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Gao N, Tang AL, Liu XY, Chen J, Zhang GQ. p53-Dependent ferroptosis pathways in sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110083. [PMID: 37028271 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is caused by complex infections, trauma, and major surgery that results in high morbidity and mortality. As one of the leading causes of death in the intensive care unit (ICU), sepsis causes organ dysfunction and death via a vicious cycle of uncontrolled inflammatory responses and immunosuppression. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cellular death pathway driven by the accumulation of lipid peroxides, which occurs in sepsis. p53 is an important regulator of ferroptosis. Under intracellular/extracellular stimulation and pressure, p53 acts as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of downstream genes, which help cells/bodies to resist stimuli. p53 can also function independently as an important mediator. The understanding of key cellular and molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis facilitates the prognosis of sepsis. This article describes the molecular mechanism and role of p53 in sepsis-induced ferroptosis, and introduces some potential therapeutic targets for sepsis-induced ferroptosis, which highlights the dominant and potential therapeutic role of p53 in sepsis. Keywords: p53, acetylation, Sirt3, ferroptosis, sepsis, therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No. 2 Yinghua Dongjie, Beijing 100029, China
| | - A-Ling Tang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No. 2 Yinghua Dongjie, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Chen
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No. 2 Yinghua Dongjie, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No. 2 Yinghua Dongjie, Beijing 100029, China.
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2
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Mukherjee R, Tetri LH, Li SJ, Fajardo G, Ostberg NP, Tsegay KB, Gera K, Cornell TT, Bernstein D, Mochly-Rosen D, Haileselassie B. Drp1/p53 interaction mediates p53 mitochondrial localization and dysfunction in septic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 177:28-37. [PMID: 36841153 PMCID: PMC10358757 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have implicated p53-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis induced end organ injury, including sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD). However, the mechanisms behind p53 localization to the mitochondria have not been well established. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a mediator of mitochondrial fission, may play a role in p53 mitochondrial localization. Here we examined the role of Drp1/p53 interaction in SIMD using in vitro and murine models of sepsis. METHODS H9c2 cardiomyoblasts and BALB/c mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to model sepsis phenotype. Pharmacologic inhibitors of Drp1 activation (ψDrp1) and of p53 mitochondrial binding (pifithrin μ, PFTμ) were utilized to assess interaction between Drp1 and p53, and the subsequent downstream impact on mitochondrial morphology and function, cardiomyocyte function, and sepsis phenotype. RESULTS Both in vitro and murine models demonstrated an increase in physical Drp1/p53 interaction following LPS treatment, which was associated with increased p53 mitochondrial localization, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This Drp1/p53 interaction was inhibited by ΨDrp1, suggesting that this interaction is dependent on Drp1 activation. Treatment of H9c2 cells with either ΨDrp1 or PFTμ inhibited the LPS mediated localization of Drp1/p53 to the mitochondria, decreased oxidative stress, improved cellular respiration and ATP production. Similarly, treatment of BALB/c mice with either ΨDrp1 or PFTμ decreased LPS-mediated mitochondrial localization of p53, mitochondrial ROS in cardiac tissue, and subsequently improved cardiomyocyte contractile function and survival. CONCLUSION Drp1/p53 interaction and mitochondrial localization is a key prodrome to mitochondrial damage in SIMD and inhibiting this interaction may serve as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhita Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura H Tetri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sin-Jin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giovanni Fajardo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicolai P Ostberg
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaleb B Tsegay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kanika Gera
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Timothy T Cornell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bereketeab Haileselassie
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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3
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Viasus D, Simonetti AF, Nonell L, Vidal O, Meije Y, Ortega L, Arnal M, Bódalo-Torruella M, Sierra M, Rombauts A, Abelenda-Alonso G, Blanchart G, Gudiol C, Carratalà J. Whole-Blood Gene Expression Profiles Associated with Mortality in Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020429. [PMID: 36830965 PMCID: PMC9953679 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Information regarding gene expression profiles and the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is scarce. We aimed to examine the differences in the gene expression profiles in peripheral blood at hospital admission between patients with CAP who died during hospitalization and those who survived. (2) Methods: This is a multicenter study of nonimmunosuppressed adult patients who required hospitalization for CAP. Whole blood samples were obtained within 24 h of admission for genome-expression-profile analysis. Gene expression profiling identified both differentially expressed genes and enriched gene sets. (3) Results: A total of 198 samples from adult patients who required hospitalization for CAP were processed, of which 13 were from patients who died. Comparison of gene expression between patients who died and those who survived yielded 49 differentially expressed genes, 36 of which were upregulated and 13 downregulated. