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Xiang Z, Yin X, Wei L, Peng M, Zhu Q, Lu X, Guo J, Zhang J, Li X, Zou Y. LILRB4 Checkpoint for Immunotherapy: Structure, Mechanism and Disease Targets. Biomolecules 2024; 14:187. [PMID: 38397424 PMCID: PMC10887124 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
LILRB4, a myeloid inhibitory receptor belonging to the family of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs/LIRs), plays a pivotal role in the regulation of immune tolerance. LILRB4 primarily mediates suppressive immune responses by transmitting inhibitory signals through immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). This immune checkpoint molecule has gained considerable attention due to its potent regulatory functions. Its ability to induce effector T cell dysfunction and promote T suppressor cell differentiation has been demonstrated, indicating the therapeutic potential of LILRB4 for modulating excessive immune responses, particularly in autoimmune diseases or the induction of transplant tolerance. Additionally, through intervening with LILRB4 molecules, immune system responsiveness can be adjusted, representing significant value in areas such as cancer treatment. Thus, LILRB4 has emerged as a key player in addressing autoimmune diseases, transplant tolerance induction, and other medical issues. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of LILRB4, encompassing its structure, expression, and ligand molecules as well as its role as a tolerance receptor. By exploring the involvement of LILRB4 in various diseases, its significance in disease progression is emphasized. Furthermore, we propose that the manipulation of LILRB4 represents a promising immunotherapeutic strategy and highlight its potential in disease prevention, treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yizhou Zou
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (Z.X.); (X.Y.); (L.W.); (M.P.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (J.G.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
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Redondo-García S, Barritt C, Papagregoriou C, Yeboah M, Frendeus B, Cragg MS, Roghanian A. Human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors in health and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1282874. [PMID: 38022598 PMCID: PMC10679719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (LILR) are a family of 11 innate immunomodulatory receptors, primarily expressed on lymphoid and myeloid cells. LILRs are either activating (LILRA) or inhibitory (LILRB) depending on their associated signalling domains (D). With the exception of the soluble LILRA3, LILRAs mediate immune activation, while LILRB1-5 primarily inhibit immune responses and mediate tolerance. Abnormal expression and function of LILRs is associated with a range of pathologies, including immune insufficiency (infection and malignancy) and overt immune responses (autoimmunity and alloresponses), suggesting LILRs may be excellent candidates for targeted immunotherapies. This review will discuss the biology and clinical relevance of this extensive family of immune receptors and will summarise the recent developments in targeting LILRs in disease settings, such as cancer, with an update on the clinical trials investigating the therapeutic targeting of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Redondo-García
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Barritt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Lister Department of General Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Charys Papagregoriou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Muchaala Yeboah
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Björn Frendeus
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- BioInvent International AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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3
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Tang S, Wang K, Qi X. Neuro-protective effects of n-butylphthalide on carbon monoxide poisoning rats by modulating IL-2, AKT and BCL-2. J Toxicol Sci 2023; 48:495-505. [PMID: 37661366 DOI: 10.2131/jts.48.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute carbon monoxide poisoning (CO-poisoning) causes neurotoxicity by inducing necrosis, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress. DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is a synthetic compound originally extracted from the seeds of Chinese celery and based on pure l-3-n-butylphthalide. In ischemia/reperfusion, it exerts neuroprotective effects through its anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic and antioxidant properties, and activation of pro-survival pathways. Our study performed bioinformatic analysis to identify the differential expression genes. CO-poisoning patients' blood was collected to confirm the findings. Male rats were exposed to CO 3000 ppm for 40 min, and NBP (100 mg/kg/day) was continuously injected intraperitoneally immediately after poisoning and for the next 15 days. After NBP treatment, the rats were evaluated by Morris water maze test. At the end of experiments, blood and brain tissues of the rats were collected to evaluate the expression levels of IL-2, AKT and BCL-2. We found that IL-2 was elevated in CO-poisoning patients and animal models. Brain tissue damage in CO-poisoning rats was significantly alleviated after NBP treatment. Furthermore, NBP increased the expression of IL-2, AKT and BCL-2 in rat CO-poisoning model. NBP showed neuroprotective action by increasing IL-2, AKT, and BCL-2 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Tang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, China
