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Mvaya L, Khaba T, Lakudzala AE, Nkosi T, Jambo N, Kadwala I, Kankwatira A, Patel PD, Gordon MA, Nyirenda TS, Jambo KC, Ndhlovu ZM. Differential localization and limited cytotoxic potential of duodenal CD8+ T cells. JCI Insight 2022; 7:154195. [PMID: 35132966 PMCID: PMC8855799 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The duodenum is a major site of HIV persistence during suppressive antiretroviral therapy despite harboring abundant tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8+ T cells. The role of duodenal Trm CD8+ T cells in viral control is still not well defined. We examined the spatial localization, phenotype, and function of CD8+ T cells in the human duodenal tissue from people living with HIV (PLHIV) and healthy controls. We found that Trm (CD69+CD103hi) cells were the predominant CD8+ T cell population in the duodenum. Immunofluorescence imaging of the duodenal tissue revealed that CD103+CD8+ T cells were localized in the intraepithelial region, while CD103–CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells were mostly localized in the lamina propria (LP). Furthermore, HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were enriched in the CD69+CD103–/lo population. However, the duodenal HIV-specific CD8+ Trm cells rarely expressed canonical molecules for potent cytolytic function (perforin and granzyme B) but were more polyfunctional than those from peripheral blood. Taken together, our results show that duodenal CD8+ Trm cells possess limited perforin-mediated cytolytic potential and are spatially separated from HIV-susceptible LP CD4+ T cells. This could contribute to HIV persistence in the duodenum and provides critical information for the design of cure therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Mvaya
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Trevor Khaba
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Agness E Lakudzala
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Ndaru Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Innocent Kadwala
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Anstead Kankwatira
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Priyanka D Patel
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tonney S Nyirenda
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kondwani C Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Lehmann M, Allers K, Heldt C, Meinhardt J, Schmidt F, Rodriguez-Sillke Y, Kunkel D, Schumann M, Böttcher C, Stahl-Hennig C, Elezkurtaj S, Bojarski C, Radbruch H, Corman VM, Schneider T, Loddenkemper C, Moos V, Weidinger C, Kühl AA, Siegmund B. Human small intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by a mucosal infiltration with activated CD8 + T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1381-1392. [PMID: 34420043 PMCID: PMC8379580 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has so far claimed over three and a half million lives worldwide. Though the SARS-CoV-2 mediated disease COVID-19 has first been characterized by an infection of the upper airways and the lung, recent evidence suggests a complex disease including gastrointestinal symptoms. Even if a direct viral tropism of intestinal cells has recently been demonstrated, it remains unclear, whether gastrointestinal symptoms are caused by direct infection of the gastrointestinal tract by SARS-CoV-2 or whether they are a consequence of a systemic immune activation and subsequent modulation of the mucosal immune system. To better understand the cause of intestinal symptoms we analyzed biopsies of the small intestine from SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Applying qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, we detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA and nucleocapsid protein in duodenal mucosa. In addition, applying imaging mass cytometry and immunohistochemistry, we identified histomorphological changes of the epithelium, which were characterized by an accumulation of activated intraepithelial CD8+ T cells as well as epithelial apoptosis and subsequent regenerative proliferation in the small intestine of COVID-19 patients. In summary, our findings indicate that intraepithelial CD8+ T cells are activated upon infection of intestinal epithelial cells with SARS-CoV-2, providing one possible explanation for gastrointestinal symptoms associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Lehmann
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - Kristina Allers
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - Claudia Heldt
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - Jenny Meinhardt
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitä̈tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germa
| | - Yasmina Rodriguez-Sillke
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12200, Germany,Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitä̈tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germa
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitä̈tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germa
| | - Michael Schumann
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sefer Elezkurtaj
- Institute of Pathology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12200, Germany,The Transregio 241 IBDome Consortium, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M. Corman
- Institute of Virology and German Centre for Infection Research, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute of Health Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - Christoph Loddenkemper
- PathoTres, Gemeinschaftspraxis für Pathologie und Neuropathologie, Teltowkanalstr. 2, Berlin, 12247, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - Carl Weidinger
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12200, Germany,The Transregio 241 IBDome Consortium, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute of Health Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- The Transregio 241 IBDome Consortium, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,iPATH.Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12200, Germany,The Transregio 241 IBDome Consortium, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Labarta-Bajo L, Nilsen SP, Humphrey G, Schwartz T, Sanders K, Swafford A, Knight R, Turner JR, Zúñiga EI. Type I IFNs and CD8 T cells increase intestinal barrier permeability after chronic viral infection. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152069. [PMID: 32880630 PMCID: PMC7953738 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier leakage constitutes a potential therapeutic target for many inflammatory diseases and represents a disease progression marker during chronic viral infections. However, the causes of altered gut barrier remain mostly unknown. Using murine infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, we demonstrate that, in contrast to an acute viral strain, a persistent viral isolate leads to long-term viral replication in hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells, but not epithelial cells (IECs), in the intestine. Viral persistence drove sustained intestinal epithelial barrier leakage, which was characterized by increased paracellular flux of small molecules and was associated with enhanced colitis susceptibility. Type I IFN signaling caused tight junction dysregulation in IECs, promoted gut microbiome shifts and enhanced intestinal CD8 T cell responses. Notably, both type I IFN receptor blockade and CD8 T cell depletion prevented infection-induced barrier leakage. Our study demonstrates that infection with a virus that persistently replicates in the intestinal mucosa increases epithelial barrier permeability and reveals type I IFNs and CD8 T cells as causative factors of intestinal leakage during chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Labarta-Bajo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steven P Nilsen
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory Humphrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tara Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karenina Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Austin Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elina I Zúñiga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Allers K, Stahl-Hennig C, Fiedler T, Wibberg D, Hofmann J, Kunkel D, Moos V, Kreikemeyer B, Kalinowski J, Schneider T. The colonic mucosa-associated microbiome in SIV infection: shift towards Bacteroidetes coincides with mucosal CD4 + T cell depletion and enterocyte damage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10887. [PMID: 32616803 PMCID: PMC7331662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intesinal microbiome is considered important in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target to improve the patients’ health status. Longitudinal alterations in the colonic mucosa-associated microbiome during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection were investigated using a 16S rRNA amplicon approach on the Illumina sequencing platform and bioinformatics analyses. Following SIV infection of six animals, no alterations in microbial composition were observed before the viral load peaked in the colon. At the time of acute mucosal SIV replication, the phylum Bacteroidetes including the Bacteroidia class as well as the phylum Firmicutes and its families Ruminococcaceae and Eubacteriaceae became more abundant. Enrichment of Bacteroidetes was maintained until the chronic phase of SIV infection. The shift towards Bacteroidetes in the mucosa-associated microbiome was associated with the extent of SIV infection-induced mucosal CD4+ T cell depletion and correlated with increasing rates of enterocyte damage. These observations suggest that Bacteroidetes strains increase during virus-induced mucosal immune destruction. As Bacteroidetes belong to the lipopolysaccharide- and short chain fatty acids-producing bacteria, their rapid enrichment may contribute to inflammatory tissue damage and metabolic alterations in SIV/HIV infection. These aspects should be considered in future studies on therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Allers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Tomas Fiedler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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