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Hoffmann KF, James SL, Cheever AW, Wynn TA. Studies with Double Cytokine-Deficient Mice Reveal That Highly Polarized Th1- and Th2-Type Cytokine and Antibody Responses Contribute Equally to Vaccine-Induced Immunity to Schistosoma mansoni. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A fundamental obstacle to vaccine development in schistosomiasis mansoni is a lack of understanding of what type of an immune response should be invoked. We have addressed this central issue by using the radiation-attenuated cercariae vaccine in mice genetically engineered to exhibit highly polarized type 1 (IL-10/IL-4-deficient) or type 2 (IL-10/IL-12-deficient) cytokine and Ab phenotypes. Our data show that while significant differences in immunity exist after a single vaccination with irradiated cercariae in double cytokine-deficient vs wild-type mice, these differences disappear after two vaccinations. The most important finding of these studies, however, was revealed in vaccinated IL-10-deficient mice. These mice developed a mixed and elevated type 1- and type 2-associated immune response and developed anti-schistosome immunity at levels equal to or better than those in wild-type mice. This immunity in IL-10-deficient mice correlated with higher parasite-specific Ab titers, greater proliferative capacity of lymphocytes, increased frequency of IFN-γ- and IL-4-secreting cells, elevated perivascular/peribronchial inflammatory responses in the lung, and greater in vitro schistosomulacidal capacity of parasite Ag-elicited cells. These results suggest that optimal vaccine-induced immunity against schistosomes is linked not to the development of a highly polarized response, but, rather, to the induction of both type 1- and type 2-associated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F. Hoffmann
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Stephanie L. James
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | | | - Thomas A. Wynn
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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Fallon PG, Dunne DW. Tolerization of Mice to Schistosoma mansoni Egg Antigens Causes Elevated Type 1 and Diminished Type 2 Cytokine Responses and Increased Mortality in Acute Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The granuloma that surrounds the Schistosoma mansoni egg is the cause of pathology in murine schistosomiasis, and its formation is driven by egg Ag-stimulated type 1 and type 2 cytokines. To determine the role of egg-driven immune responses during schistosome infection we rendered CBA/Ca mice unresponsive to schistosome eggs by combined cyclophosphamide treatment and thymectomy. In the early acute stages of schistosome infection, egg-tolerized mice suffered high mortalities. Granuloma size and deposition of collagen in the liver were significantly reduced in egg-tolerized mice. Similarly, limited granuloma responses were detected in the intestines of these mice, and this was associated with a >90% reduction in egg excretion. Histologically, egg-tolerized mice had exacerbated hepatocyte damage, with extensive microvesicular steatosis. Elevated plasma transaminase levels confirmed the damage to hepatocytes. Infected egg-tolerized mice had impaired proliferation responses to egg Ag but intact responses to worm Ag. Tolerized mice had diminished Ab responses to egg Ag and had a type 1 cytokine isotype pattern to worm Ag, with elevated IgG2a and diminished IgG1 and IgE. Egg-tolerized mice failed to down-regulate type 1 cytokines that are normally elicited during early schistosome infection. Hepatic granuloma cells from egg-tolerized mice were also type 1 cytokine dominated, with elevated frequencies of Tc1/Th1 and reduced Tc2/Th2 cells. This study demonstrates that mice tolerized to schistosome eggs have elevated type 1 cytokine responses with diminished type 2 responses and reduced anti-egg Ab during schistosome infection, and these effects are detrimental to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic G. Fallon
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Dunne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Chiaramonte MG, Schopf LR, Neben TY, Cheever AW, Donaldson DD, Wynn TA. IL-13 Is a Key Regulatory Cytokine for Th2 Cell-Mediated Pulmonary Granuloma Formation and IgE Responses Induced by Schistosoma mansoni Eggs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced pulmonary granuloma formation is a cell-mediated inflammatory response associated with dominant Th2-type cytokine expression, tissue eosinophilia, and high levels of serum IgE. In the present study, we show that in vivo blockade of the Th2 cytokine IL-13, using soluble IL-13R α2-Fc fusion protein, significantly reduced the size of pulmonary granulomas in unsensitized as well as egg-sensitized mice. Blocking IL-13 also significantly reduced total serum IgE levels. Interestingly, however, IL-13 blockade did not affect the evolving egg-induced Th2-type cytokine response. IL-4, IL-5, as well as IL-13 responses were indistinguishable in control-Fc- and soluble IL-13R α2-Fc fusion protein-treated animals. The smaller granulomas were also phenotypically like the control Fc-treated mice, displaying a similar eosinophil content. Additional studies in IL-4-deficient mice demonstrated that IL-13 was produced, but at much lower levels than in wild-type mice, while IL-4 expression was completely independent of IL-13. Moreover, while granuloma formation was partially reduced in IL-4-deficient mice, blocking IL-13 in these animals almost completely abrogated granuloma development and the pulmonary eosinophilia, while it simultaneously increased IFN-γ production. Together, these data demonstrate that IL-13 serves as an important mediator of Th2-mediated inflammation and plays a role in eliciting IgE responses triggered by schistosome eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G. Chiaramonte
- *Schistosomiasis Immunology and Pathology Unit, Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lisa R. Schopf
- †Preclinical Research, Genetics Institute, Andover, MA 01810
| | | | | | | | - Thomas A. Wynn
- *Schistosomiasis Immunology and Pathology Unit, Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Wynn TA, Cheever AW, Williams ME, Hieny S, Caspar P, Kühn R, Müller W, Sher A. IL-10 Regulates Liver Pathology in Acute Murine Schistosomiasis mansoni But Is Not Required for Immune Down-Modulation of Chronic Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.9.4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have used IL-10 gene knockout mice (IL-10T) to examine the role of endogenous IL-10 in the down-modulation of hepatic granuloma formation and lymphocyte responses that occurs in chronic infection with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Although IL-10-deficient animals showed 20 to 30% mortality between 8 and 14 wk postinfection, they displayed no alterations in their susceptibility to infection and produced similar numbers of eggs as their wild-type littermates. The IL-10T mice displayed a significant increase in hepatic granuloma size at the acute stage of infection, which was associated with increased IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA expression in liver and elevated Th1-type cytokine production by lymphoid cells. Despite developing an enhanced Th1-type cytokine response, the IL-10T mice showed no consistent decrease in their Th2-type cytokine profile. Surprisingly, although granulomatous inflammation was enhanced at the acute stage of infection, the livers of IL-10T mice displayed no significant increase in fibrosis and underwent normal immune down-modulation at the chronic stage of infection. Moreover, the down-modulated state could be induced in IL-10T mice by sensitizing the animals to schistosome eggs before infection, further demonstrating that the major down-regulatory mechanism is not dependent upon IL-10. We conclude that while IL-10 plays an important role in controlling acute granulomatous inflammation, it plays no essential role in the process of immune down-modulation in chronic schistosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Wynn
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Megan E. Williams
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sara Hieny
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pat Caspar
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ralf Kühn
- ‡Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Weyertal, Cologne, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- ‡Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Weyertal, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alan Sher
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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