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Mortazavi A, Song F, Dudman M, Evans M, Copcutt R, Romanelli G, Demmel F, Farrar DH, Parker SF, Tian KV, Di Tommaso D, Chass GA. CO2-mineralization and carbonation reactor rig: Design and validation for in situ neutron scattering experiments-Engineering and lessons learned. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:093905. [PMID: 37724925 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
CO2 mineralization via aqueous Mg/Ca/Na-carbonate (MgCO3/CaCO3/Na2CO3) formation represents a huge opportunity for the utilization of captured CO2. However, large-scale mineralization is hindered by slow kinetics due to the highly hydrated character of the cations in aqueous solutions (Mg2+ in particular). Reaction conditions can be optimized to accelerate carbonation kinetics, for example, by the inclusion of additives that promote competitive dehydration of Mg2+ and subsequent agglomeration, nucleation, and crystallization. For tracking mineralization and these reaction steps, neutron scattering presents unprecedented advantages over traditional techniques for time-resolved in situ measurements. However, a setup providing continuous solution circulation to ensure reactant system homogeneity for industrially relevant CO2-mineralization is currently not available for use on neutron beamlines. We, therefore, undertook the design, construction, testing and implementation of such a self-contained reactor rig for use on selected neutron beamlines at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source (Harwell, UK). The design ensured robust attachment via suspension from the covering Tomkinson flange to stabilize the reactor assembly and all fittings (~25 kg), as well as facilitating precise alignment of the entire reactor and sample (test) cell with respect to beam dimension and direction. The assembly successfully accomplished the principal tasks of providing a continuous flow of the reaction mixture (~500 mL) for homogeneity, quantitative control of CO2 flux into the mixture, and temperature and pressure regulation throughout the reaction and measurements. The design is discussed, with emphasis placed on the reactor, including its geometry, components, and all technical specifications. Descriptions of the off-beamline bench tests, safety, and functionality, as well as the installation on beamlines and trial experimental procedure, are provided, together with representative raw neutron scattering results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mortazavi
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell OX14 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Fu Song
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Dudman
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell OX14 0QX, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Giovanni Romanelli
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Franz Demmel
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell OX14 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - David H Farrar
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Stewart F Parker
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell OX14 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Kun V Tian
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Devis Di Tommaso
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory A Chass
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
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Zhang H, Mi P, Hao L, Zhou H, Yan W, Zhao K, Xu B, Sun M. Evolution of Toughening Mechanisms in PH13-8Mo Stainless Steel during Aging Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103630. [PMID: 37241257 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PH13-8Mo stainless steel has been widely used in aerospace, petroleum and marine construction, obtaining continuous investigation attention in recent years. Based on the response of a hierarchical martensite matrix and possible reversed austenite, a systematic investigation of the evolution of the toughening mechanisms in PH13-8Mo stainless steel as a function of aging temperature was carried out. It showed there was a desirable combination of high yield strength (~1.3 GPa) and V-notched impact toughness (~220 J) after aging between 540 and 550 °C. With the increase of aging temperature, the martensite matrix was recovered in terms of the refined sub-grains and higher ratio of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). It should be noted there was a reversion of martensite to form austenite films subjected to aging above 540 °C; meanwhile, the NiAl precipitates maintained a well-coherent orientation with the matrix. Based on the post mortem analysis, there were three stages of the changing main toughening mechanisms: Stage I: low-temperature aging at around 510 °C, where the HAGBs contributed to the toughness by retarding the advance of cracks; Stage II: intermediate-temperature aging at around 540 °C, where the recovered laths embedded by soft austenite facilitated the improvement of toughness by synergistically increasing the advance path and blunting the crack tips; and Stage III: without the coarsening of NiAl precipitates around 560 °C, more inter-lath reversed austenite led to the optimum toughness, relying on "soft barrier" and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng Mi
