1
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Conley HE, He MM, Easterhoff D, Kirshner HF, Cocklin SL, Meyer J, Hoxie T, Berry M, Bradley T, Tolbert WD, Pazgier M, Tomaras GD, Schmitz JE, Moody MA, Wiehe K, Pollara J. Defining genetic diversity of rhesus macaque Fcγ receptors with long-read RNA sequencing. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1306292. [PMID: 38264644 PMCID: PMC10803544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1306292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) are membrane-bound glycoproteins that bind to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) constant regions of IgG antibodies. Interactions between IgG immune complexes and FcγRs can initiate signal transduction that mediates important components of the immune response including activation of immune cells for clearance of opsonized pathogens or infected host cells. In humans, many studies have identified associations between FcγR gene polymorphisms and risk of infection, or progression of disease, suggesting a gene-level impact on FcγR-dependent immune responses. Rhesus macaques are an important translational model for most human health interventions, yet little is known about the breadth of rhesus macaque FcγR genetic diversity. This lack of knowledge prevents evaluation of the impact of FcγR polymorphisms on outcomes of preclinical studies performed in rhesus macaques. In this study we used long-read RNA sequencing to define the genetic diversity of FcγRs in 206 Indian-origin Rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta. We describe the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions, deletions, frame-shift mutations, and isoforms. We also index the identified diversity using predicted and known rhesus macaque FcγR and Fc-FcγR structures. Future studies that define the functional significance of this genetic diversity will facilitate a better understanding of the correlation between human and macaque FcγR biology that is needed for effective translation of studies with antibody-mediated outcomes performed in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh E. Conley
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Max M. He
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David Easterhoff
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Hélène Fradin Kirshner
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah L. Cocklin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacob Meyer
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Hoxie
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Madison Berry
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Todd Bradley
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Joern E. Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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2
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Lippold S, Mistry K, Lenka S, Whang K, Liu P, Pitschi S, Kuhne F, Reusch D, Cadang L, Knaupp A, Izadi S, Dunkle A, Yang F, Schlothauer T. Function-structure approach reveals novel insights on the interplay of Immunoglobulin G 1 proteoforms and Fc gamma receptor IIa allotypes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260446. [PMID: 37790943 PMCID: PMC10544997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Fc gamma receptor IIa (FcγRIIa) or CD32a has two major allotypes with a single amino acid difference at position 131 (histidine or arginine). Differences in FcγRIIa allotypes are known to impact immunological responses such as the clinical outcome of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). FcγRIIa is involved in antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), which is an important contributor to the mechanism-of-action of mAbs by driving phagocytic clearance of cancer cells. Hence, understanding the impact of individual mAb proteoforms on the binding to FcγRIIa, and its different allotypes, is crucial for defining meaningful critical quality attributes (CQAs). Here, we report a function-structure based approach guided by novel FcγRIIa affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry (AC-MS) assays to assess individual IgG1 proteoforms. This allowed to unravel allotype-specific differences of IgG1 proteoforms on FcγRIIa binding. FcγRIIa AC-MS confirmed and refined structure-function relationships of IgG1 glycoform interactions. For example, the positive impact of afucosylation was higher than galactosylation for FcγRIIa Arg compared to FcγRIIa His. Moreover, we observed FcγRIIa allotype-opposing and IgG1 proteoform integrity-dependent differences in the binding response of stress-induced IgG1 proteoforms comprising asparagine 325 deamidation. The FcγRIIa-allotype dependent binding differences resolved by AC-MS were in line with functional ADCP-surrogate bioassay models. The molecular basis of the observed allotype specificity and proteoform selectivity upon asparagine 325 deamidation was elucidated using molecular dynamics. The observed differences were attributed to the contributions of an inter-molecular salt bridge between IgG1 and FcγRIIa Arg and the contribution of an intra-molecular hydrophobic pocket in IgG1. Our work highlights the unprecedented structural and functional resolution of AC-MS approaches along with predictive biological significance of observed affinity differences within relevant cell-based methods. This makes FcγRIIa AC-MS an invaluable tool to streamline the CQA assessment of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lippold
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karishma Mistry
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sunidhi Lenka
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, A Member of The Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Whang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peilu Liu
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sebastian Pitschi
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Felix Kuhne
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lance Cadang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, A Member of The Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexis Dunkle
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Feng Yang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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3
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Chenoweth AM, Esparon S, Wines BD, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Hogarth PM. Mutation of the TGN1412 anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody lower hinge confers specific FcγRIIb binding and retention of super-agonist activity. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:657-662. [PMID: 36997299 PMCID: PMC10952187 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The agonistic action of several immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) requires both target antigen binding and clustering of this mAb:target complex by the Fcs interacting with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), in particular FcγRIIb, on neighboring bystander cells. Fc mutations were made in the immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-based TGN1412 anti-CD28 mAb to define the role of FcγR interactions in its "super-agonist" activity. The dual mutation, IgG4-ED269,270 AA, ablated interaction with all human FcγRs and agonistic action was consequentially lost, confirming the FcγR dependence on the action of TGN1412. The IgG4 lower hinge region (F234 L235 G236 G237 ) was modified by L235 E mutation (F234 E235 G236 G237 ), a mutation commonly used to ablate FcγR binding, including in approved therapeutic mAbs. However, rather than ablating all FcγR binding, IgG4-L235 E conferred specific binding to FcγRIIb, the inhibitory Fc receptor. Furthermore, in combination with the core hinge-stabilizing mutation (IgG4-S228 P, L235 E), this mutation increased affinity for FcγRIIb compared with wild-type IgG4. In addition to having FcγRIIb specificity, these engineered TGN1412 antibodies retained their super-agonistic ability, demonstrating that CD28- and FcγRIIb-specific binding are together sufficient for agonistic function. The FcγRIIb-specific nature of IgG4-L235 E has utility for mAb-mediated immune agonism therapies that are dependent on FcγRIIb interaction and of anti-inflammatory mAbs in allergy and autoimmunity that harness FcγRIIb inhibitory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Chenoweth
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Present address:
St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical BiosciencesBreast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sandra Esparon
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Clinical PathologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | | | | | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Clinical PathologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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4
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Adedeji AO, Zhong F, Getz JA, Zhong Z, Halpern W. Neutropenia in Cynomolgus Monkeys With Anti-Drug Antibodies Associated With Administration of Afucosylated Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:910-919. [PMID: 36329562 PMCID: PMC9806483 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221131510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Removal of the core fucose from the Fc region of humanized monoclonal antibodies (afucosylated antibodies) enhances their antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity activities in killing cancer cells. Based on the authors' experience and literature, administrations of afucosylated antibodies have been associated with neutropenia in cynomolgus monkeys. However, in a recent general toxicology study conducted with an afucosylated antibody in cynomolgus monkeys, transient neutropenia was observed and correlated with the emergence of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) in the affected animals. To further explore the relationship between neutropenia, afucosylated antibodies, and ADAs in cynomolgus monkeys, we performed an investigational retrospective meta-analysis of data from general toxicology studies conducted with Genentech's therapeutic antibodies administered to cynomolgus monkeys between 2005 and 2021. In this analysis, transient neutropenia strongly correlated with ADA-induced inflammation in cynomolgus monkeys administered afucosylated antibodies. This may reflect the simultaneous occurrence of two distinct processes of neutrophil elimination and utilization, thus overwhelming bone marrow reserve capacity leading to transient neutropenia. The integrated analysis of immunogenicity, and anatomic and clinical pathology results from these studies highlights the correlation of transient neutropenia in cynomolgus monkeys with ADA-related inflammation, potentially exacerbated by enhanced effector function of afucosylated antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O. Adedeji
- Genentech, South San Francisco,
California, USA,Adeyemi O. Adedeji, Safety Assessment,
Genentech (a member of the Roche Group), 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA
94080, USA.
