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Jonas M, Schieberle P. Characterization of the Key Aroma Compounds in Fresh Leaves of Garden Sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) by Means of the Sensomics Approach: Influence of Drying and Storage and Comparison with Commercial Dried Sage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5113-5124. [PMID: 33881309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The overall aroma profiles of commercial dried sage differ significantly from the profile of macerated fresh leaves. To clarify changes in the key aroma compounds, first an aroma extract dilution analysis was applied on an extract/distillate prepared from the fresh leaves of Italian garden sage cultivated in a green house in Germany. Among the 39 aroma active compounds characterized, (Z)-3-hexenal, 1,8-cineol, borneol and eugenol showed the highest flavor dilution (FD) factors. Odorants identified with FD factors between 64 and 8192 were quantitated to calculate odor activity values (OAV; ratio of concentration to odor threshold). The highest OAVs were determined for myrcene, (Z)-3-hexenal, (1S,2R,4S)-borneol and 1,8-cineol. A mixture of 22 key reference aroma compounds in the same concentrations as determined in the fresh sage leaves successfully mimicked the overall aroma profile of the spice. To get insight into changes induced by drying, all key aroma compounds were quantitated in sage leaves from the same plant by drying at 50 °C. While all monoterpenes remained nearly unchanged during drying, in particular highly volatile compounds such as dimethyl sulfide or 2- and 3-methylbutanal were decreased. Almost a total loss occurred for 3-(methylthio)propanal, phenylacetaldehyde, and (Z)-3-hexenal. By contrast, storage of the dried leaves for 12 months at room temperature in the dark did not much effect the concentrations of selected key odorants, thus indicating that drying is the most important factor for the changes in aroma compounds. Sensory profiling of six commercial sage samples showed different aroma profiles, which also clearly differed from the profile of the sage dried in lab scale, which was rated to elicit the most typical sage aroma. In addition, the concentrations of selected key aroma compounds as well as the total amount of volatiles were clearly lower in all commercial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Jonas
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at TU Munich (formerly Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie), Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Schieberle
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Li G, Bartram S, Guo H, Mithöfer A, Kunert M, Boland W. SpitWorm, a Herbivorous Robot: Mechanical Leaf Wounding with Simultaneous Application of Salivary Components. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E318. [PMID: 31480435 PMCID: PMC6784092 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Induction of jasmonate-mediated plant defense against insect herbivory is initiated by a combination of both mechanical wounding and chemical factors. In order to study both effects independently on plant defense induction, SpitWorm, a computer-controlled device which mimics the damage pattern of feeding insect larvae on leaves and, in addition, can apply oral secretions (OS) or other solutions to the 'biting site' during 'feeding,' was developed and evaluated. The amount of OS left by a Spodoptera littoralis larva during feeding on Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) leaves was estimated by combining larval foregut volume, biting rate, and quantification of a fluorescent dye injected into the larvae's foregut prior to feeding. For providing OS amounts by SpitWorm equivalent to larval feeding, dilution and delivery rate were optimized. The effectiveness of SpitWorm was tested by comparing volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions of P. lunatus leaves treated with either SpitWorm, MecWorm, or S. littoralis larvae. Identification and quantification of emitted VOCs revealed that SpitWorm induced a volatile bouquet that is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to herbivory. Additionally, RT-qPCR of four jasmonic acid responsive genes showed that SpitWorm, in contrast to MecWorm, induces the same regulation pattern as insect feeding. Thus, SpitWorm mimics insect herbivory almost identically to real larvae feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Li
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Bartram
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Natural Product Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Huijuan Guo
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maritta Kunert
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Natural Product Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Escalante-Pérez M, Jaborsky M, Lautner S, Fromm J, Müller T, Dittrich M, Kunert M, Boland W, Hedrich R, Ache P. Poplar extrafloral nectaries: two types, two strategies of indirect defenses against herbivores. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1176-91. [PMID: 22573802 PMCID: PMC3387703 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.196014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species grow extrafloral nectaries and produce nectar to attract carnivore arthropods as defenders against herbivores. Two nectary types that evolved with Populus trichocarpa (Ptr) and Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides (Ptt) were studied from their ecology down to the genes and molecules. Both nectary types strongly differ in morphology, nectar composition and mode of secretion, and defense strategy. In Ptt, nectaries represent constitutive organs with continuous merocrine nectar flow, nectary appearance, nectar production, and flow. In contrast, Ptr nectaries were found to be holocrine and inducible. Neither mechanical wounding nor the application of jasmonic acid, but infestation by sucking insects, induced Ptr nectar secretion. Thus, nectaries of Ptr and Ptt seem to answer the same threat by the use of different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silke Lautner
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Jörg Fromm
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Tobias Müller
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Maritta Kunert
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
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Steppuhn A, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Silencing jasmonate signalling and jasmonate-mediated defences reveals different survival strategies between two Nicotiana attenuata accessions. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:3717-32. [PMID: 18662222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine the impact of genotypic variation in secondary metabolite production on antiherbivore resistance and plant fitness, we genetically silenced biosynthetic genes for nicotine, trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPI), and jasmonate (JA) production in two accessions of Nicotiana attenuata: one from Utah (UT) which responds to herbivory with JA-induced nicotine and TPI production, and one from Arizona (AZ) which is TPI-deficient but also produces JA-induced nicotine. Transient silencing of JA biosynthesis increased Manduca sexta larval growth on wild type (WT) plants of both accessions, but not on TPI-deficient UT or nicotine-deficient AZ lines, demonstrating that JA-mediated resistance to M. sexta requires TPIs in the UT and nicotine in the naturally TPI-deficient AZ accession. When transplanted into a native UT population, AZ and UT plants, rendered equally able or unable to produce nicotine and TPIs by stable transformation, received significantly different levels of herbivory. Both accessions differed in their resistance depending on the type of herbivores: resistance to rare, voracious herbivores (Saltatoria and Mammalia) was greater in AZ than UT lines, and dependent on nicotine production, while resistance to small, abundant herbivores (Coleoptera and Thysanoptera) was greater in UT lines, and dependent on TPI production. AZ lines produced more flowers and seed capsules than UT lines independently of TPI production costs. This fitness advantage was lost when accessions did not produce nicotine. We conclude that these two accessions have developed different survival strategies and thus differ in the cost-benefit functions of their JA-mediated defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Steppuhn
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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