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Luhan Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Haichong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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Yan L, Yao X, Zhang T, Jiang F, Shui Y, Xie H, Xiang Z, Li Y, Lin L. Passivation Effect of the Chlorinated Paraffin Added in the Cutting Fluid on the Surface Corrosion Resistance of the Stainless Steel. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093648. [PMID: 37175058 PMCID: PMC10180265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutting fluids are the most effective method to lower the cutting temperature and decrease the cutting tool wear. At the same time, the cutting fluids influence the corrosion resistance property of the machined surface. In this study, chlorinated paraffin (CP), which is a common additive in the cutting fluid, was selected as the research objective to study its corrosion resistance property. The passivation effect of CP with different concentrations on the machined surface of stainless steel was studied. Electrochemical measurements and surface morphology investigation were used to characterize the passivation effect of CP with different concentrations. The test results showed that the corrosion resistance of stainless steel in the cutting fluid was enhanced with the increase in CP additive. This reason is that the charge transfer resistance increases and the corrosion current density decreases with the increase in CP additive. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that the proportion of metal oxides on the processed surface of the stainless steel sample was increased from 20.4% to 22.0%, 32.9%, 26.6%, and 31.1% after adding 1 mL, 2 mL, 4 mL and 6 mL CP in the cutting fluid with a total volume of 500 mL, respectively. The oxidation reaction between CP and the stainless steel sample resulted in an increase in metal oxides proportion, which prevented the stainless steel sample from corrosion in cutting fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yan
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, National Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xingguo Yao
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, National Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Institute of Manufacturing Engineering, National Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Institute of Manufacturing Engineering, National Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yan Shui
- Dongfang Turbine Co., Ltd., Deyang 618000, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Dongfang Turbine Co., Ltd., Deyang 618000, China
| | | | - Yousheng Li
- Xiamen Golden Egret Special Alloy Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361006, China
| | - Liangliang Lin
- Xiamen Golden Egret Special Alloy Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361006, China
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Xing M, Wang H, Liu J, Fu Y, Du F. Application of Mean Modulus in Three-Point Bending and Roll Forming. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2571. [PMID: 37048864 PMCID: PMC10095051 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear unloading plays an important role in predicting springback during plastic forming process. To improve the accuracy of springback prediction which could provide a guide for precision forming, uniaxial tensile tests and uniaxial loading-unloading-loading tensile tests on SUS304 stainless steel were carried out. The flow stress mathematical model and chord modulus mathematical model were calibrated according to the test results. A constant elastic modulus three-point bending finite element model (E0FEMB) and a constant elastic modulus roll forming finite element model (E0FEMR) were established in MSC.MARC. The chord modulus was output by the PLOTV subroutine to determine the mean modulus of different regions, and the mean modulus three-point bending finite element model (E¯cFEMB) and the mean modulus roll forming finite element model (E¯cFEMR) were defined. The constant modulus finite element model (E0FEM) simulation results and the mean modulus finite element model (E¯cFEM) simulation results were compared with the three-point bending tests and roll forming tests test results. The difference between the simulation results and the test results was small, indicating that the mean modulus was feasible to predict the springback, which verified the suitability of the E¯cFEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Xing
- National Engineering Research Center for Equipment and Technology of Cold Strip Rolling, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Equipment and Technology of Cold Strip Rolling, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Equipment and Technology of Cold Strip Rolling, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yutao Fu
- Qinhuangdao Chen-Ming Special-shaped Tube Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Qinhuangdao 066000, China
| | - Fengshan Du
- National Engineering Research Center for Equipment and Technology of Cold Strip Rolling, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Amaya Dolores B, Ruiz Flores A, Núñez Galindo A, Calvino Gámez JJ, Almagro JF, Lajaunie L. Textural, Microstructural and Chemical Characterization of Ferritic Stainless Steel Affected by the Gold Dust Defect. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1825. [PMID: 36902941 PMCID: PMC10004007 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The "gold dust defect" (GDD) appears at the surface of ferritic stainless steels (FSS) and degrades their appearance. Previous research showed that this defect might be related to intergranular corrosion and that the addition of aluminium improves surface quality. However, the nature and origin of this defect are not properly understood yet. In this study, we performed detailed electron backscatter diffraction analyses and advanced monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy experiments combined with machine-learning analyses in order to extract a wealth of information on the GDD. Our results show that the GDD leads to strong textural, chemical, and microstructural heterogeneities. In particular, the surface of affected samples presents an α-fibre texture which is characteristic of poorly recrystallised FSS. It is associated with a specific microstructure in which elongated grains are separated from the matrix by cracks. The edges of the cracks are rich in chromium oxides and MnCr2O4 spinel. In addition, the surface of the affected samples presents a heterogeneous passive layer, in contrast with the surface of unaffected samples, which shows a thicker and continuous passive layer. The quality of the passive layer is improved with the addition of aluminium, explaining the better resistance to the GDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Amaya Dolores