| | - Fiona Zhong
- Genentech, South San Francisco,
California, USA
| | | | - Zoe Zhong
- Genentech, South San Francisco,
California, USA
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5
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Ebonwu J, Lassaunière R, Paximadis M, Goosen M, Strehlau R, Gray GE, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. An HIV Vaccine Protective Allele in FCGR2C Associates With Increased Odds of Perinatal HIV Acquisition. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760571. [PMID: 34917081 PMCID: PMC8668943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Thai RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial, a three-variant haplotype within the Fc gamma receptor 2C gene (FCGR2C) reduced the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. A follow-on trial, HVTN702, of a similar vaccine candidate found no efficacy in South Africa, where the predominant population is polymorphic for only a single variant in the haplotype, c.134-96C>T (rs114945036). To investigate a role for this variant in HIV-1 acquisition in South Africans, we used the model of maternal-infant HIV-1 transmission. A nested case-control study was conducted of infants born to mothers living with HIV-1, comparing children with perinatally-acquired HIV-1 (cases, n = 176) to HIV-1-exposed uninfected children (controls, n = 349). All had received nevirapine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. The FCGR2C copy number and expression variants (c.-386G>C, c.-120A>T c.169T>C, and c.798+1A>G) were determined using a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay and the c.134-96C>T genotype with Sanger sequencing. The copy number, genotype and allele carriage were compared between groups using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The FCGR2C c.134-96C>T genotype distribution and copy number differed significantly between HIV-1 cases and exposed-uninfected controls (P = 0.002, P Bonf = 0.032 and P = 0.010, P Bonf = > 0.05, respectively). The FCGR2C c.134-96T allele was overrepresented in the cases compared to the controls (58% vs 42%; P = 0.001, P Bonf = 0.016). Adjusting for birthweight and FCGR2C copy number, perinatal HIV-1 acquisition was associated with the c.134-96C>T (AOR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.25-2.87; P = 0.003, P Bonf = 0.048) and c.169C>T (AOR = 2.39; 95% CI 1.45-3.95; P = 0.001, P Bonf = 0.016) minor alleles but not the promoter variant at position c.-386G>C. The c.134-96C>T variant was in strong linkage disequilibrium with the c.169C>T variant, but remained significantly associated with perinatal acquisition when adjusted for c.169C>T in multivariate analysis. In contrast to the protective effect observed in the Thai RV144 trial, we found the FCGR2C variant c.134-96T-allele associated with increased odds of perinatal HIV-1 acquisition in South African children. These findings, taken together with a similar deleterious association found with HIV-1 disease progression in South African adults, highlight the importance of elucidating the functional relevance of this variant in different populations and vaccination/disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Ebonwu
- Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Paximadis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Goosen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Renate Strehlau
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Centre, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
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6
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Wines BD, Trist HM, Esparon S, Impey RE, Mackay GA, Andrews RK, Soares da Costa TP, Pietersz GA, Baker RI, Hogarth PM. Fc Binding by FcγRIIa Is Essential for Cellular Activation by the Anti-FcγRIIa mAbs 8.26 and 8.2. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666813. [PMID: 34759915 PMCID: PMC8573391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FcγR activity underpins the role of antibodies in both protective immunity and auto-immunity and importantly, the therapeutic activity of many monoclonal antibody therapies. Some monoclonal anti-FcγR antibodies activate their receptors, but the properties required for cell activation are not well defined. Here we examined activation of the most widely expressed human FcγR; FcγRIIa, by two non-blocking, mAbs, 8.26 and 8.2. Crosslinking of FcγRIIa by the mAb F(ab’)2 regions alone was insufficient for activation, indicating activation also required receptor engagement by the Fc region. Similarly, when mutant receptors were inactivated in the Fc binding site, so that intact mAb was only able to engage receptors via its two Fab regions, again activation did not occur. Mutation of FcγRIIa in the epitope recognized by the agonist mAbs, completely abrogated the activity of mAb 8.26, but mAb 8.2 activity was only partially inhibited indicating differences in receptor recognition by these mAbs. FcγRIIa inactivated in the Fc binding site was next co-expressed with the FcγRIIa mutated in the epitope recognized by the Fab so that each mAb 8.26 molecule can contribute only three interactions, each with separate receptors, one via the Fc and two via the Fab regions. When the Fab and Fc binding were thus segregated onto different receptor molecules receptor activation by intact mAb did not occur. Thus, receptor activation requires mAb 8.26 Fab and Fc interaction simultaneously with the same receptor molecules. Establishing the molecular nature of FcγR engagement required for cell activation may inform the optimal design of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Halina M Trist
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandra Esparon
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachael E Impey
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham A Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert K Andrews
- Department Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tatiana P Soares da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Pietersz
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross I Baker
- Perth Blood Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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7
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Opi DH, Kurtovic L, Chan JA, Horton JL, Feng G, Beeson JG. Multi-functional antibody profiling for malaria vaccine development and evaluation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1257-1272. [PMID: 34530671 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1981864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A vaccine would greatly accelerate current global efforts toward malaria elimination. While a partially efficacious vaccine has been achieved for Plasmodium falciparum, a major bottleneck in developing highly efficacious vaccines is a lack of reliable correlates of protection, and the limited application of assays that quantify functional immune responses to evaluate and down-select vaccine candidates in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. AREAS COVERED In this review, we describe the important role of antibodies in immunity against malaria and detail the nature and functional activities of antibodies against the malaria-causing parasite. We highlight the growing understanding of antibody effector functions against malaria and in vitro assays to measure these functional antibody responses. We discuss the application of these assays to quantify antibody functions in vaccine development and evaluation. EXPERT OPINION It is becoming increasingly clear that multiple antibody effector functions are involved in immunity to malaria. Therefore, we propose that evaluating vaccine candidates needs to move beyond individual assays or measuring IgG magnitude alone. Instead, vaccine evaluation should incorporate the full breadth of antibody response types and harness a wider range of assays measuring functional antibody responses. We propose a 3-tier approach to implementing assays to inform vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Herbert Opi
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liriye Kurtovic
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica L Horton
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gaoqian Feng
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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8
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Thomson AS, Mai SH, Bouma G, Herdman M, Byrne M, Hottenstein CS, Minetti J, Trulli S, Taylor JD, White JR, Chen S. Structure and Functional Characterization of a Humanized Anti-CCL20 Antibody following Exposure to Serum Reveals the Formation of Immune Complex That Leads to Toxicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1067-1076. [PMID: 33483346 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
mAbs have revolutionized the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Even though mAbs have shown impressive efficacy in blocking T cell or B cell activation and/or recruitment to sites of inflammation, this group of biologicals are not devoid of adverse effects. The most serious adverse effects include infusion reactions, including the activation of the complement pathway. In this study, we present a detailed structure-function study of an anti-CCL20 humanized IgG1 mAb that neutralizes CCL20 chemokine and prevents the recruitment of Th17 cells to sites of inflammation. We demonstrate that the anti-CCL20 Ab changes significantly following administration to humans and monkeys and exposure to human serum. Analysis of the drug product revealed that the anti-CCL20 Ab has unexpectedly high C1q binding. This high binding was linked to immune complex formation in vivo but not during in vitro serum incubation. The immune complex contained multiple complement components. Anti-CCL20 Ab-mediated, complement-dependent cytotoxicity occurred when the Ab bound to CCL20 tethered to the cell membrane of target cells. Taken together, these results provide a likely cause for the animal toxicity observed. In addition, anti-CCL20 revealed progressive acidification because of N100 (located in CDR) deamidation over time, which did not directly impact Ag binding. Our study demonstrates that the safety profiling of mAbs should include the evaluation of effector functions in addition to typical stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Thomson
