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Li CMF, Muccilli A, Climans SA, Shoesmith C, Pandey S, Foster C, Pejhan S, Sangle N, Hammond R. Clinical Neuropathology Conference: "It's Getting on My Nerves". Can J Neurol Sci 2024; 51:293-299. [PMID: 37496444 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2023.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Meng Fei Li
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra Muccilli
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Seth A Climans
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Christen Shoesmith
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sachin Pandey
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl Foster
- Department of Medicine (Hematology), London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Shervin Pejhan
- Department of Pathology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nikhil Sangle
- Department of Pathology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Hammond
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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2
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Nagaratnam S, Harinesan N, Wijesinghe R, Wong-Doo N, Lyons A, Morris K, Triplett J. Painless progressive mononeuritis multiplex secondary to AML associated neuroleukemiosis. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 377:578061. [PMID: 36898304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroleukemiosis describes peripheral nerve involvement secondary to leukemic infiltration, a rare complication of leukemia with various clinical presentations, leading to diagnostic challenges for hematologists and neurologists. We present two cases of painless progressive mononeuritis multiplex secondary to neuroleukemiosis. A literature review of previously reported cases of neuroleukemiosis was undertaken. Neuroleukemiosis may present as a progressive mononeuritis multiplex. The diagnosis of neuroleukemiosis requires a high index of suspicion and be aided by repeated CSF analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nimalan Harinesan
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Australia
| | - Rajiv Wijesinghe
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Australia
| | - Nicole Wong-Doo
- Department of Haematology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Alison Lyons
- Department of Haematology, Gosford Hospital, Australia
| | - Katrina Morris
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - James Triplett
- Department of Neurology, Gosford Hospital, Australia; Neurology and Neurophysiology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
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3
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Abstract
Though metastasis and malignant infiltration of the peripheral nervous system is relatively rare, physicians should have a familiarity with their presentations to allow for prompt diagnosis and initiation of treatment. This article will review the clinical presentations, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of neoplastic involvement of the cranial nerves, nerve roots, peripheral nerves, and muscle. Due to the proximity of the neural structure traversing the skull base, metastasis to this region results in distinctive syndromes, most often associated with breast, lung, and prostate cancer. Metastatic involvement of the nerve roots is uncommon, apart from leptomeningeal carcinomatosis and bony metastasis with resultant nerve root damage, and is characterized by significant pain, weakness, and numbness of an extremity. Neoplasms may metastasize or infiltrate the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses resulting in progressive and painful sensory and motor deficits. Differentiating neoplastic involvement from radiation-induced injury is of paramount importance as it dictates treatment and prognosis. Neurolymphomatosis, due to malignant lymphocytic infiltration of the cranial nerves, nerve roots, plexuses, and peripheral nerves, deserves special attention given its myriad presentations, often mimicking acquired demyelinating neuropathies.
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4
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Liu J, Li L, Zou Y, Fu L, Ma X, Zhang H, Xu Y, Xu J, Zhang J, Li M, Hu X, Li Z, Wang X, Sun H, Zheng H, Zhu L, Guo J. Role of microtubule dynamics in Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:673-681. [PMID: 34380909 PMCID: PMC8504388 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration, the progressive disintegration of distal axons and myelin that occurs after peripheral nerve injury, is essential for creating a permissive microenvironment for nerve regeneration, and involves cytoskeletal reconstruction. However, it is unclear whether microtubule dynamics play a role in this process. To address this, we treated cultured sciatic nerve explants, an in vitro model of Wallerian degeneration, with the microtubule-targeting agents paclitaxel and nocodazole. We found that paclitaxel-induced microtubule stabilization promoted axon and myelin degeneration and Schwann cell dedifferentiation, whereas nocodazole-induced microtubule destabilization inhibited these processes. Evaluation of an in vivo model of peripheral nerve injury showed that treatment with paclitaxel or nocodazole accelerated or attenuated axonal regeneration, as well as functional recovery of nerve conduction and target muscle and motor behavior, respectively. These results suggest that microtubule dynamics participate in peripheral nerve regeneration after injury by affecting Wallerian degeneration. This study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Southern Medical University, China (approval No. SMU-L2015081) on October 15, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lanya Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinrui Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yizhou Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University; Department of Spine Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xianghai Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Spine Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Spine Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory); Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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5
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Sommer C, Carroll AS, Koike H, Katsuno M, Ort N, Sobue G, Vucic S, Spies JM, Doppler K, Kiernan MC. Nerve biopsy in acquired neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2021; 26 Suppl 2:S21-S41. [PMID: 34523188 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A diagnosis of neuropathy can typically be determined through clinical assessment and focused investigation. With technological advances, including significant progress in genomics, the role of nerve biopsy has receded over recent years. However, making a specific and, in some cases, tissue-based diagnosis is essential across a wide array of potentially treatable acquired peripheral neuropathies. When laboratory investigations do not suggest a definitive diagnosis, nerve biopsy remains the final step to ascertain the etiology of the disease. The present review highlights the utility of nerve biopsy in confirming a diagnosis, while further illustrating the importance of a tissue-based diagnosis in relation to treatment strategies, particularly when linked to long-term immunosuppressive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sommer