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified four positively enriched gene sets in survivors, mainly associated with the interferon-alpha response, apoptosis, and sex hormone pathways. Similarly, GSEA identified seven positively enriched gene sets, associated with the oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative phosphorylation, and angiogenesis pathways, in the patients who died. Protein-protein-interaction-network analysis identified FOS, CDC42, SLC26A10, EIF4G2, CCND3, ASXL1, UBE2S, and AURKA as the main gene hubs. (4) Conclusions: We found differences in gene expression profiles at hospital admission between CAP patients who died and those who survived. Our findings may help to identify novel candidate pathways and targets for potential intervention and biomarkers for risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Viasus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Universidad del Norte and Hospital Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonella F. Simonetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Consorci Sanitari Alt Penedès-Garraf, 08720 Sant Pere de Ribes, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Institulo de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Nonell
- MARGenomics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Universidad del Norte and Hospital Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia
| | - Yolanda Meije
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Barcelona—Societat Cooperativa d’Instal·lacions Assistencials Sanitàries (SCIAS), 08029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Ortega
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Barcelona—Societat Cooperativa d’Instal·lacions Assistencials Sanitàries (SCIAS), 08029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Arnal
- MARGenomics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Montserrat Sierra
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital de Barcelona—Societat Cooperativa d’Instal·lacions Assistencials Sanitàries (SCIAS), 08029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Rombauts
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital—Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriela Abelenda-Alonso
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital—Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Blanchart
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Gudiol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Institulo de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital—Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Carratalà
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Institulo de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital—Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Cheng Z, Abrams ST, Toh J, Wang SS, Wang Z, Yu Q, Yu W, Toh CH, Wang G. The Critical Roles and Mechanisms of Immune Cell Death in Sepsis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1918. [PMID: 32983116 PMCID: PMC7477075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis was first described by the ancient Greek physicians over 2000 years ago. The pathophysiology of the disease, however, is still not fully understood and hence the mortality rate is still unacceptably high due to lack of specific therapies. In the last decade, great progress has been made by shifting the focus of research from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Sepsis has been re-defined as infection-induced MODS in 2016. How infection leads to MODS is not clear, but what mediates MODS becomes the major topic in understanding the molecular mechanisms and developing specific therapies. Recently, the mechanism of infection-induced extensive immune cell death which releases a large quantity of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and their roles in the development of MODS as well as immunosuppression during sepsis have attracted much attention. Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that DAMPs, including high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and histones as well as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), may directly or indirectly contribute significantly to the development of MODS. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms and consequences of infection-induced extensive immune cell death during the development of sepsis. We also propose a pivotal pathway from a local infection to eventual sepsis and a potential combined therapeutic strategy for targeting sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Cheng
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Simon T Abrams
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Toh
- Wirral University Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | | | - Zhi Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiping Yu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Hock Toh
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Guozheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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5