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426;
| | - Shing H Mai
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Gerben Bouma
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Herdman
- Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Byrne
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Charles S Hottenstein
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity, and Biomarkers, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426; and
| | - Joseph Minetti
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Stephen Trulli
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - J David Taylor
- Protein, Cellular and Structural Sciences, Medicine Design, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - John R White
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Shugui Chen
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
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9
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Grunst MW, Grandea AG, Janaka SK, Hammad I, Grimes P, Karl JA, Wiseman R, O'Connor DH, Evans DT. Functional Interactions of Common Allotypes of Rhesus Macaque FcγR2A and FcγR3A with Human and Macaque IgG Subclasses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3319-3332. [PMID: 33208458 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The rhesus macaque is an important animal model for AIDS and other infectious diseases. However, the investigation of Fc-mediated Ab responses in macaques is complicated by species-specific differences in FcγRs and IgG subclasses relative to humans. To assess the effects of these differences on FcγR-IgG interactions, reporter cell lines expressing common allotypes of human and rhesus macaque FcγR2A and FcγR3A were established. FcγR-mediated responses to B cells were measured in the presence of serial dilutions of anti-CD20 Abs with Fc domains corresponding to each of the four subclasses of human and rhesus IgG and with Fc variants of IgG1 that enhance binding to FcγR2A or FcγR3A. All of the FcγRs were functional and preferentially recognized either IgG1 or IgG2. Whereas allotypes of rhesus FcγR2A were identified with responses similar to variants of human FcγR2A with higher (H131) and lower (R131) affinity for IgG, all of the rhesus FcγR3A allotypes exhibited responses most similar to the higher affinity V158 variant of human FcγR3A. Unlike responses to human IgGs, there was little variation in FcγR-mediated responses to different subclasses of rhesus IgG. Phylogenetic comparisons suggest that this reflects limited sequence variation of macaque IgGs as a result of their relatively recent diversification from a common IGHG gene since humans and macaques last shared a common ancestor. These findings reveal species-specific differences in FcγR-IgG interactions with important implications for investigating Ab effector functions in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Grunst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; and
| | - Andres G Grandea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; and.,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Sanath Kumar Janaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; and
| | - Iman Hammad
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; and
| | - Parker Grimes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; and
| | - Julie A Karl
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Roger Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; and.,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; and .,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
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10
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Chenoweth AM, Wines BD, Anania JC, Mark Hogarth P. Harnessing the immune system via FcγR function in immune therapy: a pathway to next-gen mAbs. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:287-304. [PMID: 32157732 PMCID: PMC7228307 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human fragment crystallizable (Fc)γ receptor (R) interacts with antigen‐complexed immunoglobulin (Ig)G ligands to both activate and modulate a powerful network of inflammatory host‐protective effector functions that are key to the normal physiology of immune resistance to pathogens. More than 100 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are approved or in late stage clinical trials, many of which harness the potent FcγR‐mediated effector systems to varying degrees. This is most evident for antibodies targeting cancer cells inducing antibody‐dependent killing or phagocytosis but is also true to some degree for the mAbs that neutralize or remove small macromolecules such as cytokines or other Igs. The use of mAb therapeutics has also revealed a “scaffolding” role for FcγR which, in different contexts, may either underpin the therapeutic mAb action such as immune agonism or trigger catastrophic adverse effects. The still unmet therapeutic need in many cancers, inflammatory diseases or emerging infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) requires increased effort on the development of improved and novel mAbs. A more mature appreciation of the immunobiology of individual FcγR function and the complexity of the relationships between FcγRs and antibodies is fueling efforts to develop more potent “next‐gen” therapeutic antibodies. Such development strategies now include focused glycan or protein engineering of the Fc to increase affinity and/or tailor specificity for selective engagement of individual activating FcγRs or the inhibitory FcγRIIb or alternatively, for the ablation of FcγR interaction altogether. This review touches on recent aspects of FcγR and IgG immunobiology and its relationship with the present and future actions of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Chenoweth
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College, London, UK
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jessica C Anania
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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11
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Chio JCT, Wang J, Badner A, Hong J, Surendran V, Fehlings MG. The effects of human immunoglobulin G on enhancing tissue protection and neurobehavioral recovery after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury are mediated through the neurovascular unit. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:141. [PMID: 31288834 PMCID: PMC6615094 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a condition with few effective treatment options. The blood-spinal cord barrier consists of pericytes, astrocytes, and endothelial cells, which are collectively termed the neurovascular unit. These cells support spinal cord homeostasis by expressing tight junction proteins. Physical trauma to the spinal cord disrupts the barrier, which leads to neuroinflammation by facilitating immune cell migration to the damaged site in a process involving immune cell adhesion. Immunosuppressive strategies, including methylprednisolone (MPSS), have been investigated to treat SCI. However, despite some success, MPSS has the potential to increase a patient’s susceptibility to wound infection and impaired wound healing. Hence, immunomodulation may be a more attractive approach than immunosuppression. Approved for modulating neuroinflammation in certain disorders, including Guillain-Barre syndrome, intravenous administration of human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) has shown promise in the setting of experimental SCI, though the optimal dose and mechanism of action remain undetermined. Methods Female adult Wistar rats were subjected to moderate-severe clip compression injury (35 g) at the C7-T1 level and randomized to receive a single intravenous (IV) bolus of hIgG (0.02, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 2 g/kg), MPSS (0.03 g/kg), or control buffer at 15 min post-SCI. At 24 h and 6 weeks post-SCI, molecular, histological, and neurobehavioral effects of hIgG were analyzed. Results At 24 h post-injury, human immunoglobulin G co-localized with spinal cord pericytes, astrocytes, and vessels. hIgG (2 g/kg) protected the spinal cord neurovasculature after SCI by increasing tight junction protein expression and reducing inflammatory enzyme expression. Improvements in vascular integrity were associated with changes in spinal cord inflammation. Interestingly, hIgG (2 g/kg) increased serum expression of inflammatory cytokines and co-localized (without decreasing protein expression) with spinal cord vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, a protein used by immune cells to enter into inflamed tissue. Acute molecular benefits of hIgG (2 g/kg) led to greater tissue preservation, functional blood flow, and neurobehavioral recovery at 6 weeks post-SCI. Importantly, the effects of hIgG (2 g/kg) were superior to control buffer and hIgG (0.4 g/kg), and comparable with MPSS (0.03 g/kg). Conclusions hIgG (2 g/kg) is a promising therapeutic approach to mitigate secondary pathology in SCI through antagonizing immune cell infiltration at the level of the neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Chon Teng Chio
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 7KD-430, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Spinal Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 7KD-430, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Anna Badner
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Centre, University of California, 845 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - James Hong
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 7KD-430, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Spinal Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael G Fehlings
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 7KD-430, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Spinal Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Gerry and Tootsie Halbert Chair in Neural Repair and Regeneration, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Krembil Neuroscience Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.