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, China
| | - Kunyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Teaching Hospital of Jilin University, China
| | - Xiaokun Qi
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, China
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center of the General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, China
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Deng M, Chen H, Liu X, Huang R, He Y, Yoo B, Xie J, John S, Zhang N, An Z, Zhang CC. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B: therapeutic targets in cancer. Antib Ther 2021; 4:16-33. [PMID: 33928233 PMCID: PMC7944505 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRBs 1–5) transduce signals via intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs that recruit phosphatases to negatively regulate immune activation. The activation of LILRB signaling in immune cells may contribute to immune evasion. In addition, the expression and signaling of LILRBs in cancer cells especially in certain hematologic malignant cells directly support cancer development. Certain LILRBs thus have dual roles in cancer biology—as immune checkpoint molecules and tumor-supporting factors. Here, we review the expression, ligands, signaling, and functions of LILRBs, as well as therapeutic development targeting them. LILRBs may represent attractive targets for cancer treatment, and antagonizing LILRB signaling may prove to be effective anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Deng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Heyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoye Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ryan Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yubo He
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Byounggyu Yoo
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Samuel John
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Xu Z, Lin CC, Ho S, Vlad G, Suciu-Foca N. Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by ILT3.Fc. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:554-565. [PMID: 33361206 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS that is characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, gliosis, and inflammation. The murine model of MS is the experimental autoimmune encephalopathy (EAE) induced by immunization of mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3) is an inhibitory cell surface receptor expressed by tolerogenic human dendritic cells. In this study, we show that the recombinant human ILT3.Fc protein binds to murine immune cells and inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines that cause the neuroinflammatory process that result in paralysis. Administration of ILT3.Fc prevents the rapid evolution of the disease in C57BL/6 mice and is associated with a profound reduction of proliferation of MOG35-55-specific Th1 and Th17 cells. Inhibition of IFN-γ and IL-17A in mice treated with ILT3.Fc is associated with delayed time of onset of the disease and its evolution to a peak clinical score. Neuropathological analysis shows a reduction in inflammatory infiltrates and demyelinated areas in the brains and spinal cords of treated mice. These results indicate that inhibition of Th1 and Th17 development provides effective suppression of EAE and suggests the feasibility of a clinical approach based on the use of ILT3.Fc for treatment of MS. Furthermore, our results open the way to further studies on the effect of the human ILT3.Fc protein in murine experimental models of autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Chun-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sophey Ho
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - George Vlad
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Nicole Suciu-Foca
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
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Yeboah M, Papagregoriou C, Jones DC, Chan HC, Hu G, McPartlan JS, Schiött T, Mattson U, Mockridge CI, Tornberg UC, Hambe B, Ljungars A, Mattsson M, Tews I, Glennie MJ, Thirdborough SM, Trowsdale J, Frendeus B, Chen J, Cragg MS, Roghanian A. LILRB3 (ILT5) is a myeloid cell checkpoint that elicits profound immunomodulation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:141593. [PMID: 32870822 PMCID: PMC7526549 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in identifying the key immunoregulatory roles of many of the human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) family members, the function of the inhibitory molecule LILRB3 (ILT5, CD85a, LIR3) remains unclear. Studies indicate a predominant myeloid expression; however, high homology within the LILR family and a relative paucity of reagents have hindered progress toward identifying the function of this receptor. To investigate its function and potential immunomodulatory capacity, a panel of LILRB3-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was generated. LILRB3-specific mAbs bound to discrete epitopes in Ig-like domain 2 or 4. LILRB3 ligation on primary human monocytes by an agonistic mAb resulted in phenotypic and functional changes, leading to potent inhibition of immune responses in vitro, including significant reduction in T cell proliferation. Importantly, agonizing LILRB3 in humanized mice induced tolerance and permitted efficient engraftment of allogeneic cells. Our findings reveal powerful immunosuppressive functions of LILRB3 and identify it as an important myeloid checkpoint receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchaala Yeboah
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Charys Papagregoriou
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Des C. Jones