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Aguayo V, Valdés Fernandez BN, Rodríguez-Valentín M, Ruiz-Jiménez C, Ramos-Benítez MJ, Méndez LB, Espino AM. Fasciola hepatica GST downregulates NF-κB pathway effectors and inflammatory cytokines while promoting survival in a mouse septic shock model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2275. [PMID: 30783117 PMCID: PMC6381083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths and helminth-derived molecules have demonstrated to possess powerful anti-inflammatory properties and confirmed therapeutic effects on inflammatory diseases. The helminth Fasciola hepatica has been reported to suppress specific Th1 specific immune responses induced by concurrent bacterial infections, thus demonstrating its anti-inflammatory ability in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that native F. hepatica glutathione S-transferase (nFhGST), a major parasite excretory-secretory antigen, majorly comprised of Mu-class GST isoforms, significantly suppresses the LPS-induced TNFα and IL1β of mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages in vitro and the pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine storm within C57BL/6 mice exposed to lethal doses of LPS increasing their survival rate by more than 85%. Using THP1-Blue CD14 cells, a human monocyte cell line, we also demonstrate that nFhGST suppresses NF-κB activation in response to multiple TLR-ligands, including whole bacteria clinical isolates and this suppression was found to be dose-dependent and independent of the timing of exposure. Moreover, the suppressive effect of nFhGST on NF-κB activation was shown to be independent of enzyme activity or secondary structure of protein. As part of its anti-inflammatory effect nFhGST target multiple proteins of the canonic and non-canonic NF-κB signaling pathway as well as also JAK/STAT pathway. Overall, our results demonstrate the potent anti-inflammatory properties of nFhGST and its therapeutic potential as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasti Aguayo
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Microbiology, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | - Caleb Ruiz-Jiménez
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Microbiology, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Marcos J Ramos-Benítez
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Microbiology, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Loyda B Méndez
- School of Science & Technology Universidad del Este, Carolina, Puerto Rico
| | - Ana M Espino
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Microbiology, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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6
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Shih CC, Liu PY, Chen JH, Liao MH, Hsieh CM, Ka SM, Wu CC, Lin HT, Wu TH, Chen YC. Macrophage expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase Grail protects mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced hyperinflammation and organ injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208279. [PMID: 30571701 PMCID: PMC6301572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple organ dysfunction caused by hyperinflammation remains the major cause of mortality during sepsis. Excessive M1-macrophage activation leads to systemic inflammatory responses. Gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (Grail) is regarded as an important regulator of T cells that functions by diminishing cytokine production. However, its role in regulating macrophage activation and organ injury during sepsis remains unclear. Our aim was to examine the effects of Grail on macrophage reactivity and organ injury in endotoxemic animals. Wild-type and Grail knockout mice were injected with vehicle or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide and observed for 24 h. Changes in blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose, and biochemical variables were then examined. Moreover, levels of neutrophil infiltration, MMP-9, and caspase 3 were analyzed in the lungs of animals. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in J774A, RAW264.7, and primary peritoneal macrophages stimulated with LPS were also assessed in the presence or absence of Grail. Results indicated that loss of Grail expression enhances the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in J774A, RAW264.7, and primary peritoneal macrophages treated with LPS. Furthermore, LPS-induced macrophage hyperactivation was alleviated by ectopic Grail overexpression. In vivo studies showed that Grail deficiency exacerbates organ damage in endotoxemic animals. Levels of neutrophil infiltration, MMP-9, and caspase 3 were significantly increased in the lungs of Grail-deficient endotoxemic mice. Thus, these results suggest that Grail contributes to the attenuation of hyperinflammation caused by activated macrophages and prevents organ damage in endotoxemic mice. We suggest that Grail signaling could be a therapeutic target for endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chin Shih
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yao Liu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Jye-Hann Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hui Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Hsieh
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Armed Force General Hospital, Taichung, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Hui-Tsu Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Ti-Hui Wu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chuan Chen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, R.O.C., Taiwan
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, R.O.C., Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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7