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12
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Lejeune J, Brachet G, Watier H. Evolutionary Story of the Low/Medium-Affinity IgG Fc Receptor Gene Cluster. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1297. [PMID: 31244843 PMCID: PMC6563257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Low/intermediate affinity Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR) are crucial for the recognition of immune complexes and IgG-sensitized microorganisms by phagocytic and cytotoxic effector cells. In all mammalian species studied so far, their genes are clustered in a single locus. However, this locus differs between humans and mice, both in the number of genes and the structure/function of the encoded receptors. We show that murine fcgr3 evolved through several steps into FCGR2A, its ortholog, which is specific to primates. One of these steps was the insertion of a retroviral element bringing a new intracellular exon comprising a non-canonical ITAM motif. We also show that the fcgr3-hspa6-fcgr4-fcgr2b module in mammals that has evolved in a FCGR2A-HSPA6-FCGR4-FCGR2B module in primates, was subsequently duplicated in apes through a Non-Allelic Homologous Recombination (NAHR), giving birth to FCGR2C, a hybrid gene between FCGR2B and FCGR2A. The FCGR4 duplication, which occurred simultaneously, eventually resulted in the emergence of FCGR3B, while FCGR3A remained the true FCGR4 ortholog. FCGR2C and FCGR3B, markers of this NAHR, are present in gorillas and chimpanzees, whereas they are absent in orangutans and more distant primates, such as gibbons and macaques. These data need to be taken into account when testing IgG-based therapies in animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Brachet
- EA 7501 GICC Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Hervé Watier
- EA 7501 GICC Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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13
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Lewis GK, Ackerman ME, Scarlatti G, Moog C, Robert-Guroff M, Kent SJ, Overbaugh J, Reeves RK, Ferrari G, Thyagarajan B. Knowns and Unknowns of Assaying Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1025. [PMID: 31134085 PMCID: PMC6522882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well-accepted that Fc-mediated effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), can contribute to vaccine-elicited protection as well as post-infection control of HIV viremia. This picture was derived using a wide array of ADCC assays, no two of which are strictly comparable, and none of which is qualified at the clinical laboratory level. An earlier comparative study of assay protocols showed that while data from different ADCC assay formats were often correlated, they remained distinct in terms of target cells and the epitopes and antigen(s) available for recognition by antibodies, the effector cells, and the readout of cytotoxicity. This initial study warrants expanded analyses of the relationships among all current assay formats to determine where they detect overlapping activities and where they do not. Here we summarize knowns and unknowns of assaying ADCC against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institues of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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14
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Crowley AR, Ackerman ME. Mind the Gap: How Interspecies Variability in IgG and Its Receptors May Complicate Comparisons of Human and Non-human Primate Effector Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:697. [PMID: 31024542 PMCID: PMC6463756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of HIV research relies heavily on non-human primates, particularly the members of the macaque genus, as models for the evaluation of candidate vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. A growing body of research suggests that successful protection of humans will not solely rely on the neutralization activity of an antibody's antigen binding fragment. Rather, immunological effector functions prompted by the interaction of the immunoglobulin G constant region and its cognate Fc receptors help contribute to favorable outcomes. Inherent differences in the sequences, expression, and activities of human and non-human primate antibody receptors and immunoglobulins have the potential to produce disparate results in the observations made in studies conducted in differing species. Having a more complete understanding of these differences, however, should permit the more fluent translation of observations between model organisms and the clinic. Here we present a guide to such translations that encompasses not only what is presently known regarding the affinity of the receptor-ligand interactions but also the influence of expression patterns and allelic variation, with a focus on insights gained from use of this model in HIV vaccines and passive antibody therapy and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Crowley
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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15
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Anania JC, Chenoweth AM, Wines BD, Hogarth PM. The Human FcγRII (CD32) Family of Leukocyte FcR in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:464. [PMID: 30941127 PMCID: PMC6433993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FcγRs have been the focus of extensive research due to their key role linking innate and humoral immunity and their implication in both inflammatory and infectious disease. Within the human FcγR family FcγRII (activatory FcγRIIa and FcγRIIc, and inhibitory FcγRIIb) are unique in their ability to signal independent of the common γ chain. Through improved understanding of the structure of these receptors and how this affects their function we may be able to better understand how to target FcγR specific immune activation or inhibition, which will facilitate in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in patients where FcγRII activity may be desirable for efficacy. This review is focused on roles of the human FcγRII family members and their link to immunoregulation in healthy individuals and infection, autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Anania
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alicia M Chenoweth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Damelang T, Rogerson SJ, Kent SJ, Chung AW. Role of IgG3 in Infectious Diseases. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:197-211. [PMID: 30745265 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IgG3 comprises only a minor fraction of IgG and has remained relatively understudied until recent years. Key physiochemical characteristics of IgG3 include an elongated hinge region, greater molecular flexibility, extensive polymorphisms, and additional glycosylation sites not present on other IgG subclasses. These characteristics make IgG3 a uniquely potent immunoglobulin, with the potential for triggering effector functions including complement activation, antibody (Ab)-mediated phagocytosis, or Ab-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Recent studies underscore the importance of IgG3 effector functions against a range of pathogens and have provided approaches to overcome IgG3-associated limitations, such as allotype-dependent short Ab half-life, and excessive proinflammatory activation. Understanding the molecular and functional properties of IgG3 may facilitate the development of improved Ab-based immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Damelang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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17
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The Binding of Human IgG to Minipig FcγRs - Implications for Preclinical Assessment of Therapeutic Antibodies. Pharm Res 2019; 36:47. [PMID: 30721414 PMCID: PMC6373530 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The Göttingen minipig is a relevant non-rodent species for regulatory toxicological studies. Yet, its use with therapeutic antibodies has been limited by the unknown binding properties of human immunoglobulins (huIgG) to porcine Fc gamma receptors (poFcγR) influencing safety and efficacy readouts. Therefore, knowing IgG-FcγR interactions in the animal model is a prerequisite for the use of minipigs in preclinical safety and efficacy studies with therapeutic antibodies. Methods Here, we describe the cloning and expression of poFcγRs and their interactions with free and complexed human therapeutic IgG1 by surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry. Results We show here that poFcγRIa, poFcγRIIa, and poFcγRIIb bind huIgG1 antibodies with comparable affinities as corresponding huFcγRs. Importantly, poFcγRs bind huIgG immune complexes with high avidity, thus probably allowing human-like effector functions. However, poFcγRIIIa binds poIgG1a but not to huIgG1. Conclusions The lack of binding of poFcγRIIIa to huIgG1 might cause underestimation of FcγRIIIa-mediated efficacy or toxicity as mediated by porcine natural killer cells. Therefore, the suitability of minipigs in preclinical studies with human therapeutic antibodies has to be assessed case by case. Our results facilitate the use of Göttingen minipigs for assessment of human therapeutic antibodies in preclinical studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-019-2574-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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18
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Route of immunization defines multiple mechanisms of vaccine-mediated protection against SIV. Nat Med 2018; 24:1590-1598. [PMID: 30177821 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the primary correlate of protection for most licensed vaccines; however, their mechanisms of protection may vary, ranging from physical blockade to clearance via the recruitment of innate immunity. Here, we uncover striking functional diversity in vaccine-induced antibodies that is driven by immunization site and is associated with reduced risk of SIV infection in nonhuman primates. While equivalent levels of protection were observed following intramuscular (IM) and aerosol (AE) immunization with an otherwise identical DNA prime-Ad5 boost regimen, reduced risk of infection was associated with IgG-driven antibody-dependent monocyte-mediated phagocytosis in the IM vaccinees, but with vaccine-elicited IgA-driven neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis in AE-immunized animals. Thus, although route-independent correlates indicate a critical role for phagocytic Fc-effector activity in protection from SIV, the site of immunization may drive this Fc activity via distinct innate effector cells and antibody isotypes. Moreover, the same correlates predicted protection from SHIV infection in a second nonhuman primate vaccine trial using a disparate IM canarypox prime-protein boost strategy, analogous to that used in the first moderately protective human HIV vaccine trial. These data identify orthogonal functional humoral mechanisms, initiated by distinct vaccination routes and immunization strategies, pointing to multiple, potentially complementary correlates of immunity that may support the rational design of a protective vaccine against HIV.
