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Izosimova AV, Shabalkina AV, Myshkin MY, Shurganova EV, Myalik DS, Ryzhichenko EO, Samitova AF, Barsova EV, Shagina IA, Britanova OV, Yuzhakova DV, Sharonov GV. Local Enrichment with Convergence of Enriched T-Cell Clones Are Hallmarks of Effective Peptide Vaccination against B16 Melanoma. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:345. [PMID: 38675728 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some peptide anticancer vaccines elicit a strong T-cell memory response but fail to suppress tumor growth. To gain insight into tumor resistance, we compared two peptide vaccines, p20 and p30, against B16 melanoma, with both exhibiting good in vitro T-cell responses but different tumor suppression abilities. METHODS We compared activation markers and repertoires of T-lymphocytes from tumor-draining (dLN) and non-draining (ndLN) lymph nodes for the two peptide vaccines. RESULTS We showed that the p30 vaccine had better tumor control as opposed to p20. p20 vaccine induced better in vitro T-cell responsiveness but failed to suppress tumor growth. Efficient antitumor vaccination is associated with a higher clonality of cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) in dLNs compared with ndLNs and the convergence of most of the enriched clones. With the inefficient p20 vaccine, the most expanded and converged were clones of the bystander T-cells without an LN preference. CONCLUSIONS Here, we show that the clonality and convergence of the T-cell response are the hallmarks of efficient antitumor vaccination. The high individual and methodological dependencies of these parameters can be avoided by comparing dLNs and ndLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vyacheslavovna Izosimova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Alexandra Valerievna Shabalkina
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Department of Genomics of Adaptive Immunity, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yurevich Myshkin
- Department of Genomics of Adaptive Immunity, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Viktorovna Shurganova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Daria Sergeevna Myalik
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Pathoanatomical Department, Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Cancer Hospital, Nizhny Novgorod 603126, Russia
| | | | - Alina Faritovna Samitova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Vladimirovna Barsova
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Department of Genomics of Adaptive Immunity, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Irina Aleksandrovna Shagina
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Department of Genomics of Adaptive Immunity, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Olga Vladimirovna Britanova
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Department of Genomics of Adaptive Immunity, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Diana Vladimirovna Yuzhakova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - George Vladimirovich Sharonov
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Department of Genomics of Adaptive Immunity, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia
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Grace BE, Backlund CM, Morgan DM, Kang BH, Singh NK, Huisman BD, Rappazzo CG, Moynihan KD, Maiorino L, Dobson CS, Kyung T, Gordon KS, Holec PV, Mbah OCT, Garafola D, Wu S, Love JC, Wittrup KD, Irvine DJ, Birnbaum ME. Identification of Highly Cross-Reactive Mimotopes for a Public T Cell Response in Murine Melanoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886683. [PMID: 35812387 PMCID: PMC9260506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While immune checkpoint blockade results in durable responses for some patients, many others have not experienced such benefits. These treatments rely upon reinvigorating specific T cell-antigen interactions. However, it is often unknown what antigens are being recognized by T cells or how to potently induce antigen-specific responses in a broadly applicable manner. Here, we characterized the CD8+ T cell response to a murine model of melanoma following combination immunotherapy to determine the basis of tumor recognition. Sequencing of tumor-infiltrating T cells revealed a repertoire of highly homologous TCR sequences that were particularly expanded in treated mice and which recognized an antigen from an endogenous retrovirus. While vaccination against this peptide failed to raise a protective T cell response in vivo, engineered antigen mimotopes induced a significant expansion of CD8+ T cells cross-reactive to the original antigen. Vaccination with mimotopes resulted in killing of antigen-loaded cells in vivo yet showed modest survival benefit in a prophylactic vaccine paradigm. Together, this work demonstrates the identification of a dominant tumor-associated antigen and generation of mimotopes which can induce robust functional T cell responses that are cross-reactive to the endogenous antigen across multiple individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth E. Grace
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Coralie M. Backlund
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Duncan M. Morgan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Byong H. Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Nishant K. Singh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Brooke D. Huisman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - C. Garrett Rappazzo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Kelly D. Moynihan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Laura Maiorino
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Connor S. Dobson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Taeyoon Kyung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Khloe S. Gordon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Patrick V. Holec
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Daniel Garafola
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Shengwei Wu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - K. Dane Wittrup
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael E. Birnbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael E. Birnbaum,
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3