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Lee T, Pelletier J. Dependence of p53-deficient cells on the DHX9 DExH-box helicase. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30908-30921. [PMID: 28427210 PMCID: PMC5458177 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DHX9 is a DExH-box helicase family member with key regulatory roles in a broad range of cellular processes. It participates at multiple levels of gene regulation, including DNA replication, transcription, translation, RNA transport, and microRNA processing. It has been implicated in tumorigenesis and recent evidence suggests that it may be a promising chemotherapeutic target. Previous studies have determined that DHX9 suppression elicits an apoptotic or senescence response by activating p53 signaling. Here, we show that DHX9 inhibition can also have deleterious effects in cells lacking functional p53. Loss of DHX9 led to increased cell death in p53-deficient mouse lymphomas and HCT116 human colon cancer cells, and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in p53-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Analysis of mRNA levels for p53 transcriptional targets showed that a subset of p53 targets in the p53-null lymphomas and HCT116 cells were activated despite the absence of functional p53. This implies an alternative pathway of DHX9-mediated activation of cell death and cell cycle arrest in p53-deficient cells and supports the feasibility of targeting DHX9 in p53-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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8
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Najafi M, Motevaseli E, Shirazi A, Geraily G, Rezaeyan A, Norouzi F, Rezapoor S, Abdollahi H. Mechanisms of inflammatory responses to radiation and normal tissues toxicity: clinical implications. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:335-356. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1440092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazale Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhasan Rezaeyan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Norouzi
- Science and Research Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezapoor
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Majumdar S, Nandi D. Thymic Atrophy: Experimental Studies and Therapeutic Interventions. Scand J Immunol 2017; 87:4-14. [PMID: 28960415 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is essential for T cell development and maturation. It is extremely sensitive to atrophy, wherein loss in cellularity of the thymus and/or disruption of the thymic architecture occur. This may lead to lower naïve T cell output and limited TCR diversity. Thymic atrophy is often associated with ageing. What is less appreciated is that proper functioning of the thymus is critical for reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with various clinical conditions including infections and transplantation. Therefore, therapeutic interventions which possess thymopoietic potential and lower thymic atrophy are required. These treatments enhance thymic output, which is a vital factor in generating favourable outcomes in clinical conditions. In this review, experimental studies on thymic atrophy in rodents and clinical cases where the thymus atrophies are discussed. In addition, mechanisms leading to thymic atrophy during ageing as well as during various stress conditions are reviewed. Therapies such as zinc supplementation, IL7 administration, leptin treatment, keratinocyte growth factor administration and sex steroid ablation during thymic atrophy involving experiments in animals and various clinical scenarios are reviewed. Interventions that have been used across different scenarios to reduce the extent of thymic atrophy and enhance its output are discussed. This review aims to speculate on the roles of combination therapies, which by acting additively or synergistically may further alleviate thymic atrophy and boost its function, thereby strengthening cellular T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Majumdar
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - D Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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10
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Wong HR, Cvijanovich NZ, Anas N, Allen GL, Thomas NJ, Bigham MT, Weiss SL, Fitzgerald JC, Checchia PA, Meyer K, Quasney M, Hall M, Gedeit R, Freishtat RJ, Nowak J, Raj SS, Gertz S, Grunwell JR, Lindsell CJ. Improved Risk Stratification in Pediatric Septic Shock Using Both Protein and mRNA Biomarkers. PERSEVERE-XP. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:494-501. [PMID: 28324661 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201701-0066oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE We previously derived and validated the Pediatric Sepsis Biomarker Risk Model (PERSEVERE) to estimate baseline mortality risk in children with septic shock. The PERSEVERE biomarkers are serum proteins selected from among the proteins directly related to 80 mortality risk assessment genes. The initial approach to selecting the PERSEVERE biomarkers left 68 genes unconsidered. OBJECTIVES To determine if the 68 previously unconsidered genes can improve upon the performance of PERSEVERE and to provide biological information regarding the pathophysiology of septic shock. METHODS We reduced the number of variables by determining the biological linkage of the 68 previously unconsidered genes. The genes identified through variable reduction were combined with the PERSEVERE-based mortality probability to derive a risk stratification model for 28-day mortality using classification and regression tree methodology (n = 307). The derived tree, PERSEVERE-XP, was then tested in a separate cohort (n = 77). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Variable reduction revealed a network consisting of 18 mortality risk assessment genes related to tumor protein 53 (TP53). In the derivation cohort, PERSEVERE-XP had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.90 (95% confidence interval, 0.85-0.95) for differentiating between survivors and nonsurvivors. In the test cohort, the AUC was 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.0). The AUC of PERSEVERE-XP was superior to that of PERSEVERE. CONCLUSIONS PERSEVERE-XP combines protein and mRNA biomarkers to provide mortality risk stratification with possible clinical utility. PERSEVERE-XP significantly improves on PERSEVERE and suggests a role for TP53-related cellular division, repair, and metabolism in the pathophysiology of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector R Wong