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19
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Anania JC, Trist HM, Palmer CS, Tan PS, Kouskousis BP, Chenoweth AM, Kent SJ, Mackay GA, Hoi A, Koelmeyer R, Slade C, Bryant VL, Hodgkin PD, Aui PM, van Zelm MC, Wines BD, Hogarth PM. The Rare Anaphylaxis-Associated FcγRIIa3 Exhibits Distinct Characteristics From the Canonical FcγRIIa1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1809. [PMID: 30177930 PMCID: PMC6109644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
FcγRIIa is an activating FcγR, unique to humans and non-human primates. It induces antibody-dependent proinflammatory responses and exists predominantly as FcγRIIa1. A unique splice variant, we designated FcγRIIa3, has been reported to be associated with anaphylactic reactions to intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) therapy. We aim to define the functional consequences of this FcγRIIa variant associated with adverse responses to IVIg therapy and evaluate the frequency of associated SNPs. FcγRIIa forms from macaque and human PBMCs were investigated for IgG-subclass specificity, biochemistry, membrane localization, and functional activity. Disease-associated SNPs were analyzed by sequencing genomic DNA from 224 individuals with immunodeficiency or autoimmune disease. FcγRIIa3 was identified in macaque and human PBMC. The FcγRIIa3 is distinguished from the canonical FcγRIIa1 by a unique 19-amino acid cytoplasmic insertion and these two FcγRIIa forms responded distinctly to antibody ligation. Whereas FcγRIIa1 was rapidly internalized, FcγRIIa3 was retained longer at the membrane, inducing greater calcium mobilization and cell degranulation. Four FCGR2A SNPs were identified including the previously reported intronic SNP associated with anaphylaxis, but in only 1 of 224 individuals. The unique cytoplasmic element of FcγRIIa3 delays internalization and is associated with enhanced cellular activation. The frequency of the immunodeficiency-associated SNP varies between disease populations but interestingly occurred at a lower frequency than previously reported. None-the-less enhanced FcγRIIa3 function may promote a proinflammatory environment and predispose to pathological inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Anania
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Halina M Trist
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine S Palmer
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Peck Szee Tan
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Betty P Kouskousis
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alicia M Chenoweth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham A Mackay
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alberta Hoi
- Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel Koelmeyer
- Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Charlotte Slade
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Bryant
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pei Mun Aui
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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20
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Parsons MS, Lloyd SB, Lee WS, Kristensen AB, Amarasena T, Center RJ, Keele BF, Lifson JD, LaBranche CC, Montefiori D, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Swiderek KM, Venturi V, Davenport MP, Kent SJ. Partial efficacy of a broadly neutralizing antibody against cell-associated SHIV infection. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/402/eaaf1483. [PMID: 28794282 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs) protect macaques from cell-free simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge, but their efficacy against cell-associated SHIV is unclear. Virus in cell-associated format is highly infectious, present in transmission-competent bodily fluids, and potentially capable of evading antibody-mediated neutralization. The PGT121 BnAb, which recognizes an epitope consisting of the V3 loop and envelope glycans, mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and neutralization of cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission. To evaluate whether a BnAb can prevent infection after cell-associated viral challenge, we infused pigtail macaques with PGT121 or an isotype control and challenged animals 1 hour later intravenously with SHIVSF162P3-infected splenocytes. All five controls had high viremia 1 week after challenge. Three of six PGT121-infused animals were completely protected, two of six animals had a 1-week delay in onset of high viremia, and one animal had a 7-week delay in onset of viremia. The infused antibody had decayed on average to 2.0 μg/ml by 1 week after infusion and was well below 1 μg/ml (range, <0.1 to 0.8 μg/ml) by 8 weeks. The animals with a 1-week delay before high viremia had relatively lower plasma concentrations of PGT121. Transfer of 22 million peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stored at weeks 1 to 4 from the animal with the 7-week delayed onset of viremia into uninfected macaques did not initiate infection. Our results show that HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies have partial efficacy against cell-associated virus exposure in macaques. We conclude that sustaining high concentrations of bioavailable BnAb is important for protecting against cell-associated virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Sarah B Lloyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Anne B Kristensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Thakshila Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rob J Center
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - Vanessa Venturi
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. .,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Hospital Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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21
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Toxicological and pharmacological assessment of AGEN1884, a novel human IgG1 anti-CTLA-4 antibody. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191926. [PMID: 29617360 PMCID: PMC5884502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 and CD28 exemplify a co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signaling axis that dynamically sculpts the interaction of antigen-specific T cells with antigen-presenting cells. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies enhance tumor-specific immunity through a variety of mechanisms including: blockade of CD80 or CD86 binding to CTLA-4, repressing regulatory T cell function and selective elimination of intratumoral regulatory T cells via an Fcγ receptor-dependent mechanism. AGEN1884 is a novel IgG1 antibody targeting CTLA-4. It potently enhanced antigen-specific T cell responsiveness that could be potentiated in combination with other immunomodulatory antibodies. AGEN1884 was well-tolerated in non-human primates and enhanced vaccine-mediated antigen-specific immunity. AGEN1884 combined effectively with PD-1 blockade to elicit a T cell proliferative response in the periphery. Interestingly, an IgG2 variant of AGEN1884 revealed distinct functional differences that may have implications for optimal dosing regimens in patients. Taken together, the pharmacological properties of AGEN1884 support its clinical investigation as a single therapeutic and combination agent.