- Laboratory & Research Section, Technical Department, Acerinox Europa S.A.U., 11379 Palmones, Spain
| | - Andrés Ruiz Flores
- Laboratory & Research Section, Technical Department, Acerinox Europa S.A.U., 11379 Palmones, Spain
| | - Andrés Núñez Galindo
- Laboratory & Research Section, Technical Department, Acerinox Europa S.A.U., 11379 Palmones, Spain
| | - José Juan Calvino Gámez
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, IMEYMAT, Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Juan F. Almagro
- Laboratory & Research Section, Technical Department, Acerinox Europa S.A.U., 11379 Palmones, Spain
| | - Luc Lajaunie
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, IMEYMAT, Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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Pastor F, Rodriguez JC, Barrera JM, García-Menocal JAD, Brizuela A, Puigdollers A, Espinar E, Gil J. Effect of Fluoride Content of Mouthwashes on the Metallic Ion Release in Different Orthodontics Archwires. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2780. [PMID: 36833476 PMCID: PMC9956897 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal ion release studies were carried out on three of the most commonly used orthodontic wires in the clinic: austenitic stainless steel, Ti-Mo, and superelastic NiTi, using three mouthwashes with different fluoride concentrations: 130, 200, and 380 ppm. Immersions were carried out in these mouthwashes at 37 °C for 1, 4, 7, and 14 days, and the ions released were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). All wires were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed a moderate ion release in the stainless steel wires, with nickel and chromium values of 500 and 1000 ppb in the worst conditions for the wires: concentrations of 380 ppm fluoride and 14 days of immersion. However, in the Ti-Mo and NiTi alloys, an abrupt change in release was observed when the samples were immersed in 380 ppm fluoride concentrations. Titanium releases in Ti-Mo wires reached 200,000 ppb, creating numerous pits on the surface. Under the same conditions, the release of Ni and Ti ions from the superelastic wires also exceeded 220,000 ppb and 180,000 ppb, respectively. This release of ions causes variations in the chemical composition of the wires, causing the appearance of martensite plates in the austenitic matrix after 4 days of immersion. This fact causes it to lose its superelastic properties at a temperature of 37 °C. In the case of immersion in 380 ppm mouthwashes for more than 7 days, rich-nickel precipitates can be seen. These embrittle the wire and lose all tooth-correcting properties. It should be noted that the release of Ni ions can cause hypersensitivity in patients, particularly women. The results indicate that the use of mouthwashes with a high content of fluoride should not be recommended with orthodontic archwires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pastor
- Department of Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avicena s/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Rodriguez
- Department of Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avicena s/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José María Barrera
- Department of Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avicena s/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Angel Delgado García-Menocal
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aritza Brizuela
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes, C/del Padre Julio Chevalier 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andreu Puigdollers
- Department Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Espinar
- Department of Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avicena s/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Gil
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
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Kumrular B, Cicek O, Dağ İE, Avar B, Erener H. Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance of Different Types of Orthodontic Fixed Retention Appliances: A Preliminary Laboratory Study. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020081. [PMID: 36826880 PMCID: PMC9962763 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(i) Objective: The present study aimed to compare the electrochemical corrosion resistance of six different types of fixed lingual retainer wires used as fixed retention appliances in an in vitro study. (ii) Methods: In the study, two different Ringer solutions, with pH 7 and pH 3.5, were used. Six groups were formed with five retainer wires in each group. In addition, 3-braided stainless steel, 6-braided stainless steel, Titanium Grade 1, Titanium Grade 5, Gold, and Dead Soft retainer wires were used. The corrosion current density (icorr), corrosion rate (CR), and polarization resistance (Rp) were determined from the Tafel polarization curves. (iii) Results: The corrosion current density of the Gold retainer group was statistically higher than the other retainer groups in both solutions (p < 0.05). The corrosion rate of the Dead Soft retainer group was statistically higher than the other retainer groups in both solutions (p < 0.05). The polarization resistance of the Titanium Grade 5 retainer group was statistically higher than the other retainer groups in both solutions (p < 0.05). As a result of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images, pitting corrosion was not observed in the Titanium Grade 1, Titanium Grade 5 and Gold retainer groups, while pitting corrosion was observed in the other groups. (iv) Conclusion: From a corrosion perspective, although the study needs to be evaluated in vivo, the Titanium Grade 5 retainer group included is in this in vitro study may be more suitable for clinical use due to its high electrochemical corrosion resistance and the lack of pitting corrosion observed in the SEM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Kumrular