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Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Factors Affecting Photodynamic Therapy and Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:123-136. [PMID: 32188394 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200318101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a cancer therapy involving the systemic injection of a Photosensitizer (PS) that localizes to some extent in a tumor. After an appropriate time (ranging from minutes to days), the tumor is irradiated with red or near-infrared light either as a surface spot or by interstitial optical fibers. The PS is excited by the light to form a long-lived triplet state that can react with ambient oxygen to produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and/or hydroxyl radicals, that kill tumor cells, destroy tumor blood vessels, and lead to tumor regression and necrosis. It has long been realized that in some cases, PDT can also stimulate the host immune system, leading to a systemic anti-tumor immune response that can also destroy distant metastases and guard against tumor recurrence. The present paper aims to cover some of the factors that can affect the likelihood and efficiency of this immune response. The structure of the PS, drug-light interval, rate of light delivery, mode of cancer cell death, expression of tumor-associated antigens, and combinations of PDT with various adjuvants all can play a role in stimulating the host immune system. Considering the recent revolution in tumor immunotherapy triggered by the success of checkpoint inhibitors, it appears that the time is ripe for PDT to be investigated in combination with other approaches in clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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Aaes TL, Vandenabeele P. The intrinsic immunogenic properties of cancer cell lines, immunogenic cell death, and how these influence host antitumor immune responses. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:843-860. [PMID: 33214663 PMCID: PMC7937679 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern cancer therapies often involve the combination of tumor-directed cytotoxic strategies and generation of a host antitumor immune response. The latter is unleashed by immunotherapies that activate the immune system generating a more immunostimulatory tumor microenvironment and a stronger tumor antigen-specific immune response. Studying the interaction between antitumor cytotoxic therapies, dying cancer cells, and the innate and adaptive immune system requires appropriate experimental tumor models in mice. In this review, we discuss the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive properties of cancer cell lines commonly used in immunogenic cell death (ICD) studies being apoptosis or necroptosis. We will especially focus on the antigenic component of immunogenicity. While in several cancer cell lines the epitopes of endogenously expressed tumor antigens are known, these intrinsic epitopes are rarely determined in experimental apoptotic or necroptotic ICD settings. Instead by far the most ICD research studies investigate the antigenic response against exogenously expressed model antigens such as ovalbumin or retroviral epitopes (e.g., AH1). In this review, we will argue that the immune response against endogenous tumor antigens and the immunopeptidome profile of cancer cell lines affect the eventual biological readouts in the typical prophylactic tumor vaccination type of experiments used in ICD research, and we will propose additional methods involving immunopeptidome profiling, major histocompatibility complex molecule expression, and identification of tumor-infiltrating immune cells to document intrinsic immunogenicity following different cell death modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Løve Aaes
- grid.11486.3a0000000104788040Unit for Cell Clearance in Health and Disease, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium ,grid.11486.3a0000000104788040Unit of Molecular Signaling and Cell Death, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Palata O, Podzimkova Hradilova N, Mysiková D, Kutna B, Mrazkova H, Lischke R, Spisek R, Adkins I. Detection of tumor antigens and tumor-antigen specific T cells in NSCLC patients: Correlation of the quality of T cell responses with NSCLC subtype. Immunol Lett 2020; 219:46-53. [PMID: 31931024 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic cancer cell lines serve as universal source of tumor-associated antigens in cancer vaccines. Immunogenic high hydrostatic pressure-killed cancer cells derived from cell lines can be used for the generation of dendritic cell (DC)-based active cellular immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the expression of 12 known NSCLC tumor-associated antigens (TAA) (CEA, MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, PRAME, hTERT, HER2, MUC1, Survivin, STEAP1, SOX2 and NY-ESO-1) in 6 NSCLC cell lines as candidates for the generation of DC-based lung cancer vaccine. We showed that the selected antigenic profile of these cell lines overlaps to various degrees with that of primary NSCLC tumors (n = 52), indicating that 4 out of 6 NSCLC cell lines would be suitable for DC-based vaccine generation. We further investigated the presence of TAA-specific T cells in blood of NSCLC patients (n = 32) using commercially available peptide mixes in an in vitro stimulation assay. IFN-γ+CD8+ and IFN-γ+CD4+ T cell responses to all antigens were detected in NSCLC patients. Interestingly, despite higher TAA expression in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) the responsiveness of patients' T cells to stimulation was significantly lower in SCC patients than in adenocarcinoma (AC) patients. This suggests qualitative differences in T cell functionality between NSCLC subtypes. Based on this study, and in order to maximize the amount of treatable patients, we selected a mix of H520 and H522 NSCLC cell lines for DC-based vaccine preparation. We also established a minimal panel of antigenic peptide mixes (CEA, hTERT, PRAME, HER2) for immunomonitoring of T cell responses during the DC-based lung cancer immunotherapy in Phase I lung cancer clinical trial (NCT02470468).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Palata
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Nada Podzimkova Hradilova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Mysiková
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, 3rd Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic
| | - Beata Kutna
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, 3rd Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Mrazkova
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, 3rd Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Lischke
- Thoracic and Lung Transplantation Division, 3rd Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Adkins
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Czech Republic.