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22
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Wines BD, Billings H, Mclean MR, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM. Antibody Functional Assays as Measures of Fc Receptor-Mediated Immunity to HIV - New Technologies and their Impact on the HIV Vaccine Field. Curr HIV Res 2018; 15:202-215. [PMID: 28322167 PMCID: PMC5543561 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666170320112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is now intense interest in the role of HIV-specific antibodies and the engagement of FcγR functions in the control and prevention of HIV infection. The analyses of the RV144 vaccine trial, natural progression cohorts, and macaque models all point to a role for Fc-dependent effector functions, such as cytotoxicity (ADCC) or phagocytosis (ADCP), in the control of HIV. However, reliable assays that can be reproducibly used across different laboratories to measure Fc-dependent functions, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) are limited. Method: This brief review highlights the importance of Fc properties for immunity to HIV, particular-ly via FcγR diversity and function. We discuss assays used to study FcR mediated functions of HIV-specific Ab, including our recently developed novel cell-free ELISA using homo-dimeric FcγR ecto-domains to detect functionally relevant viral antigen-specific antibodies. Results: The binding of these dimeric FcγR ectodomains, to closely spaced pairs of IgG Fc, mimics the engagement and cross-linking of Fc receptors by IgG opsonized virions or infected cells as the es-sential prerequisite to the induction of Ab-dependent effector functions. The dimeric FcγR ELISA reli-ably correlates with ADCC in patient responses to influenza. The assay is amenable to high throughput and could be standardized across laboratories. Conclusion: We propose the assay has broader implications for the evaluation of the quality of anti-body responses in viral infections and for the rapid evaluation of responses in vaccine development campaigns for HIV and other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Hugh Billings
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia
| | - Milla R Mclean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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23
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Potent In Vivo NK Cell-Mediated Elimination of HIV-1-Infected Cells Mobilized by a gp120-Bispecific and Hexavalent Broadly Neutralizing Fusion Protein. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00937-17. [PMID: 28794022 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00937-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies bound to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein expressed by infected cells mobilize antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to eliminate the HIV-1-infected cells and thereby suppress HIV-1 infection and delay disease progression. Studies treating HIV-1-infected individuals with latency reactivation agents to reduce their latent HIV-1 reservoirs indicated that their HIV-1-specific immune responses were insufficient to effectively eliminate the reactivated latent HIV-1-infected T cells. Mobilization of ADCC may facilitate elimination of reactivated latent HIV-1-infected cells to deplete the HIV-1 reservoir and contribute to a functional HIV-1 cure. The most effective antibodies for controlling and eradicating HIV-1 infection would likely have the dual capacities of potently neutralizing a broad range of HIV-1 isolates and effectively mobilizing HIV-1-specific ADCC to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells. For this purpose, we constructed LSEVh-LS-F, a broadly neutralizing, defucosylated hexavalent fusion protein specific for both the CD4 and coreceptor gp120-binding sites. LSEVh-LS-F potently inhibited in vivo HIV-1 and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection in humanized mouse and macaque models, respectively, including in vivo neutralization of HIV-1 strains resistant to the broadly neutralizing antibodies VRC01 and 3BNC117. We developed a novel humanized mouse model to evaluate in vivo human NK cell-mediated elimination of HIV-1-infected cells by ADCC and utilized it to demonstrate that LSEVh-LS-F rapidly mobilized NK cells to eliminate >80% of HIV-1-infected cells in vivo 1 day after its administration. The capacity of LSEVh-LS-F to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells via ADCC combined with its broad neutralization activity supports its potential use as an immunotherapeutic agent to eliminate reactivated latent cells and deplete the HIV-1 reservoir.IMPORTANCE Mobilization of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to eliminate reactivated latent HIV-1-infected cells is a strategy which may contribute to depleting the HIV-1 reservoir and achieving a functional HIV-1 cure. To more effectively mobilize ADCC, we designed and constructed LSEVh-LS-F, a broadly neutralizing, defucosylated hexavalent fusion protein specific for both the CD4 and coreceptor gp120-binding sites. LSEVh-LS-F potently inhibited in vivo HIV-1 and SHIV infection in humanized mouse and macaque models, respectively, including in vivo neutralization of an HIV-1 strain resistant to the broadly neutralizing antibodies VRC01 and 3BNC117. Using a novel humanized mouse model, we demonstrated that LSEVh-LS-F rapidly mobilized NK cells to eliminate >80% of HIV-1-infected cells in vivo 1 day after its administration. The capacity of LSEVh-LS-F to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells via ADCC combined with its broad neutralization activity supports its potential use as an immunotherapeutic agent to eliminate reactivated latent cells and deplete the HIV-1 reservoir.
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24
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Ong EZ, Budigi Y, Tan HC, Robinson LN, Rowley KJ, Winnett A, Hobbie S, Shriver Z, Babcock GJ, Ooi EE. Preclinical evaluation of VIS513, a therapeutic antibody against dengue virus, in non-human primates. Antiviral Res 2017; 144:44-47. [PMID: 28529000 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite useful in vivo activity, no therapeutic against dengue virus (DENV) has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials. Herein, we explored dosing and virological endpoints to guide the design of human trials of VIS513, a pan-serotype anti-DENV IgG1 antibody, in non-human primates (NHPs). Dosing VIS513 pre- or post-peak viremia in NHPs neutralized infectious DENV although RNAemia remained detectable post-treatment; differential interaction of human IgGs with macaque Fc-gamma receptors may delay clearance of neutralized DENV. Our findings suggest useful antiviral utility of VIS513 and highlight an important consideration when evaluating virological endpoints of trials for anti-DENV biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Z Ong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Hwee Cheng Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Sven Hobbie
- Visterra Singapore International Pte Ltd, Singapore
| | | | | | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore.
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25
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Boesch AW, Miles AR, Chan YN, Osei-Owusu NY, Ackerman ME. IgG Fc variant cross-reactivity between human and rhesus macaque FcγRs. MAbs 2017; 9:455-465. [PMID: 28055295 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1274845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) studies are often an essential component of antibody development efforts before human trials. Because the efficacy or toxicity of candidate antibodies may depend on their interactions with Fcγ receptors (FcγR) and their resulting ability to induce FcγR-mediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-meditated cytotoxicity and phagocytosis (ADCP), the evaluation of human IgG variants with modulated affinity toward human FcγR is becoming more prevalent in both infectious disease and oncology studies in NHP. Reliable translation of these results necessitates analysis of the cross-reactivity of these human Fc variants with NHP FcγR. We report evaluation of the binding affinities of a panel of human IgG subclasses, Fc amino acid point mutants and Fc glycosylation variants against the common allotypes of human and rhesus macaque FcγR by applying a high-throughput array-based surface plasmon resonance platform. The resulting data indicate that amino acid variation present in rhesus FcγRs can result in disrupted, matched, or even increased affinity of IgG Fc variants compared with human FcγR orthologs. These observations emphasize the importance of evaluating species cross-reactivity and developing an understanding of the potential limitations or suitability of representative in vitro and in vivo models before human clinical studies when either efficacy or toxicity may be associated with FcγR engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W Boesch
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Adam R Miles
- b Wasatch Microfluidics , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Ying N Chan
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Nana Y Osei-Owusu
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Geisel School of Medicine , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA.,c Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Geisel School of Medicine , Lebanon , NH , USA
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26
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Abstract
It is clear that antibodies can play a pivotal role in preventing the transmission of HIV-1 and large efforts to identify an effective antibody-based vaccine to quell the epidemic. Shortly after HIV-1 was discovered as the cause of AIDS, the search for epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies became the driving strategy for an antibody-based vaccine. Neutralization escape variants were discovered shortly thereafter, and, after almost three decades of investigation, it is now known that autologous neutralizing antibody responses and their selection of neutralization resistant HIV-1 variants can lead to broadly neutralizing antibodies in some infected individuals. This observation drives an intensive effort to identify a vaccine to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, there has been less systematic study of antibody specificities that must rely mainly or exclusively on other protective mechanisms, although non-human primate (NHP) studies as well as the RV144 vaccine trial indicate that non-neutralizing antibodies can contribute to protection. Here we propose a novel strategy to identify new epitope targets recognized by these antibodies for which viral escape is unlikely or impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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27
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Menache A. The European Citizens' Stop Vivisection Initiative and the revision of Directive. Altern Lab Anim 2016; 44:383-390. [PMID: 27685188 DOI: 10.1177/026119291604400408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal experimentation is presented to the public as an ongoing debate between research scientists on one hand, and the animal protection community on the other. An opportunity to break out of this mindset presented itself in the form of a European Citizens' Initiative, Stop Vivisection, which challenged Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of animals for scientific purposes. The manifesto of the initiative called upon the European Commission to replace the existing Directive with a new proposal that does away with animal experimentation, and instead makes compulsory the use of human data as a predictive modality for the study of human diseases and responses to drugs. Although the Initiative succeeded in gathering the required one million signatures, the European Commission ultimately rejected the proposal. However, some of the lessons learned from the Initiative may well be relevant to the revision of Directive 2010/63/EU, due to take place by 2017.