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - H.T. Claude Chan
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Guangan Hu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justine S. McPartlan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - C. Ian Mockridge
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences and
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Glennie
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Thirdborough
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John Trowsdale
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jianzhu Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Xu Z, Chang CC, Li M, Zhang QY, Vasilescu ERM, D’Agati V, Floratos A, Vlad G, Suciu-Foca N. ILT3.Fc–CD166 Interaction Induces Inactivation of p70 S6 Kinase and Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1207-1219. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Xu Z, Ho S, Chang CC, Zhang QY, Vasilescu ER, Vlad G, Suciu-Foca N. Molecular and Cellular Characterization of Human CD8 T Suppressor Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:549. [PMID: 27965674 PMCID: PMC5127796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional interactions between dendritic cells and Ag-experienced T cells initiate either a tolerogenic or immunogenic pathway. The outcome of these interactions is of crucial importance in malignancy, transplantation, and autoimmune diseases. Blockade of costimulation results in the induction of T helper cell anergy and subsequent differentiation of antigen-specific CD8+ T suppressor/regulatory cells (Ts). Ts, primed in the presence of inhibitory signals, exert their inhibitory function in an antigen-specific manner, a feature with tremendous clinical potential. In transplantation or autoimmunity, antigen-specific Ts can enforce tolerance to auto- or allo-antigens, while otherwise leaving the immune response to pathogens uninhibited. Alternatively, blockade of inhibitory receptors results in the generation of cytolytic CD8+ T cells, which is vital toward defense against tumors and viral diseases. Because CD8+ T cells are MHC Class I restricted, they are able to recognize HLA-bound antigenic peptides presented not only by APC but also on parenchymal cells, thus eliciting or suppressing auto- or allo-immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Sophey Ho
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Chih-Chao Chang
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Qing-Yin Zhang
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Elena-Rodica Vasilescu
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - George Vlad
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Nicole Suciu-Foca
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
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Kang X, Kim J, Deng M, John S, Chen H, Wu G, Phan H, Zhang CC. Inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors: Immune checkpoint proteins and tumor sustaining factors. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:25-40. [PMID: 26636629 PMCID: PMC4825776 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRBs 1-5) transduce signals via intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that recruit protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 6 (PTPN6 or SHP-1), protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11 or SHP-2), or Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase (SHIP), leading to negative regulation of immune cell activation. Certain of these receptors also play regulatory roles in neuronal activity and osteoclast development. The activation of LILRBs on immune cells by their ligands may contribute to immune evasion by tumors. Recent studies found that several members of LILRB family are expressed by tumor cells, notably hematopoietic cancer cells, and may directly regulate cancer development and relapse as well as the activity of cancer stem cells. LILRBs thus have dual concordant roles in tumor biology - as immune checkpoint molecules and as tumor-sustaining factors. Importantly, the study of knockout mice indicated that LILRBs do not affect hematopoiesis and normal development. Therefore LILRBs may represent ideal targets for tumor treatment. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on expression patterns, ligands, signaling, and functions of LILRB family members in the context of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunlei Kang
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Jaehyup Kim
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Mi Deng
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Samuel John
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Heyu Chen
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Guojin Wu
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Hiep Phan
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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Wei Z, Gao W, Wu Y, Ni B, Tian Y. Mutual interaction between BCL6 and microRNAs in T cell differentiation. RNA Biol 2015; 12:21-5. [PMID: 25826411 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1017232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (BCL6) and the regulatory factor microRNAs (miRNAs) are of great importance in the differentiation of T cell subsets. An increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that BCL6 and miRNAs can target one another and mutually adjust their expression in T cell subsets, such as T helper (Th)-2, Th17, CD8+ regulatory T (CD8+Treg) and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Here, we discuss the most recent advances and emerging concepts in how BCL6 and miRNAs regulate one another, and the effects of such mutual regulations on T cell subset differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wei