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antonia S Carroll
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Haruki Koike
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nora Ort
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gen Sobue
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Steve Vucic
- Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Judith M Spies
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathrin Doppler
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Abstract
Paraproteinaemic neuropathies comprise a heterogeneous group of neuro-haematological conditions with some distinct neurological, haematological and systemic phenotypes. The spectrum of disease varies from mild to severe, indolent to rapidly progressive and from small fibre sensory involvement to dramatic sensorimotor deficits. The haematological association may be overlooked, resulting in delayed treatment, disability, impaired quality of life and increased mortality. However, the presence of an irrelevant benign paraprotein can sometimes lead to inappropriate treatment. In this review, we outline our practical approach to paraproteinaemic disorders, discuss the utility and limitations of diagnostic tests and the distinctive clinical phenotypes and touch on the complex multidisciplinary management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia S Carroll
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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7
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Keddie S, Nagendran A, Cox T, Bomsztyk J, Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S, Manji H, Rees JH, Ramsay AD, Rossor A, D'Sa S, Reilly MM, Carr AS, Lunn MP. Peripheral nerve neurolymphomatosis: Clinical features, treatment, and outcomes. Muscle Nerve 2020; 62:617-625. [PMID: 32786031 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This series characterises nine patients with neurohistopathologically proven peripheral nerve neurolymphomatosis. A search of the hospital neuropathology database from 2002 to 2019 identified biopsy proven cases. Clinical data, investigation modalities, treatments, and outcomes were collated. Median age at neuropathy onset was 47 y, the neuropathy commonly as the initial lymphoma disease manifestation. Most (8/9) presented with painful asymmetrical sensory disturbance, with additional cranial nerve involvement in three. Neurophysiology typically demonstrated multiple axonal mononeuropathies. Cerebrospinal fluid protein was often raised (6/8). Magnetic resonance imaging suggested peripheral nerve infiltration in 6/9 and positron emission tomography CT in 4/9. Bone marrow biopsy was abnormal in 6/8. Treatment involved systemic or intrathecal chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Median survival was 23 mo. Neurolymphomatosis is a rare but important cause of neuropathy, particularly in those lacking systemic evidence of lymphoma as correct aggressive treatment can prolong survival. Nerve biopsy is essential to classify lymphoma type and rule out alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Keddie
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Arjuna Nagendran
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Tom Cox
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Joshua Bomsztyk
- Cancer Division, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hadi Manji
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Jeremy H Rees
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Alan D Ramsay
- Haematopathology Unit, Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alexander Rossor
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Shirley D'Sa
- Cancer Division, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Aisling S Carr
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Michael P Lunn
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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8
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Li L, Li Y, Fan Z, Wang X, Li Z, Wen J, Deng J, Tan D, Pan M, Hu X, Zhang H, Lai M, Guo J. Ascorbic Acid Facilitates Neural Regeneration After Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:108. [PMID: 30949031 PMCID: PMC6437112 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is an essential micronutrient that has been safely used in the clinic for many years. The present study indicates that AA has an unexpected function in facilitating nerve regeneration. Using a mouse model of sciatic nerve crush injury, we found that AA can significantly accelerate axonal regrowth in the early stage [3 days post-injury (dpi)], a finding that was revealed by immunostaining and Western blotting for antibodies against GAP-43 and SCG10. On day 28 post-injury, histomorphometric assessments demonstrated that AA treatment increased the density, size, and remyelination of regenerated axons in the injured nerve and alleviated myoatrophy in the gastrocnemius. Moreover, the results from various behavioral tests and electrophysiological assays revealed that nerve injury-derived functional defects in motor and sensory behavior as well as in nerve conduction were significantly attenuated by treatment with AA. The potential mechanisms of AA in nerve regeneration were further explored by investigating the effects of AA on three types of cells involved in this process [neurons, Schwann cells (SCs) and macrophages] through a series of experiments. Overall, the data illustrated that AA treatment in cultured dorsal root ganglionic neurons resulted in increased neurite growth and lower expression of RhoA, which is an important inhibitory factor in neural regeneration. In SCs, proliferation, phagocytosis, and neurotrophin expression were all enhanced by AA. Meanwhile, AA treatment also improved proliferation, migration, phagocytosis, and anti-inflammatory polarization in macrophages. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that treatment with AA can promote the morphological and functional recovery of injured peripheral nerves and that this effect is potentially due to AA’s bioeffects on neurons, SCs and macrophages, three of most important types of cells involved in nerve injury and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinkun Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyao Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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