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28
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Chan YN, Boesch AW, Osei-Owusu NY, Emileh A, Crowley AR, Cocklin SL, Finstad SL, Linde CH, Howell RA, Zentner I, Cocklin S, Miles AR, Eckman JW, Alter G, Schmitz JE, Ackerman ME. IgG Binding Characteristics of Rhesus Macaque FcγR. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2936-47. [PMID: 27559046 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are routinely used in preclinical studies to evaluate therapeutic Abs and candidate vaccines. The efficacy of these interventions in many cases is known to rely heavily on the ability of Abs to interact with a set of Ab FcγR expressed on innate immune cells. Yet, despite their presumed functional importance, M. mulatta Ab receptors are largely uncharacterized, posing a fundamental limit to ensuring accurate interpretation and translation of results from studies in this model. In this article, we describe the binding characteristics of the most prevalent allotypic variants of M. mulatta FcγR for binding to both human and M. mulatta IgG of varying subclasses. The resulting determination of the affinity, specificity, and glycan sensitivity of these receptors promises to be useful in designing and evaluating studies of candidate vaccines and therapeutic Abs in this key animal model and exposes significant evolutionary divergence between humans and macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying N Chan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Austin W Boesch
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Nana Y Osei-Owusu
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Ali Emileh
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Andrew R Crowley
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Sarah L Cocklin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Samantha L Finstad
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Caitlyn H Linde
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rebecca A Howell
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Isaac Zentner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Adam R Miles
- Wasatch Microfluidics, Salt Lake City, UT 84103; and
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Joern E Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755;
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29
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Qiao J, Al-Tamimi M, Baker RI, Andrews RK, Gardiner EE. The platelet Fc receptor, FcγRIIa. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:241-52. [PMID: 26497525 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human platelets express FcγRIIa, the low-affinity receptor for the constant fragment (Fc) of immunoglobulin (Ig) G that is also found on neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Engagement of this receptor on platelets by immune complexes triggers intracellular signaling events that lead to platelet activation and aggregation. Importantly these events occur in vivo, particularly in response to pathological immune complexes, and engagement of this receptor on platelets has been causally linked to disease pathology. In this review, we will highlight some of the key features of this receptor in the context of the platelet surface, and examine the functions of platelet FcγRIIa in normal hemostasis and in response to injury and infection. This review will also highlight pathological consequences of engagement of this receptor in platelet-based autoimmune disorders. Finally, we present some new data investigating whether levels of the extracellular ligand-binding region of platelet glycoprotein VI which is rapidly shed upon engagement of platelet FcγRIIa by autoantibodies, can report on the presence of pathological anti-heparin/platelet factor 4 immune complexes and thus identify patients with pathological autoantibodies who are at the greatest risk of developing life-threatening thrombosis in the setting of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Qiao
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Al-Tamimi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Ross I Baker
- Western Australian Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert K Andrews
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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30
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Bailey J. Monkey-based research on human disease: the implications of genetic differences. Altern Lab Anim 2016; 42:287-317. [PMID: 25413291 DOI: 10.1177/026119291404200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Assertions that the use of monkeys to investigate human diseases is valid scientifically are frequently based on a reported 90-93% genetic similarity between the species. Critical analyses of the relevance of monkey studies to human biology, however, indicate that this genetic similarity does not result in sufficient physiological similarity for monkeys to constitute good models for research, and that monkey data do not translate well to progress in clinical practice for humans. Salient examples include the failure of new drugs in clinical trials, the highly different infectivity and pathology of SIV/HIV, and poor extrapolation of research on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke. The major molecular differences underlying these inter-species phenotypic disparities have been revealed by comparative genomics and molecular biology - there are key differences in all aspects of gene expression and protein function, from chromosome and chromatin structure to post-translational modification. The collective effects of these differences are striking, extensive and widespread, and they show that the superficial similarity between human and monkey genetic sequences is of little benefit for biomedical research. The extrapolation of biomedical data from monkeys to humans is therefore highly unreliable, and the use of monkeys must be considered of questionable value, particularly given the breadth and potential of alternative methods of enquiry that are currently available to scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Bailey
- New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Bolton DL, Pegu A, Wang K, McGinnis K, Nason M, Foulds K, Letukas V, Schmidt SD, Chen X, Todd JP, Lifson JD, Rao S, Michael NL, Robb ML, Mascola JR, Koup RA. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Monoclonal Antibodies Suppress Acute Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viremia and Limit Seeding of Cell-Associated Viral Reservoirs. J Virol 2016; 90:1321-32. [PMID: 26581981 PMCID: PMC4719604 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02454-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) administered shortly after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection can suppress viremia and limit seeding of the viral reservoir, but lifelong treatment is required for the majority of patients. Highly potent broadly neutralizing HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) can reduce plasma viremia when administered during chronic HIV-1 infection, but the therapeutic potential of these antibodies during acute infection is unknown. We tested the ability of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-specific broadly neutralizing MAbs to suppress acute simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) replication in rhesus macaques. Four groups of macaques were infected with SHIV-SF162P3 and received (i) the CD4-binding-site MAb VRC01; (ii) a combination of a more potent clonal relative of VRC01 (VRC07-523) and a V3 glycan-dependent MAb (PGT121); (iii) daily cART, all on day 10, just prior to expected peak plasma viremia; or (iv) no treatment. Daily cART was initiated 11 days after MAb administration and was continued for 13 weeks in all treated animals. Over a period of 11 days after a single administration, MAb treatment significantly reduced peak viremia, accelerated the decay slope, and reduced total viral replication compared to untreated controls. Proviral DNA in lymph node CD4 T cells was also diminished after treatment with the dual MAb. These data demonstrate the virological effect of potent MAbs and support future clinical trials that investigate HIV-1-neutralizing MAbs as adjunctive therapy with cART during acute HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE Treatment of chronic HIV-1 infection with potent broadly neutralizing HIV-1 MAbs has been shown to significantly reduce plasma viremia. However, the antiviral effect of MAb treatment during acute HIV-1 infection is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MAbs targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein both suppress acute SHIV plasma viremia and limit CD4 T cell-associated viral DNA. These findings provide support for clinical trials of MAbs as adjunctive therapy with antiretroviral therapy during acute HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Bolton
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA, and Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keyun Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen McGinnis
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martha Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Valerie Letukas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Srinivas Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA, and Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Chenoweth AM, Trist HM, Tan PS, Wines BD, Hogarth PM. The high-affinity receptor for IgG, FcγRI, of humans and non-human primates. Immunol Rev 2015; 268:175-91. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Chenoweth