- 1 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio.,2 Department of Pediatrics and
| | | | - Nick Anas
- 4 Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California
| | | | - Neal J Thomas
- 6 Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Scott L Weiss
- 8 The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Paul A Checchia
- 9 Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Keith Meyer
- 10 Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael Quasney
- 11 C. S. Mott Children's Hospital at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark Hall
- 12 Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rainer Gedeit
- 13 Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Jeffrey Nowak
- 15 Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shekhar S Raj
- 16 Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shira Gertz
- 17 Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey; and
| | | | - Christopher J Lindsell
- 19 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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11
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Musolino C, Allegra A, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. Immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells: A bridge between inflammation and cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2016; 37:671-683. [PMID: 27922687 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is considered to be one of the hallmarks of tumor initiation and progression. Changes occurring in the microenvironment of progressing tumors resemble the process of chronic inflammation, which begins with ischemia followed by interstitial and cellular edema, appearance of immune cells, growth of blood vessels and tissue repair, and development of inflammatory infiltrates. Moreover, long‑term production and accumulation of inflammatory factors lead to local and systemic immunosuppression associated with cancer progression. Of the several mechanisms described to explain this anergy, the accumulation of myeloid cells in the tumor, spleen, and peripheral blood of cancer patients has gained considerable interest. A population of suppressive CD11b+Gr-1+ cells has in fact been designated as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs are a unique category of the myeloid lineage, and they induce the prevention of the development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro, and the induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell tolerance in vivo. Therapeutic approaches directed toward the manipulation of the MDSC population and their function may improve chemoimmune-enhancing therapy for advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Pathological Anatomy and Oncology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Pathological Anatomy and Oncology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Govanni Pioggia
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, IFN CNR, Messina Unit, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
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12
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Felix-Portillo M, Martínez-Quintana JA, Arenas-Padilla M, Mata-Haro V, Gómez-Jiménez S, Yepiz-Plascencia G. Hypoxia drives apoptosis independently of p53 and metallothionein transcript levels in hemocytes of the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:454-462. [PMID: 27459156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms used by the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to respond to hypoxia have been studied from the energetic metabolism and antioxidant angles. We herein investigated the participation of p53 and metallothionein (MT) in the apoptotic process in response to hypoxia in shrimp hemocytes. The Lvp53 or LvMT genes were efficiently silenced by injection of double stranded RNA for p53 or MT. The effects of silencing on apoptosis were measured as caspase-3 activity and flow cytometry in hemocytes after 24 and 48 h of hypoxia (1.5 mg DO L(-1)). Hemocytes from unsilenced animals had significantly higher apoptosis levels upon both times of hypoxia. The apoptotic levels were diminished but not suppressed in dsp53-silenced but not dsMT-silenced hemocytes after 24 h of hypoxia, indicating a contribution of Lvp53 to apoptosis. Apoptosis in normoxia was significantly higher in dsp53-and dsMT-silenced animals compared to the unsilenced controls, pointing to a possible cytoprotective role of LvMT and Lvp53 during the basal apoptotic program in normoxia. Overall, these results indicate that hypoxia augments apoptosis in shrimp hemocytes and high mRNA levels of Lvp53 and LvMT are not necessary for this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrath Felix-Portillo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. P.O. Box 1735. Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km. 0.6 Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - José A Martínez-Quintana
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada, Km 1, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 33820, Mexico
| | - Marina Arenas-Padilla
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. P.O. Box 1735. Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km. 0.6 Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - Verónica Mata-Haro
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. P.O. Box 1735. Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km. 0.6 Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - Silvia Gómez-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. P.O. Box 1735. Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km. 0.6 Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - Gloria Yepiz-Plascencia
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. P.O. Box 1735. Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km. 0.6 Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico.
