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Lai HC, Ho UY, James A, De Souza P, Roberts TL. RNA metabolism and links to inflammatory regulation and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:21. [PMID: 34971439 PMCID: PMC11072290 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is vital to protect the host against foreign organism invasion and cellular damage. It requires tight and concise gene expression for regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression in immune cells. Dysregulated immune responses caused by gene mutations and errors in post-transcriptional regulation can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. The mechanisms underlying post-transcriptional gene expression regulation include mRNA splicing, mRNA export, mRNA localisation, mRNA stability, RNA/protein interaction, and post-translational events such as protein stability and modification. The majority of studies to date have focused on transcriptional control pathways. However, post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA in eukaryotes is equally important and related information is lacking. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms involved in the pre-mRNA splicing events, mRNA surveillance, RNA degradation pathways, disorders or symptoms caused by mutations or errors in post-transcriptional regulation during innate immunity especially toll-like receptor mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chi Lai
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
- South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Uda Y Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexander James
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul De Souza
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Macarthur, NSW, Australia
| | - Tara L Roberts
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Macarthur, NSW, Australia
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Dei Zotti F, Qiu A, La Carpia F, Moriconi C, Hudson KE. A New Murine Model of Primary Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA). Front Immunol 2021; 12:752330. [PMID: 34867985 PMCID: PMC8634489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of humoral tolerance to red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), a severe, and sometimes fatal disease. Patients with AIHA present with pallor, fatigue, decreased hematocrit, and splenomegaly. While secondary AIHA is associated with lymphoproliferative disorders, infections, and more recently, as an adverse event secondary to cancer immunotherapy, the etiology of primary AIHA is unknown. Several therapeutic strategies are available; however, there are currently no licensed treatments for AIHA and few therapeutics offer treatment-free durable remission. Moreover, supportive care with RBC transfusions can be challenging as most autoantibodies are directed against ubiquitous RBC antigens; thus, virtually all RBC donor units are incompatible. Given the severity of AIHA and the lack of treatment options, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that facilitate the breakdown in tolerance would provide insight into new therapeutics. Herein, we report a new murine model of primary AIHA that reflects the biology observed in patients with primary AIHA. Production of anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies correlated with sex and age, and led to RBC antigen modulation, complement fixation, and anemia, as determined by decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin values and increased reticulocytes in peripheral blood. Moreover, autoantibody-producing animals developed splenomegaly, with altered splenic architecture characterized by expanded white pulp areas and nearly diminished red pulp areas. Additional analysis suggested that compensatory extramedullary erythropoiesis occurred as there were increased frequencies of RBC progenitors detectable in the spleen. No significant correlations between AIHA onset and inflammatory status or microbiome were observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a murine model that replicates observations made in humans with idiopathic AIHA. Thus, this is a tractable murine model of AIHA that can serve as a platform to identify key cellular and molecular pathways that are compromised, thereby leading to autoantibody formation, as well as testing new therapeutics and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Dei Zotti
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Annie Qiu
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francesca La Carpia
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chiara Moriconi
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY, United States