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey
| | - Orhan Cicek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-372-261-3557; Fax: +90-372-261-3603
| | - İlker Emin Dağ
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey
| | - Baris Avar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey
| | - Hande Erener
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
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Leggio L, Di Maio Y, Pascale-Hamri A, Egaud G, Reynaud S, Sedao X, Mauclair C. Ultrafast Laser Patterning of Metals Commonly Used in Medical Industry: Surface Roughness Control with Energy Gradient Pulse Sequences. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:251. [PMID: 36837953 PMCID: PMC9967074 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast laser ablation is widely used as a versatile method for accurate micro-machining of polymers, glasses and metals for a variety of industrial and biomedical applications. We report on the use of a novel process parameter, the modulation of the laser pulse energy during the multi-scan texturing of surfaces. We show that this new and straightforward control method allows us to attain higher and lower roughness (Ra) values than the conventional constant pulse energy irradiation sequence. This new multi-scanning laser ablation strategy was conducted on metals that are commonly used in the biomedical industry, such as stainless steel, titanium, brass and silver samples, using a linear (increasing or decreasing) gradient of pulse energy, i.e., varying the pulse energy across successive laser scans. The effects of ablation were studied in terms of roughness, developed interfacial area ratio, skewness and ablation efficiency of the processed surfaces. Significantly, the investigation has shown a global trend for all samples that the roughness is minimum when a decreasing energy pulse sequence is employed, i.e., the irradiation sequence ends up with the applied laser fluences close to threshold laser fluences and is maximum with increasing energy distribution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis on single craters with the three different energy deposition conditions revealed a chaotic and random material redistribution in the cases of uniform and increasing energy distributions and the presence of regular laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) at the bottom of the ablation region in the case of decreasing energy distribution. It is also shown that the ablation efficiency of the ablated surfaces does not significantly change between the three cases. Therefore, this novel energy control strategy permits the control of the roughness of the processed surfaces without losing the ablation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Leggio
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, Université Jean Monnet, 18 Rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Yoan Di Maio
- GIE Manutech-USD, 18 Rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Alina Pascale-Hamri
- GIE Manutech-USD, 18 Rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Gregory Egaud
- GIE Manutech-USD, 18 Rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Stephanie Reynaud
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, Université Jean Monnet, 18 Rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Xxx Sedao
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, Université Jean Monnet, 18 Rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
- GIE Manutech-USD, 18 Rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Cyril Mauclair
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, Université Jean Monnet, 18 Rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
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Biomedical NiTi and β-Ti Alloys: From Composition, Microstructure and Thermo-Mechanics to Application. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive, bottoms-up characterization of two of the most widely used biomedical Ti-containing alloys, NiTi and β-Ti, was carried out applying a novel combination of neutron diffraction, neutron prompt-gamma activation, surface morphology, thermal analysis and mechanical tests, to relate composition, microstructure and physical-chemical-mechanical properties to unknown processing history. The commercial specimens studied are rectangular (0.43 × 0.64 mm~0.017 × 0.025 inch) wires, in both pre-formed U-shape and straight extended form. Practical performance was quantitatively linked to the influence of alloying elements, microstructure and thermo-mechanical processing. Results demonstrated that the microstructure and phase composition of β-Ti strongly depended on the composition, phase-stabilizing elements in particular, in that the 10.2 wt.% Mo content in Azdent resulted in 41.2% α phase, while Ormco with 11.6 wt.% Mo contained only β phase. Although the existence of α phase is probable in the meta-stable alloy, the α phase has never been quantified before. Further, the phase transformation behavior of NiTi directly arose from the microstructure, whilst being highly influenced by thermo-mechanical history. A strong correlation (r = 0.878) was established between phase transformation temperature and the force levels observed in bending test at body temperature, reconfirming that structure determines performance, while also being highly influenced by thermo-mechanical history. The novel methodology described is evidenced as generating a predictive profile of the eventual biomechanical properties and practical performance of the commercial materials. Overall, the work encompasses a reproducible and comprehensive approach expected to aid in future optimization and rational design of devices of metallic origin.