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6
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Aaes TL, Verschuere H, Kaczmarek A, Heyndrickx L, Wiernicki B, Delrue I, De Craene B, Taminau J, Delvaeye T, Bertrand MJM, Declercq W, Berx G, Krysko DV, Adjemian S, Vandenabeele P. Immunodominant AH1 Antigen-Deficient Necroptotic, but Not Apoptotic, Murine Cancer Cells Induce Antitumor Protection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:775-787. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Jackson DO, Trappey FA, Clifton GT, Vreeland TJ, Peace KM, Hale DF, Litton JK, Murray JL, Perez SA, Papamichail M, Mittendorf EA, Peoples GE. Effects of HLA status and HER2 status on outcomes in breast cancer patients at risk for recurrence - Implications for vaccine trial design. Clin Immunol 2018; 195:28-35. [PMID: 30025819 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, using peptide-based cancer vaccines is being studied to assess its potential in breast cancer. Trials of HLA-restricted peptide vaccines have been difficult to enroll given HLA subtype restrictions. It is necessary to determine the prognostic significance of HLA-status in breast cancer if patients who are ineligible to receive a vaccine due to their HLA-status are used as controls. The impact of targeted tumor associated antigen expression, when it effects eligibility is also important. We examined control patients from two randomized phase II trials that tested HER2-peptide vaccines to determine the effect of HLA-A2 status and HER2 expression on disease-free survival. The analysis showed that HLA-A2-status does not affect disease-free survival, regardless of HER2 expression suggesting that HLA-A2 negative patients can be used as control patients. Additionally, HER2 over-expression was associated with a better disease-free survival in this population, underscoring the need for additional therapies in HER2 low-expressing breast cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00524277.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen O Jackson
- Department of Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, San Antonio 78234, TX, United States.
| | - Francois A Trappey
- Department of Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, San Antonio 78234, TX, United States.
| | - G Travis Clifton
- Department of Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, San Antonio 78234, TX, United States.
| | - Timothy J Vreeland
- Department of Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, San Antonio 78234, TX, United States.
| | - Kaitlin M Peace
- Department of Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, San Antonio 78234, TX, United States.
| | - Diane F Hale
- Department of Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, San Antonio 78234, TX, United States.
| | - Jennifer K Litton
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, 77030, TX, United States.
| | - James L Murray
- Department of Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, 77030, TX, United States.
| | - Sonia A Perez
- Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, Athens 115-22, Greece.
| | - Michael Papamichail
- Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, Athens 115-22, Greece.
| | - Elizabeth A Mittendorf
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 171 Alexandras Avenue, Houston 115-22 77030, TX, United States.