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13
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Pothana L, Devi L, Venna NK, Pentakota N, Varma VP, Jose J, Goel S. Replacement of serum with ocular fluid for cryopreservation of immature testes. Cryobiology 2016; 73:356-366. [PMID: 27693391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.09.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of immature testis is a feasible approach for germplasm preservation of male animals. Combinations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and foetal bovine serum (FBS) are used for testis cryopreservation. However, an alternative to FBS is needed, because FBS is expensive. Buffalo ocular fluid (BuOF), a slaughter house by-product, could be an economical option. The objective of the present study was to assess whether BuOF can replace FBS for cryopreservation of immature mouse (Mus musculus), rat (Rattus norvegicus), and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) testes. Results showed that rodent and buffalo testes frozen in DMSO (10% for rodents and 20% for buffalo) with 20% FBS or BuOF had similar numbers of viable and DNA-damaged cells (P > 0.05). The expression of cell proliferation- (PCNA) and apoptosis-specific proteins (Annexin V and BAX/BCL2 ratio) were also comparable in mouse and buffalo testes frozen in DMSO with FBS or BuOF (P > 0.05). Interestingly, rat testis frozen in DMSO with BuOF had lower expression of Annexin V protein than testis frozen in DMSO with FBS (P < 0.05). The percentage of meiotic germ cells (pachytene-stage spermatocytes) in xenografts from testis frozen either in DMSO with BuOF or FBS did not significantly differ in rats or buffalo (P > 0.05). These findings provide evidence that BuOF has potential to replace FBS for cryopreservation of immature rodent and buffalo testis. Further investigation is needed to explore whether BuOF can replace FBS for testis cryopreservation of other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Pothana
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Lalitha Devi
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Venna
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Niharika Pentakota
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Vivek Phani Varma
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Jedy Jose
- Animal House, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Sandeep Goel
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
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14
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Leptin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of thymocytes partially via down-regulation of cPLA2 and p38 MAPK activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 15:620-7. [PMID: 23376443 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Leptin, a 16-kDa protein that is mainly secreted by adipocytes, plays a protective role in many cell types. It has been shown that leptin acts in the central and peripheral immune system to protect thymocytes. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) is an enzyme that can specifically initiate the release of arachidonic acid (AA) to produce eicosanoids, which regulate inflammation and immune responses. Our previous work has shown that leptin is important to prevent apoptosis of thymocytes. However, the role of cPLA(2) is still unclear, and the precise mechanism also remains to be elucidated. In this work, we demonstrated that leptin inhibited the LPS-induced toxicity and apoptosis of thymocytes. Western blot and RT-PCR showed that leptin led to a reduction of cPLA(2) activity and mRNA level, as well as caspase-3 cleavage. Moreover, we found that leptin could decrease the activation of p38 MAPK. Accordingly, we pre-treated apoptotic thymocytes with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580 and observed an effect similar to the leptin alone treated group. SB203580 also suppressed expression of cPLA(2) and cleavage of caspase-3. Based on these results, we suggest that leptin could attenuate LPS-induced apoptotic injury in mouse thymocyte cells, mainly through the p38/cPLA(2) signalling pathway. The study of the regulatory role of leptin in LPS-induced thymocyte apoptosis can help to explain the role of leptin in the immune system and may provide a novel treatment option in cases of severe trauma, infection, shock, organ failure and autoimmune disease caused by thymic atrophy.