- a Institute of Immunology; PLA; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing , PR China
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11
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The ITM2B (BRI2) gene is a target of BCL6 repression: Implications for lymphomas and neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:742-8. [PMID: 25557390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The human BCL6 gene encodes a transcriptional repressor that is crucial for germinal center B cell development and T follicular helper cell differentiation. It is involved in the pathogenesis of certain human lymphomas. In an effort to identify targets of BCL6 repression, we used a previously described cell system in which BCL6 repressive effects are inhibited, followed by subtractive hybridization, and identified the integral membrane 2B gene (ITM2B, formerly BRI2) as a potential target. Here we show that BCL6 can bind to its preferential consensus binding site within the first intron of ITM2B and represses its transcription. Knockdown of endogenous BCL6 in a human B cell lymphoma line increases ITM2B expression. Further, there is an inverse relationship between the expression levels of BCL6 and ITM2B proteins in 16 human B- and T-cell lymphomas studied by immunohistochemistry. Both the BCL6 and ITM2B proteins are expressed ubiquitously. Similar to some other targets of BCL6, a short form of the ITM2B protein generated by alternative splicing induces apoptosis in hematopoietic cell lines. Molecular alterations in the ITM2B gene are associated with two neurodegenerative diseases, Familial British and Familial Danish dementia. ITM2B dysfunction also may be relevant for the development of Alzheimer's disease. Our data confirm ITM2B as a target of BCL6 repression in lymphoma. A further understanding of the genes that function as regulators of the ITM2B protein may provide insights for the development of new molecular tools not only for targeted lymphoma therapy but also for the treatment of these dementias.
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Xu Z, Ho S, Chang CC, Liu Z, Li M, Vasilescu ER, Clynes RA, Vlad G, Suciu-Foca N. ILT3.Fc inhibits the production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA in supernatants of alloactivated T cells. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:756-9. [PMID: 24862932 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune activation needs to be tightly regulated to control immune-mediated tissue damage. Inhibitory pathways serve to terminate an immune response and resolve inflammation. Persistent exposure to antigens can drive development of adaptive regulatory cells. Similarly exposure of activated T cells to the recombinant ILT3-Fc molecule during priming triggers the differentiation of CD8 T suppressor cells and the induction of CD4 T helper anergy. Ts express high levels of immunoregulatory signature genes together with low levels of microRNA which control their function. Analysis of microRNA contained by exosomes from cultures in which T cells were alloactivated in the presence or absence of ILT3.Fc, demonstrated that this agent inhibits the release of inflammatory microRNA. The source of such inflammatory microRNA was found to reside in alloactivated CD4 T cells, since exosomes from MLC primed CD4 T cells were shown to diminish the suppressive activity of ILT3-Fc-induced CD8(+) Ts at high effector to suppressor T cell ratios. This indicates that inflammatory exosomes can swing the balance between effector and regulatory T cells in favor of immunity. These data suggest that isolation and characterization of micro-RNA containing exosomes in patients' circulation may be of use for treatment, prevention and monitoring of immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sophey Ho
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chih-Chao Chang
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhuoru Liu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Muyang Li
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elena R Vasilescu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Raphael A Clynes
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - George Vlad
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nicole Suciu-Foca
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Chen L, Xu Z, Chang C, Ho S, Liu Z, Vlad G, Cortesini R, Clynes RA, Luo Y, Suciu-Foca N. Allospecific CD8 T suppressor cells induced by multiple MLC stimulation or priming in the presence of ILT3.Fc have similar gene expression profiles. Hum Immunol 2013; 75:190-6. [PMID: 24220571 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alloantigen specific CD8 T suppressor cells can be generated in vitro either by multiple stimulations of CD3 T cells with allogeneic APC or by single stimulation in primary MLC containing recombinant ILT3.Fc protein. The aim of the present study was to determine whether multiple MLC stimulation induced in CD8(+) CD28(-) T suppressor cells molecular changes that are similar to those observed in CD8 T suppressor cells from primary MLC containing ILT3.Fc protein. Our study demonstrates that the characteristic signatures of CD8 T suppressor cells, generated by either of these methods are the same consisting of up-regulation of the BCL6 transcriptional repressor and down-regulation of inflammatory microRNAs, miR-21, miR-30b, miR-146a, and miR-155 expression. In conclusion microRNAs which are increased under inflammatory conditions in activated CD4 and CD8 T cells with helper or cytotoxic function show low levels of expression in CD8 T cells which have acquired antigen-specific suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Jiujiang, Jiujiang Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Chris Chang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Sophey Ho
