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Guo K, Zhang X. Cytokines that Modulate the Differentiation of Th17 Cells in Autoimmune Uveitis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6693542. [PMID: 33816637 PMCID: PMC7990547 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6693542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of ocular immune disease. The association between pathogenic Th17 cells and the development of uveitis has been confirmed in experimental and clinical studies. Several cytokines affect the initiation and stabilization of the differentiation of Th17 cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of related cytokines in the differentiation of Th17 cells is important for exploring the pathogenesis and the potential therapeutic targets of uveitis. This article briefly describes the structures, mechanisms, and targeted drugs of cytokines-including interleukin (IL)-6, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), IL-1β, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, IL-2, IL-4, IL-21, and interferon (IFN)-γ-which have an important influence on the differentiation of Th17 cells and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets for treating autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailei Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
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Huang Z, Li W, Su W. Tregs in Autoimmune Uveitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1278:205-227. [PMID: 33523450 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6407-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis is a chronic disease with relapsing and remitting ocular attack, which requires corticosteroids and systemic immunosuppression to prevent severe vision loss. Classically, uveitis is referred to an autoimmune disease, mediated by pro-inflammatory Th17 cells and immunosuppressive CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T-regulatory cells (Tregs). More and more evidence indicates that Tregs are involved in development, resolution, and remission of uveitis. Clinically, many researchers have conducted quantitative and functional analyses of peripheral blood from patients with different subtypes of uveitis, in an attempt to find the changing rules of Tregs. Consistently, using the experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model, researchers have explored the development and resolution mechanism of uveitis in many aspects. In addition, many drug and Tregs therapy investigations have yielded encouraging results. In this chapter, we introduced the current understanding of Tregs, summarized the clinical changes in the number and function of patients with uveitis and the immune mechanism of Tregs involved in EAU model, as well as discussed the progress and shortcomings of Tregs-related drug therapy and Tregs therapy. Although the exact mechanism of Tregs-mediated uveitis protection remains to be elucidated, the strategy of Tregs regulation may provide a specific and meaningful way for the prevention and treatment of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Imbalance in PB IL-17-Secreting and Regulatory Cells in Pars Planitis Is Associated with Dysregulation of IFN- γ-Secreting Cells, Especially in Patients with Clinical Complications. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:9175083. [PMID: 32801998 PMCID: PMC7415078 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9175083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Results In patients, an increase in the population of Th17-secreting cells negatively correlated with the abundance of both IFN-γ-producing and T regulatory as well as suppressor cells, regarding all the phenotypes studied. Although a strong dependence of the PB Th1 cell compartment on the duration of the disease was observed, it was limited to the subgroup of patients with macular edema only. The frequency of B regulatory cells was unchanged compared to controls. Conclusions In pars planitis, the alterations in lymphocyte cell distribution affect primarily the T cell repertoire. The imbalance in PB Th1/Th17/Treg cells creates proinflammatory conditions, strengthening the suggestion that the immune background may play a role in pars planitis pathogenesis. Also, circulating Th1 level may be of potential clinical relevance in terms of prediction of a more severe course of the disease.