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Radaelli E, Santagostino SF, Sellers RS, Brayton CF. Immune Relevant and Immune Deficient Mice: Options and Opportunities in Translational Research. ILAR J 2019; 59:211-246. [PMID: 31197363 PMCID: PMC7114723 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1989 ILAR published a list and description of immunodeficient rodents used in research. Since then, advances in understanding of molecular mechanisms; recognition of genetic, epigenetic microbial, and other influences on immunity; and capabilities in manipulating genomes and microbiomes have increased options and opportunities for selecting mice and designing studies to answer important mechanistic and therapeutic questions. Despite numerous scientific breakthroughs that have benefitted from research in mice, there is debate about the relevance and predictive or translational value of research in mice. Reproducibility of results obtained from mice and other research models also is a well-publicized concern. This review summarizes resources to inform the selection and use of immune relevant mouse strains and stocks, aiming to improve the utility, validity, and reproducibility of research in mice. Immune sufficient genetic variations, immune relevant spontaneous mutations, immunodeficient and autoimmune phenotypes, and selected induced conditions are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara F Santagostino
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Cory F Brayton
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Pollard KM, Escalante GM, Huang H, Haraldsson KM, Hultman P, Christy JM, Pawar RD, Mayeux JM, Gonzalez-Quintial R, Baccala R, Beutler B, Theofilopoulos AN, Kono DH. Induction of Systemic Autoimmunity by a Xenobiotic Requires Endosomal TLR Trafficking and Signaling from the Late Endosome and Endolysosome but Not Type I IFN. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3739-3747. [PMID: 29055005 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFN and nucleic acid-sensing TLRs are both strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus, with most patients expressing IFN-induced genes in peripheral blood cells and with TLRs promoting type I IFNs and autoreactive B cells. About a third of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, however, lack the IFN signature, suggesting the possibility of type I IFN-independent mechanisms. In this study, we examined the role of type I IFN and TLR trafficking and signaling in xenobiotic systemic mercury-induced autoimmunity (HgIA). Strikingly, autoantibody production in HgIA was not dependent on the type I IFN receptor even in NZB mice that require type I IFN signaling for spontaneous disease, but was dependent on the endosomal TLR transporter UNC93B1 and the endosomal proton transporter, solute carrier family 15, member 4. HgIA also required the adaptor protein-3 complex, which transports TLRs from the early endosome to the late endolysosomal compartments. Examination of TLR signaling pathways implicated the canonical NF-κB pathway and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in autoantibody production, but not IFN regulatory factor 7. These findings identify HgIA as a novel type I IFN-independent model of systemic autoimmunity and implicate TLR-mediated NF-κB proinflammatory signaling from the late endocytic pathway compartments in autoantibody generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michael Pollard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - Gabriela M Escalante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Katarina M Haraldsson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Per Hultman
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden; and
| | - Joseph M Christy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Rahul D Pawar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jessica M Mayeux
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Roberto Baccala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - Dwight H Kono
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Correcting the NLRP3 inflammasome deficiency in macrophages from autoimmune NZB mice with exon skipping antisense oligonucleotides. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:520-4. [PMID: 26833024 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are molecular complexes activated by infection and cellular stress, leading to caspase-1 activation and subsequent interleukin-1β (IL-1β) processing and cell death. The autoimmune NZB mouse strain does not express NLRP3, a key inflammasome initiator mediating responses to a wide variety of stimuli including endogenous danger signals, environmental irritants and a range of bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. We have previously identified an intronic point mutation in the Nlrp3 gene from NZB mice that generates a splice acceptor site. This leads to inclusion of a pseudoexon that introduces an early termination codon and is proposed to be the cause of NLRP3 inflammasome deficiency in NZB cells. Here we have used exon skipping antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) to prevent aberrant splicing of Nlrp3 in NZB macrophages, and this restored both NLRP3 protein expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Thus, the single point mutation leading to aberrant splicing is the sole cause of NLRP3 inflammasome deficiency in NZB macrophages. The NZB mouse provides a model for addressing a splicing defect in macrophages and could be used to further investigate AON design and delivery of AONs to macrophages in vivo.