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Zhuoru Liu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - George Vlad
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Raffaello Cortesini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Raphael A Clynes
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Jiujiang, Jiujiang Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
| | - Nicole Suciu-Foca
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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14
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Baron BW, Anastasi J, Bies J, Reddy PL, Joseph L, Thirman MJ, Wroblewski K, Wolff L, Baron JM. GFI1B, EVI5, MYB--additional genes that cooperate with the human BCL6 gene to promote the development of lymphomas. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 52:68-75. [PMID: 23910958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The BCL6 gene, which is expressed in certain B- and T-cell human lymphomas, is involved with chromosomal rearrangements and mutations in a number of these neoplasms. Lymphomagenesis is believed to evolve through a multi-step accumulation of genetic alterations in these tumors. We used retroviral insertional mutagenesis in transgenic mice expressing the human BCL6 transgene in order to identify genes that cooperate with BCL6 during lymphomatous transformation. We previously reported PIM1 as the most frequently recurring cooperating gene in this model. We now report three newly identified cooperating genes-GFI1B, EVI5, and MYB-that we identified in the lymphomas of retroviral-injected BCL6 transgenic mice (but not in retroviral-injected non-transgenic controls); mRNA and protein expression of GFI1B and EVI5 were decreased in the murine tumors, whereas MYB mRNA and protein expression were increased or decreased. These findings correlated with protein expression in human lymphomas, both B- and T-cell. Improved therapy of lymphomas may necessitate the development of combinations of drugs that target the alterations specific to each neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly W Baron
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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15
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Bunting KL, Melnick AM. New effector functions and regulatory mechanisms of BCL6 in normal and malignant lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:339-46. [PMID: 23725655 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The BCL6 oncogenic repressor is a master regulator of humoral immunity and B-cell lymphoma survival. Whereas much research has focused on its regulation and function in germinal center B-cells, its role in other mature lymphoid cell compartments is less clear. A novel role for BCL6 in follicular T helper cell development was recently uncovered. The latest discoveries reveal that BCL6 is also an important regulator of other specialized helper T-cell subsets within germinal centers, pre-germinal center events, and peripheral T-cell effector functions. Here, we review newly discovered roles for BCL6 in lymphocyte subsets residing within and outside of germinal centers, and discuss their implications with respect to the molecular mechanisms of BCL6 regulation and potential links to B and T-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Bunting
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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16
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Bakdash G, Sittig SP, van Dijk T, Figdor CG, de Vries IJM. The nature of activatory and tolerogenic dendritic cell-derived signal II. Front Immunol 2013; 4:53. [PMID: 23450201 PMCID: PMC3584294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central in maintaining the intricate balance between immunity and tolerance by orchestrating adaptive immune responses. Being the most potent antigen presenting cells, DCs are capable of educating naïve T cells into a wide variety of effector cells ranging from immunogenic CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells to tolerogenic regulatory T cells. This education is based on three fundamental signals. Signal I, which is mediated by antigen/major histocompatibility complexes binding to antigen-specific T cell receptors, guarantees antigen specificity. The co-stimulatory signal II, mediated by B7 family molecules, is crucial for the expansion of the antigen-specific T cells. The final step is T cell polarization by signal III, which is conveyed by DC-derived cytokines and determines the effector functions of the emerging T cell. Although co-stimulation is widely recognized to result from the engagement of T cell-derived CD28 with DC-expressed B7 molecules (CD80/CD86), other co-stimulatory pathways have been identified. These pathways can be divided into two groups based on their impact on primed T cells. Whereas pathways delivering activatory signals to T cells are termed co-stimulatory pathways, pathways delivering tolerogenic signals to T cells are termed co-inhibitory pathways. In this review, we discuss how the nature of DC-derived signal II determines the quality of ensuing T cell responses and eventually promoting either immunity or tolerance. A thorough understanding of this process is instrumental in determining the underlying mechanism of disorders demonstrating distorted immunity/tolerance balance, and would help innovating new therapeutic approaches for such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaith Bakdash