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Arshad Z, Rezapour-Firouzi S, Ebrahimifar M, Mosavi Jarrahi A, Mohammadian M. Association of Delta-6-Desaturase Expression with
Aggressiveness of Cancer, Diabetes Mellitus, and Multiple
Sclerosis: A Narrative Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1005-1018. [PMID: 31030467 PMCID: PMC6948902 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.4.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ protein kinase B /mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/
mTOR) signaling regulates multiple cellular processes and organizes cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation
with the available nutrients, in particular, fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are cytotoxic to cancer cells
and play a critical role in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and diabetes mellitus (DM). PUFAs are produced in
the body by desaturases and elongases from dietary essential fatty acids (EFAs), primarily involving delta-6-desaturase
(D6D). D6D is a rate-limiting enzyme for maintaining many aspects of lipid homeostasis and normal health. D6D is
important to recognize the mechanisms that regulate the expression of this enzyme in humans. A lower level of D6D was
seen in breast tumors compared to normal tissues. Interestingly, the elevated serum level of D6D was seen in MS and
DM, which explains the critical role of D6D in inflammatory diseases. Methods: We searched databases of PubMed,
Web of Science (WOS), Google Scholar, Scopus and related studies by predefined eligibility criteria. We assessed
their quality and extracted data. Results: Regarding the mTOR signaling pathway, there is remarkable contributions of
many inflammatory diseases to attention to common metabolic pathways are depicted. Of course, we need to have the
insights into each disorder and their pathological process. The first step in balancing the intake of EFAs is to prevent
the disruption of metabolism and expression of the D6D enzyme. Conclusions: The ω6 and ω3 pathways are two major
pathways in the biosynthesis of PUFAs. In both of these, D6D is a vital bifunctional enzyme desaturating linoleic acid
or alpha-linolenic acid. Therefore, if ω6 and ω3 EFAs are given together in a ratio of 2: 1, the D6D expression will be
down-regulated and normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Arshad
- Department of Pathology of Anatomy, School of medicine, Baku University of Medical Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Soheila Rezapour-Firouzi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. ,
| | - Meysam Ebrahimifar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Iran
| | - Alireza Mosavi Jarrahi
- Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mohammadian
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Kumar P, Saini S, Khan S, Surendra Lele S, Prabhakar BS. Restoring self-tolerance in autoimmune diseases by enhancing regulatory T-cells. Cell Immunol 2018; 339:41-49. [PMID: 30482489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-tolerance, the state of unresponsiveness to self-tissues/antigens, is maintained through central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, and a breach of these mechanisms leads to autoimmune diseases. Foxp3 + T-regulatory cells (Tregs) play an essential role in suppressing autoimmune response directed against self-antigens and thereby regulate self-tolerance. Natural Tregs are differentiated in the thymus on the basis of their higher TCR-affinity to self-antigens and migrate to the periphery where they maintain peripheral tolerance. In addition, extra-thymic differentiation of induced Tregs can occur in the periphery which can control abrupt immune responses under inflammatory conditions. A defect in Treg cell numbers and/or function is found to be associated with the development of autoimmune disease in several experimental models and human autoimmune diseases. Moreover, augmentation of Tregs has been shown to be beneficial in treating autoimmunity in preclinical models, and Treg based cellular therapy has shown initial promise in clinical trials. However, emerging studies have identified an unstable subpopulation of Tregs which expresses pro-inflammatory cytokines under both homeostatic and autoimmune conditions, as well as in ex vivo cultures. In addition, clinical translation of Treg cellular therapy is impeded by limitations such as lack of easier methods for selective expansion of Tregs and higher cost associated with GMP-facilities required for cell sorting, ex vivo expansion and infusion of ex vivo expanded Tregs. Here, we discuss the recent advances in molecular mechanisms regulating Treg differentiation, Foxp3 expression and lineage stability, the role of Tregs in the prevention of various autoimmune diseases, and critically review their clinical utility for treating human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shikha Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Saad Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Swarali Surendra Lele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois - College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Arshad Z, Rezapour-Firouzi S, Mohammadian M, Ebrahimifar. The Sources of Essential Fatty Acids for Allergic and Cancer Patients; a Connection with Insight into Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: A Narrative Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2391-2401. [PMID: 30255691 PMCID: PMC6249470 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.9.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disturbance in essential fatty acids (EFA) metabolism plays a key role in autoimmune diseases, but EFA supplementation with sources of borage, evening primrose, hemp seed and fish oils was not effective in atopic and cancer diseases, as that seen in the case of multiple sclerosis. It seems that two complexes of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, mTORC1 and mTORC2, are congruent with the two bases of the Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) therapy, Cold and Hot nature, which are essential for the efficacy of functional oils for controlling immune responses in autoimmune diseases. Methods: We searched PubMed database, Web of Science (WOS), Google Scholar, Scopus and selected studies by predefined eligibility criteria. We then assessed their quality and extracted data. Results: The oils controlled by Cold or Hot nature may be helpful in maintaining homeostasis and preventing autoimmune diseases. In summary, studies of randomized controlled trials for allergy and cancer patients found no improvement in the signs or response to tests, despite a remarkable change in EFA fractions in the blood by supplementation with sources of borage, evening primrose, hemp seed and fish oils. In contrast, portulaca oleracea oil exhibited protective effects by anti-inflammatory properties via the PI3K/Akt/mTORC2 pathway with a deviation immune response to Th1 to treat atopic diseases and cancer. Conclusions: According to the concept of Traditional Iranian Medicine therapy, in contrast to Cold-nature oils, EFA supplementation with the sources of Hot-nature oilsis not suitable for the treatment of atopic and cancerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Arshad