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Sester DP, Sagulenko V, Thygesen SJ, Cridland JA, Loi YS, Cridland SO, Masters SL, Genske U, Hornung V, Andoniou CE, Sweet MJ, Degli-Esposti MA, Schroder K, Stacey KJ. Deficient NLRP3 and AIM2 Inflammasome Function in Autoimmune NZB Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1233-41. [PMID: 26116505 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are protein complexes that promote caspase activation, resulting in processing of IL-1β and cell death, in response to infection and cellular stresses. Inflammasomes have been anticipated to contribute to autoimmunity. The New Zealand Black (NZB) mouse develops anti-erythrocyte Abs and is a model of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. These mice also develop anti-nuclear Abs typical of lupus. In this article, we show that NZB macrophages have deficient inflammasome responses to a DNA virus and fungal infection. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome responses are compromised in NZB by high expression of the AIM 2 antagonist protein p202, and consequently NZB cells had low IL-1β output in response to both transfected DNA and mouse CMV infection. Surprisingly, we also found that a second inflammasome system, mediated by the NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) initiating protein, was completely lacking in NZB cells. This was due to a point mutation in an intron of the Nlrp3 gene in NZB mice, which generates a novel splice acceptor site. This leads to incorporation of a pseudoexon with a premature stop codon. The lack of full-length NLRP3 protein results in NZB being effectively null for Nlrp3, with no production of bioactive IL-1β in response to NLRP3 stimuli, including infection with Candida albicans. Thus, this autoimmune strain harbors two inflammasome deficiencies, mediated through quite distinct mechanisms. We hypothesize that the inflammasome deficiencies in NZB alter the interaction of the host with both microflora and pathogens, promoting prolonged production of cytokines that contribute to development of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Sester
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Vitaliya Sagulenko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sara J Thygesen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jasmyn A Cridland
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yen Siew Loi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon O Cridland
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ulrich Genske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christopher E Andoniou
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katryn J Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
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Fujii J, Kurahashi T, Konno T, Homma T, Iuchi Y. Oxidative stress as a potential causal factor for autoimmune hemolytic anemia and systemic lupus erythematosus. World J Nephrol 2015; 4:213-222. [PMID: 25949934 PMCID: PMC4419130 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidneys and the blood system mutually exert influence in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Because the kidneys control erythropoiesis by producing erythropoietin and by supporting hematopoiesis, anemia is associated with kidney diseases. Anemia is the most prevalent genetic disorder, and it is caused by a deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), for which sulfhydryl oxidation due to an insufficient supply of NADPH is a likely direct cause. Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) result in the sulfhydryl oxidation and hence are another potential cause for anemia. ROS are elevated in red blood cells (RBCs) under superoxide dismutase (SOD1) deficiency in C57BL/6 mice. SOD1 deficient mice exhibit characteristics similar to autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at the gerontic stage. An examination of AIHA-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) mice, which have normal SOD1 and G6PD genes, indicated that ROS levels in RBCs are originally high and further elevated during aging. Transgenic overexpression of human SOD1 in erythroid cells effectively suppresses ROS elevation and ameliorates AIHA symptoms such as elevated anti-RBC antibodies and premature death in NZB mice. These results support the hypothesis that names oxidative stress as a risk factor for AIHA and other autoimmune diseases such as SLE. Herein we discuss the association between oxidative stress and SLE pathogenesis based mainly on the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of NZB and New Zealand white mice and provide insight into the mechanism of SLE pathogenesis.
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Koh YT, Scatizzi JC, Gahan JD, Lawson BR, Baccala R, Pollard KM, Beutler BA, Theofilopoulos AN, Kono DH. Role of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs in diverse autoantibody specificities and anti-nuclear antibody-producing B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4982-90. [PMID: 23589617 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid (NA)-sensing TLRs (NA-TLRs) promote the induction of anti-nuclear Abs in systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the extent to which other nonnuclear pathogenic autoantibody specificities that occur in lupus and independently in other autoimmune diseases depend on NA-TLRs, and which immune cells require NA-TLRs in systemic autoimmunity, remains to be determined. Using Unc93b1(3d) lupus-prone mice that lack NA-TLR signaling, we found that all pathogenic nonnuclear autoantibody specificities examined, even anti-RBC, required NA-TLRs. Furthermore, we document that NA-TLRs in B cells were required for the development of antichromatin and rheumatoid factor. These findings support a unifying NA-TLR-mediated mechanism of autoantibody production that has both pathophysiological and therapeutic implications for systemic lupus erythematosus and several other humoral-mediated autoimmune diseases. In particular, our findings suggest that targeting of NA-TLR signaling in B cells alone would be sufficient to specifically block production of a broad diversity of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ting Koh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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