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Nijmegen, Netherlands
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17
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Dobrowolska H, Gill KZ, Serban G, Ivan E, Li Q, Qiao P, Suciu-Foca N, Savage D, Alobeid B, Bhagat G, Colovai AI. Expression of immune inhibitory receptor ILT3 in acute myeloid leukemia with monocytic differentiation. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2012; 84:21-9. [PMID: 23027709 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of AML with monocytic differentiation is limited by the lack of highly sensitive and specific monocytic markers. Immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3) is an immune inhibitory receptor expressed by myelomonocytic cells and at high levels by tolerogenic dendritic cells. METHODS Using flow cytometry, we analyzed the expression of ILT3 in 37 patients with AML and 20 patients with no detectable disease. RESULTS We showed that ILT3 was expressed in all cases of AML displaying monocytic differentiation (FAB M4/M5; N = 18), but not in AML M1/M2 and M3 (N = 19; P < 0.0001). Co-expression of ILT3 and immature cell markers, such as CD34 and CD117, was observed in monoblastic leukemia. ILT3 expression was preserved after treatment in M4/M5 patients with refractory or relapsed disease. ILT3 expression was associated with the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities linked to an intermediate prognosis (P = 0.001). Rare CD45dimCD34+CD117+ILT3+ cells were identified in noninvolved bone marrow, suggesting that ILT3 expression is acquired at an early stage by normal myelomonocytic precursors. CONCLUSIONS ILT3 is a highly sensitive and specific marker which distinguishes AML with monocytic differentiation from other types of AML. Testing of ILT3 expression should be incorporated into the initial diagnostic work-up and monitoring of patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dobrowolska
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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18
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Induction of antigen-specific human T suppressor cells by membrane and soluble ILT3. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:294-301. [PMID: 23018130 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD8 suppressor T cells (CD8(+) Ts) are adaptive regulatory T cells that are induced in vivo and in vitro by chronic antigenic stimulation of human T cells. CD8(+) Ts induce the upregulation of the inhibitory receptors ILT3 and ILT4 on monocytes and dendritic cells rendering these antigen presenting cells (APCs) tolerogenic. Tolerogenic APCs induce CD4(+) T helper anergy and elicit the differentiation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T regulatory/suppressor cells. Overexpression of membrane ILT3 in APC results in inhibition of NF-κB activation, transcription of inflammatory cytokines and costimulatory molecules. Soluble ILT3-Fc which contains only the extracellular, Ig-like domain linked to mutated IgG1 Fc, is strongly immunosuppressive. ILT3-Fc, induces the differentiation of human CD8(+) Ts which inhibit CD4(+) Th and CD8(+) CTL effector function both in vitro and in vivo. The acquisition of Ts' function by primed CD8(+) T cells treated with ILT3-Fc was demonstrated to be the effect of the significant upregulation of BCL6, a transcriptional repressor of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-5 and granzyme B. The upregulated expression of BCL6, SOCS1 and DUSP10 is integral to the signature of ILT3-Fc-induced CD8(+) Ts. These genes are known inhibitors of cytokine production and TCR signaling and are targeted by miRNAs which are suppressed by ILT3-Fc. ILT3-Fc induces tolerance to allogeneic human islets and reverses rejection after its onset in a humanized NOD/SCID mouse model. Based on these findings we postulate that ILT3-Fc may become an important new agent for treatment of autoimmunity and transplant rejection.
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19
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PIM1 gene cooperates with human BCL6 gene to promote the development of lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5735-9. [PMID: 22451912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201168109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas in humans are associated with chromosomal rearrangements (∼40%) and/or mutations disrupting autoregulation (∼16%) involving the BCL6 gene. Studies of lymphoma development in humans and mouse models have indicated that lymphomagenesis evolves through the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations. Based on our prior studies, which indicated that carcinogen-induced DNA mutations enhance the incidence of lymphomas in our mouse model expressing a human BCL6 transgene, we hypothesized that mutated genes are likely to play an important cooperative role in BCL6-associated lymphoma development. We used retroviral insertional mutagenesis in an effort to identify which genes cooperate with BCL6 in lymphomagenesis in our BCL6 transgenic mice. We identified PIM1 as the most frequently recurring cooperating gene in our murine BCL6-associated lymphomas (T- and B-cell types), and we observed elevated levels of PIM1 mRNA and protein expression in these neoplasms. Further, immunohistochemical staining, which was performed in 20 randomly selected BCL6-positive human B- and T-cell lymphomas, revealed concurrent expression of BCL6 and PIM1 in these neoplasms. As PIM1 encodes a serine/threonine kinase, PIM1 kinase inhibition may be a promising therapy for BCL6/PIM1-positive human lymphomas.