- Centre for Biomedicine; Burnet Institute; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Department of Immunology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Halina M. Trist
- Centre for Biomedicine; Burnet Institute; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Peck-Szee Tan
- Centre for Biomedicine; Burnet Institute; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Bruce D. Wines
- Centre for Biomedicine; Burnet Institute; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Department of Immunology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Department of Pathology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - P. Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedicine; Burnet Institute; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Department of Immunology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Department of Pathology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Arman M, Krauel K. Human platelet IgG Fc receptor FcγRIIA in immunity and thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:893-908. [PMID: 25900780 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Beyond their prominent role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are increasingly recognized as having immunologic functions. Supporting this, human platelets express FcγRIIA (CD32a), a low-affinity Fc receptor (FcR) for the constant region of IgG that recognizes immune complexes (ICs) and IgG-opsonized cells with high avidity. In leukocytes, FcγRIIA engagement initiates strong effector functions that are key for immune and inflammatory responses, including cytokine release, antibody-dependent cell-mediated killing of pathogens, and internalization of ICs. However, the physiologic relevance of platelet-expressed FcγRIIA has received little attention in previous reviews on FcRs. This article summarizes and discusses the available information on human platelet FcγRIIA. The importance of this receptor in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, a prothrombotic adverse drug effect, is well documented. However, studies demonstrating platelet activation by IgG-opsonized bacteria point to the physiologic relevance of platelet FcγRIIA in immunity. In this context, platelet activation and secretion may facilitate both a direct antimicrobial function of platelets and crosstalk with other immune cells. Additionally, a role for platelet FcγRIIA in IgG-independent hemostasis and physiologic thrombosis, by means of amplifying integrin αII b β3 outside-in signaling, has also been proposed. Nonetheless, the thrombotic complications found in some infective and autoimmune diseases may result from unbalanced FcγRIIA-mediated platelet aggregation. Moreover, FcγRIIA is not expressed in mice, and thrombocytopenia and/or thrombotic events found after drug administration can only be recapitulated by the use of human FcγRIIA-transgenic mice. Altogether, the available data support a functional role for platelet FcγRIIA in health and disease, and emphasize the need for further investigation of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arman
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - K Krauel
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Ten Broeke T, van Spriel A, Sun P, Leusen J. Meeting report on immunoreceptors 2014. FASEB J 2015; 29:740-4. [PMID: 25733692 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-0302ufm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toine Ten Broeke
- *Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Immunotherapy Group, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Annemiek van Spriel
- *Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Immunotherapy Group, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Sun
- *Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Immunotherapy Group, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeanette Leusen
- *Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Immunotherapy Group, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, the roles of Fc-gamma receptor polymorphisms are discussed in regards to HIV-1 vaccine efficacy, HIV acquisition, and disease progression. In addition, the significance of the neonatal immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor and potential effects of the aggregated immunoglobulin A Fc receptor (FcalphaR) are addressed. RECENT FINDINGS Fc receptors undoubtedly play an important role in antibody-mediated action in HIV infection and vaccines. Several studies have determined an association between polymorphic variants of Fc-gamma-RIIA and Fc-gamma-RIIIA in the acquisition and progression of HIV-1 infection, and in responses to vaccination regimens. A rather complex relationship exists between the relative affinity of these molecules and their impact on HIV disease acquisition and progression and HIV vaccine efficacy. SUMMARY The discrepancies between different investigations of the role of Fc receptor polymorphisms appear to derive from the complex nature of the Fc receptor functions, including factors such as epistatic interactions and the race, sex, age, and relative risk behavior of the investigated individuals. Furthermore, Fc receptors in nonhuman primates (NHPs), the key model to study an AIDS-like disease in an animal model, appear to be even more diverse than in humans, and the function of these proteins has not been extensively explored. Given the critical role of Fc receptors in antibody-mediated function in humans and NHP, more investigations are needed to fully understand and exploit these functions for vaccine design.
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Nguyen DC, Sanghvi R, Scinicariello F, Pulit-Penaloza J, Hill N, Attanasio R. Cynomolgus and pigtail macaque IgG subclasses: characterization of IGHG genes and computational analysis of IgG/Fc receptor binding affinity. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:361-77. [PMID: 24811270 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Macaques are the most widely used experimental nonhuman primate (NHP) species. Rhesus (Macaca mulatta, Macmul), cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis, Macfas), and pigtail (Macaca nemestrina, Macnem) macaques continue to be popular models for vaccine and infectious diseases research, especially HIV infection and AIDS, and for the development of antibody-based therapeutic strategies. Increased understanding of the immune system of these species is necessary for their optimal use as models of human infections and intervention. In the past few years, the antibody/Fc receptor system has been characterized in a stepwise manner in these species. We have continued this characterization by identifying the four IG heavy gamma (IGHG) genes of Macfas and Macnem in this study. Our results show that these genes share a high degree of similarity with those from other NHP species, while presenting consistent differences when compared to human IGHG genes. Furthermore, comparison of Macfas IGHG genes with those described in other studies suggests the existence of polymorphism. Using sequence- and structure-based computational tools, we performed in silico analysis on multiple polymorphic Macfas IgG and their interactions with human IgG Fc receptors (FcγR), thus predicting that Macfas IGHG polymorphisms influence IgG protein stability and/or binding affinity towards FcγR. The presence of macaque IGHG polymorphisms and macaque/human amino acid changes at locations potentially involved in antibody functional properties indicate the need for cautious design and data interpretation of studies in these models, possibly requiring the characterization of antibody/Fc receptor interactions at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
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The FcγR of humans and non-human primates and their interaction with IgG: implications for induction of inflammation, resistance to infection and the use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 382:321-52. [PMID: 25116107 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07911-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has focused on the roles of the individual members of the FcγR receptor (FcγR) family in inflammatory diseases and humoral immunity. Recent work has revealed major roles in infection and in particular HIV pathogenesis and immunity. In addition, FcγR functions underpin the action of many of the successful therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. This emphasises the need for a greater understanding of FcγR function in humans and in the NHP which provides a key model for human immunity and preclinical testing of antibodies. We discuss recent key aspects of the human FcγR receptor biology and structure to define differences and similarities in activity between the human and macaque Fc receptors. These differences and similarities nuance the interpretation of infection and vaccine studies in the macaque. Indeed passive IgG antibody protection in lentivirus infection models in the macaque provided early evidence for the role of Fc receptors in anti-HIV immunity that have subsequently gained support from human vaccine trials. None-the-less the diverse functions and cellular contexts of FcγR receptor expression ensure there is much still to understand of the protective and deleterious effects of FcγRs in HIV infection. Careful comparative studies of human and non-human primate FcγRs will facilitate our appreciation of what attributes of HIV specific IgG antibodies, either acquired naturally or via vaccination, are most important for protection.
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