| | - George E Peoples
- Cancer Vaccine Development Program, Metis Foundation, San Antonio 300 Convent Street Suite 1330, 78205, TX, United States
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8
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Mostafa AA, Morris DG. Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer: Has it Finally Arrived? Front Oncol 2014; 4:288. [PMID: 25374843 PMCID: PMC4206190 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible link between infection/inflammation/immune activation and a cancer patient’s outcome from both a causative and outcome point of view has long been postulated. Substantial progress in the understanding of tumor-associated antigens/epitopes, immune cellular subpopulations, cytokine pathways/expression, the tumor microenvironment, and the balance between tumor-immune suppression and stimulation have been made over the past decade. This knowledge has heralded a new era of tumor immunotherapy utilizing vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibition, and oncolytic viruses. Despite significant progress in the molecular era now with targeted therapeutics such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and ALK fusion protein inhibitors that have significantly improved the outcome of these specific lung cancer subpopulations, the overall 5 year survival for all non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still <20%. Unlike malignancies such as malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and neuroblastoma given their documented spontaneous remission rates lung cancer historically has been felt to be resistant to immune approaches likely related to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and/or lack of immune recognition. Defining responding populations, understanding the mechanism(s) underlying durable immune responses, and the role of chemotherapy, radiation, oncolytic viruses, and other tumor disrupting agents in augmenting immune responses have led to improved optimization of immune therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to focus on the recent advances in lung immunotherapy with an emphasis on recent clinical trials in the last 5 years in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Mostafa
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Don G Morris
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB , Canada
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9
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Buhrman JD, Slansky JE. Improving T cell responses to modified peptides in tumor vaccines. Immunol Res 2013; 55:34-47. [PMID: 22936035 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune recognition and elimination of cancerous cells is the primary goal of cancer immunotherapy. However, obstacles including immune tolerance and tumor-induced immunosuppression often limit beneficial immune responses. Vaccination is one proposed intervention that may help to overcome these issues and is an active area of study in cancer immunotherapy. Immunizing with tumor antigenic peptides is a promising, straight-forward vaccine strategy hypothesized to boost preexisting antitumor immunity. However, tumor antigens are often weak T cell agonists, attributable to several mechanisms, including immune self-tolerance and poor immunogenicity of self-derived tumor peptides. One strategy for overcoming these mechanisms is vaccination with mimotopes, or peptide mimics of tumor antigens, which alter the antigen presentation and/or T cell activation to increase the expansion of tumor-specific T cells. Evaluation of mimotope vaccine strategies has revealed that even subtle alterations in peptide sequence can dramatically alter antigen presentation and T cell receptor recognition. Most of this research has been performed using T cell clones, which may not be accurate representations of the naturally occurring antitumor response. The relationship between clones generated after mimotope vaccination and the polyclonal T cell repertoire is unclear. Our work with mimotopes in a mouse model of colon carcinoma has revealed important insights into these issues. We propose that the identification of mimotopes based on stimulation of the naturally responding T cell repertoire will dramatically improve the efficacy of mimotope vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Buhrman
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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10
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Buhrman JD, Jordan KR, U'ren L, Sprague J, Kemmler CB, Slansky JE. Augmenting antitumor T-cell responses to mimotope vaccination by boosting with native tumor antigens. Cancer Res 2012; 73:74-85. [PMID: 23161490 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination with antigens expressed by tumors is one strategy for stimulating enhanced T-cell responses against tumors. However, these peptide vaccines rarely result in efficient expansion of tumor-specific T cells or responses that protect against tumor growth. Mimotopes, or peptide mimics of tumor antigens, elicit increased numbers of T cells that crossreact with the native tumor antigen, resulting in potent antitumor responses. Unfortunately, mimotopes may also elicit cells that do not crossreact or have low affinity for tumor antigen. We previously showed that one such mimotope of the dominant MHC class I tumor antigen of a mouse colon carcinoma cell line stimulates a tumor-specific T-cell clone and elicits antigen-specific cells in vivo, yet protects poorly against tumor growth. We hypothesized that boosting the mimotope vaccine with the native tumor antigen would focus the T-cell response elicited by the mimotope toward high affinity, tumor-specific T cells. We show that priming T cells with the mimotope, followed by a native tumor-antigen boost, improves tumor immunity compared with T cells elicited by the same prime with a mimotope boost. Our data suggest that the improved tumor immunity results from the expansion of mimotope-elicited tumor-specific T cells that have increased avidity for the tumor antigen. The enhanced T cells are phenotypically distinct and enriched for T-cell receptors previously correlated with improved antitumor immunity. These results suggest that incorporation of native antigen into clinical mimotope vaccine regimens may improve the efficacy of antitumor T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Buhrman
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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