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20
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Chang CC, Zhang QY, Liu Z, Clynes RA, Suciu-Foca N, Vlad G. Downregulation of inflammatory microRNAs by Ig-like transcript 3 is essential for the differentiation of human CD8(+) T suppressor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3042-52. [PMID: 22387553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the mechanism underlying the immunoregulatory function of membrane Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3) and soluble ILT3Fc. microRNA (miRNA) expression profile identified genes that were downregulated in ILT3-induced human CD8(+) T suppressor cells (Ts) while upregulated in T cells primed in the absence of ILT3. We found that miR-21, miR-30b, and miR-155 target the 3'-untranslated region of genes whose expression was strongly increased in ILT3Fc-induced Ts, such as dual specificity phosphatase 10, B cell CLL/lymphoma 6, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, respectively. Transfection of miRNA mimics or inhibitors and site-specific mutagenesis of their 3'-untranslated region binding sites indicated that B cell CLL/lymphoma 6, dual specificity phosphatase 10, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 are direct targets of miR-30b, miR-21, and miR-155. Primed CD8(+) T cells transfected with miR-21&30b, miR-21&155, or miR-21&30b&155 inhibitors displayed suppressor activity when added to autologous CD3-triggered CD4 T cells. Luciferase reporter assays of miR-21 and miR-155 indicated that their transcription is highly dependent on AP-1. Analysis of activated T cells showed that ILT3Fc inhibited the translocation to the nucleus of the AP-1 subunits, FOSB and c-FOS, and the phosphorylation of ZAP70 and phospholipase C-γ 1. In conclusion, ILT3Fc inhibits T cell activation and induces the generation of Ts targeting multiple inflammatory miRNA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Chang
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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21
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Tsai S, Clemente-Casares X, Santamaria P. CD8(+) Tregs in autoimmunity: learning "self"-control from experience. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3781-95. [PMID: 21671120 PMCID: PMC11114820 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive CD8(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play important roles as modulators of immune responses against self, and numerical and functional defects in CD8(+) Tregs have been linked to autoimmunity. Several subsets of CD8(+) Tregs have been described. However, the origin of these T cells and how they participate in the natural progression of autoimmunity remain poorly defined. We discuss several lines of evidence suggesting that the autoimmune process itself promotes the development of autoregulatory CD8(+) T cells. We posit that chronic autoantigenic exposure fosters the differentiation of non-pathogenic autoreactive CD8(+) T cells into antigen-experienced, memory-like autoregulatory T cells, to generate a "negative feedback" regulatory loop capable of countering pathogenic autoreactive effectors. This hypothesis predicts that approaches capable of boosting autoregulatory T cell memory will be able to blunt autoimmunity without compromising systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Tsai
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. N.W, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. N.W, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. N.W, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. N.W, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
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22
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Beaulieu AM, Sant'Angelo DB. The BTB-ZF family of transcription factors: key regulators of lineage commitment and effector function development in the immune system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2841-7. [PMID: 21900183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful immunity depends upon the activity of multiple cell types. Commitment of pluripotent precursor cells to specific lineages, such as T or B cells, is obviously fundamental to this process. However, it is also becoming clear that continued differentiation and specialization of lymphoid cells is equally important for immune system integrity. Several members of the BTB-ZF family have emerged as critical factors that control development of specific lineages and also of specific effector subsets within these lineages. For example, BTB-ZF genes have been shown to control T cell versus B cell commitment and CD4 versus CD8 lineage commitment. Others, such as PLZF for NKT cells and Bcl-6 for T follicular helper cells, are necessary for the acquisition of effector functions. In this review, we summarize current findings concerning the BTB-ZF family members with a reported role in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Beaulieu
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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