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Gu Y, Zhuang R, Xie X, Zhang D, Bai Y. Optimization of clinically applied orthodontic archwire electrothermal treatment conditions by heat tint and mechanical properties: An experimental study. Int Orthod 2019; 18:137-146. [PMID: 31526685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electric resistance heat treatment procedures are performed by most orthodontists; however, the effects of electrothermal treatment on the mechanical properties, surface morphology, phase transition, colour and arch width of stainless steel archwires remain controversial and are worthy of investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stainless steel archwires (0.017×0.025 and 0.019×0.025 inches) were heat-treated using a spot-welder machine at a power setting of 3 for 5, 10, 15 or 20s and were then cooled in air. After the heat treatment, we analysed the surface morphology of the samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the flexural modulus with a universal testing machine. The changes in phase and the austenite content after heat treatment were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The changes in the colour of the sample were analysed by a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera, and the arch width changes were measured with Vernier calippers. RESULTS The flexural modulus and austenite content of the orthodontic stainless steel archwires increased after heat treatment (P<0.05). The colour changed from silver to yellow-brown-blue. Heat treatment of the stainless steel wires increased the inter-canine and inter-molar widths only when the amount of heat received was low. CONCLUSION Heat treatment of stainless steel orthodontic archwires using an electric resistance device is an effective and convenient method to improve their flexural modulus. The colour of the wire surface after heat treatment can help determine the heating conditions, and the maximum flexural modulus of the stainless steel wires was obtained when the colour changed to brownish yellow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Gu
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Department of Orthodontics, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhuang
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Xianju Xie
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Department of Orthodontics, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Department of Orthodontics, 100050 Beijing, China.
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Department of Orthodontics, 100050 Beijing, China.
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Composition-Nanostructure Steered Performance Predictions in Steel Wires. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9081119. [PMID: 31382607 PMCID: PMC6723625 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutron scattering in combination with scanning electron and atomic force microscopy were employed to quantitatively resolve elemental composition, nano- through meso- to metallurgical structures and surface characteristics of two commercial stainless steel orthodontic archwires—G&H and Azdent. The obtained bulk composition confirmed that both samples are made of metastable austenitic stainless steel type AISI 304. The neutron technique’s higher detection sensitivity to alloying elements facilitated the quantitative determination of the composition factor (CF), and the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) for predicting austenite stability and pitting-corrosion resistance, respectively. Simultaneous neutron diffraction analyses revealed that both samples contained additional martensite phase due to strain-induced martensite transformation. The unexpectedly high martensite content (46.20 vol%) in G&H was caused by combination of lower austenite stability (CF = 17.37, p = .03), excessive cold working and inadequate thermal treatment during material processing. Together, those results assist in revealing alloying recipes and processing history, and relating these with corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The present methodology has allowed access to unprecedented length-scale (μm to sub-nm) resolution, accessing nano- through meso-scopic properties. It is envisaged that such an approach can be extended to the study and design of other metallic (bio)materials used in medical sciences, dentistry and beyond.
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