactory, gustatory and trigeminal function on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and outcomes on questionnaires about quality of life, and nasal symptoms. RESULTS The findings of this study show that 1 year following COVID-19, the median TDI score increased to 30.75 (IQR 27.38-33.5), regarded as normosmia. The median TDI score started at 21.25 (IQR 18.25-24.75) at baseline and increased to 27.5 (IQR 23.63-30.0) at 6 months following COVID-19. The increase of 9.5 points on the TDI score between baseline and 1 year after COVID-19 marks a clinically relevant improvement. Regarding the self-reported VAS score (1-10) on sense of smell, it increased from 1.2 (IQR 0.4-3.0) at baseline to 3.2 (IQR 1.4-6.0) at 6 months and further improved up to 6.1 (IQR 2.7-7.5) after 1 year. Objective gustatory function increased with 2 points on TST a year after diagnosis. Self-reported olfactory, gustatory, and trigeminal functions also improved over time, as did quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Objective and self-reported olfactory function continued to improve 1 year after COVID-19. The median TDI score of 30.75 (IQR 27.38-33.5) is regarded as normosmia, which is a favorable outcome. However, the rate of improvement on TDI score reduces over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J A Schepens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands.
- Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilbert M Boek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Stokroos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Stegeman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Digna M A Kamalski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wang JY, Zong XY, Wu GH, Qi YL, Li HZ, Ji XY, Tong L, Zhang L, Yang MB, Yang PY, Li JK, Xiao FR, Zhang LS, Hu YH, Liu HD, Xu SF, Sun S, Wu W, Mao Y, Li MQ, Hou HH, Gong ZY, Guo Y, Jiao LW, Qin J, Wang DY, Wang F, Guan L, Lin G, Ma Y, Wang YP, Shi NN. 3- to 24-month Follow-up on COVID-19 with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Survivors after Discharge: Results from a Prospective, Multicenter Study. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2022; 35:1091-1099. [PMID: 36597288 PMCID: PMC9850451 DOI: 10.3967/bes2022.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and tuberculosis (TB) are major public health and social issues worldwide. The long-term follow-up of COVID-19 with pulmonary TB (PTB) survivors after discharge is unclear. This study aimed to comprehensively describe clinical outcomes, including sequela and recurrence at 3, 12, and 24 months after discharge, among COVID-19 with PTB survivors. METHODS From January 22, 2020 to May 6, 2022, with a follow-up by August 26, 2022, a prospective, multicenter follow-up study was conducted on COVID-19 with PTB survivors after discharge in 13 hospitals from four provinces in China. Clinical outcomes, including sequela, recurrence of COVID-19, and PTB survivors, were collected via telephone and face-to-face interviews at 3, 12, and 24 months after discharge. RESULTS Thirty-two COVID-19 with PTB survivors were included. The median age was 52 (45, 59) years, and 23 (71.9%) were men. Among them, nearly two-thirds (62.5%) of the survivors were moderate, three (9.4%) were severe, and more than half (59.4%) had at least one comorbidity (PTB excluded). The proportion of COVID-19 survivors with at least one sequela symptom decreased from 40.6% at 3 months to 15.8% at 24 months, with anxiety having a higher proportion over a follow-up. Cough and amnesia recovered at the 12-month follow-up, while anxiety, fatigue, and trouble sleeping remained after 24 months. Additionally, one (3.1%) case presented two recurrences of PTB and no re-positive COVID-19 during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION The proportion of long symptoms in COVID-19 with PTB survivors decreased over time, while nearly one in six still experience persistent symptoms with a higher proportion of anxiety. The recurrence of PTB and the psychological support of COVID-19 with PTB after discharge require more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ya Wang
- Community Health Service Management Center, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xing Yu Zong
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Gui Hui Wu
- Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Lin Qi
- Yiyuan TCM Hospital, Zibo 256199, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhen Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xin Yu Ji
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lin Tong
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ming Bo Yang
- Xi'an Eighth Hospital, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pu Ye Yang
- Xi'an Eighth Hospital, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ji Ke Li
- Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Fu Rong Xiao
- Harbin Infectious Disease Hospital, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lin Song Zhang
- Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun Hong Hu
- Xingtai Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Xingtai 054000, Hebei, China
| | - Hong De Liu
- Shijiazhuang Fifth Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Shou Fang Xu
- Jiamusi Infectious Disease Hospital, Jiamusi 154000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Chengde Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde 067040, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong 723000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ya Mao
- Ankang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ankang 725000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Qing Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese medicine, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou 635000, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Hua Hou
- Xi'an Eighth Hospital, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhao Yuan Gong
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Li Wen Jiao
- China National Medicines Corporation Ltd, Beijing 100077, China
| | - Jin Qin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 101121, China
| | - Ding Yi Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Community Health Service Management Center, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Li Guan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 101121, China
| | - Gang Lin
- Infectious Disease Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yan Ping Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Nan Nan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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