- Department of Pathology of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Baku University of Medical Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan. ,
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Rezapour-Firouzi S, Shahabi S, Mohammadzadeh A, Tehrani AA, Kheradmand F, Mazloomi E. The potential effects of hemp seed/evening primrose oils on the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and interferon-gamma genes expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13:523-532. [PMID: 30607150 PMCID: PMC6288989 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.245964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has a fundamental role in the metabolism, growth, and regulation of the immune system. The interferon gamma (IFN-γ)derived from T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a prominent pro-inflammatory cytokine in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Due to the exclusive role of rapamycin (RAPA) in mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibition, essentially Th1 differentiation and IFN-γ production, we evaluated the potential therapeutic effects of hemp seed/evening primrose oils (HSO/EPO) in comparison with RAPA administration in EAE. To evaluate the therapeutic effects of EPO/HSO supplement in comparison with RAPA, EAE was induced using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide and complete Freund's adjuvant in C57BL/6 mice. The weight, clinical score, and histological findings were evaluated. Total mRNA was extracted from local lymph nodes and qRT-PCR was used for the purpose of the genes expression level of regulatory associated protein of TORC1 (RAPTOR) and IFN-γ. Our results indicated that the relative expression of RAPTOR and IFN-γ genes were significantly reduced in HSO/EPO, RAPA, and RAPA + HSO/EPO treated groups in comparison with the untreated group. Interestingly, histological findings have shown that the HSO/EPO treated group remarkably regenerated the myelin sheath, but this did not occur in the case of RAPA or combined RAPA and HSO/EPO treated groups. Our findings suggeste that HSO/HPO can be used as a potent immunomodulator and as a good candidate for re-myelination and downregulation of immune response for treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Rezapour-Firouzi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Shahram Shahabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Adel Mohammadzadeh
- Departement of Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Asgar Tehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kheradmand
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mazloomi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
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Jabbehdari S, Rafii AB, Yazdanpanah G, Hamrah P, Holland EJ, Djalilian AR. Update on the Management of High-Risk Penetrating Keratoplasty. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:38-48. [PMID: 28959505 DOI: 10.1007/s40135-017-0119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we review the indications and latest management of high-risk penetrating keratoplasty. RECENT FINDINGS Despite the immune-privilege status of the cornea, immune-mediated graft rejection still remains the leading cause of corneal graft failure. This is particularly a problem in the high-risk graft recipients, namely patients with previous graft failure due to rejection and those with inflamed and vascularized corneal beds. A number of strategies including both local and systemic immunosuppression are currently used to increase the success rate of high-risk corneal grafts. Moreover, in cases of limbal stem cell deficiency, limbal stem cells transplantation is employed. SUMMARY Corticosteroids are still the top medication for prevention and treatment in cases of corneal graft rejection. Single and combined administration of immunosuppressive agents e.g. tacrolimus, cyclosporine and mycophenolate are promising adjunctive therapies for prolonging graft survival. In the future, cellular and molecular therapies should allow us to achieve immunologic tolerance even in high-risk grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayena Jabbehdari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Alireza Baradaran Rafii
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward J Holland
- Cincinnati Eye Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ali R Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Perdigoto AL, Chatenoud L, Bluestone JA, Herold KC. Inducing and Administering Tregs to Treat Human Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 6:654. [PMID: 26834735 PMCID: PMC4722090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control unwanted immune responses, including those that mediate tolerance to self as well as to foreign antigens. Their mechanisms of action include direct and indirect effects on effector T cells and important functions in tissue repair and homeostasis. Tregs express a number of cell surface markers and transcriptional factors that have been instrumental in defining their origins and potentially their function. A number of immune therapies, such as rapamycin, IL-2, and anti-T cell antibodies, are able to induce Tregs and are being tested for their efficacy in diverse clinical settings with exciting preliminary results. However, a balance exists with the use of some, such as IL-2, that may have effects on unwanted populations as well as promoting expansion and survival of Tregs requiring careful selection of dose for clinical use. The use of cell surface markers has enabled investigators to isolate and expand ex vivo Tregs more than 500-fold routinely. Clinical trials have begun, administering these expanded Tregs to patients as a means of suppressing autoimmune and alloimmune responses and potentially inducing immune tolerance. Studies in the future are likely to build on these initial technical achievements and use combinations of agents to improve the survival and functional capacity of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Perdigoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France; INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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