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15
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The p53-target gene puma drives neutrophil-mediated protection against lethal bacterial sepsis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001240. [PMID: 21203486 PMCID: PMC3009602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of p53/Puma-mediated apoptosis protects against lethality due to DNA damage. Here we demonstrate the unexpected requirement of the pro-apoptotic p53-target gene Puma to mount a successful innate immune response to bacterial sepsis. Puma⁻/⁻ mice rapidly died when challenged with bacteria. While the immune response in Puma⁻/⁻ mice was unchanged in cell migration, phagocytosis and bacterial killing, sites of infection accumulated large abscesses and sepsis was progressive. Blocking p53/Puma-induced apoptosis during infection caused resistance to ROS-induced cell death in the CD49d+ neutrophil subpopulation, resulting in insufficient immune resolution. This study identifies a biological role for p53/Puma apoptosis in optimizing neutrophil lifespan so as to ensure the proper clearance of bacteria and exposes a counter-balance between the innate immune response to infection and survival from DNA damage.
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16
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Hsieh YC, Athar M, Chaudry IH. When apoptosis meets autophagy: deciding cell fate after trauma and sepsis. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:129-38. [PMID: 19231289 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is considered to be an underlying mechanism in immunosuppression and multiple organ dysfunction after trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis. Although studied intensively over the last decade, the role of other cell death mechanisms under similar pathophysiological conditions has remained elusive. Recently, autophagy has emerged as an important mediator of programmed cell death pathways. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of apoptosis and autophagy and the crosstalk between these processes. We explore the coexistence of these two processes and the effects of autophagy on apoptosis after trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis. The inter-relationship between autophagy and apoptosis might unveil novel therapeutic approaches for the detection and treatment of trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ching Hsieh
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Kleiman DA, Calvano JE, Coyle SM, Macor MA, Calvano SE, Lowry SF. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the Mdm2 promoter and risk of sepsis. Am J Surg 2009; 197:43-8. [PMID: 18558393 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mdm2-SNP309(T/G) polymorphism has been shown to upregulate transcription of Mdm2 and subsequently attenuate the p53 pathway. Its role in regulating the human response to acute illness has not been reported. METHODS Patients from the surgical intensive care unit were prospectively enrolled. SNP309 genotype was determined, and a genotype-based comparison of clinical outcomes was performed. RESULTS Of the 85 enrolled patients, 41 had wild type (T/T) and 44 had mutant (32 T/G and 12 G/G) genotypes. The mutant-genotype group tended to have a longer LOS in both the surgical intensive care unit (P = .40) and the hospital (P = .08), but these trends did not reach significance. No observable genotype-based differences were noted in any other measured parameters. CONCLUSIONS The Mdm2-SNP309(G) allele may be associated with longer LOS. However, it does not appear to influence any other clinical characteristics, nor can it be used to predict clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kleiman
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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18
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Croner RS, Hohenberger W, Jeschke MG. Hepatic gene expression during endotoxemia. J Surg Res 2008; 154:126-34. [PMID: 18952238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE During the course of sepsis, endotoxins and cytokines activate Kupffer cells, induce the liberation and synthesis of adhesion molecules, and damage hepatocytes, which leads to septic liver failure. The interaction of the different hepatic cell types during these processes is not completely understood and may be clarified by microarray technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven Sprague Dawley rats received either an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of 3 mg/kg body weight (n = 4) or sodium chloride (SC) 0.9% (n = 3). Animals were sacrificed 24 h after LPS or SC injection. RNA from liver tissue was isolated and hybridized on GeneChips (RAE 230A; Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Expression of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was controlled by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Immunohistochemical staining for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 of liver tissue was performed. RESULTS We detected 508 differentially expressed genes between LPS and SC. Two hundred forty-eight genes were up-regulated and 260 genes were down-regulated in the LPS versus the SC group. Mainly genes involved in immune response and receptor activity were up-regulated in the LPS group. Genes enrolled in catalytic, transferase activity, and metabolisms were down-regulated in the LPS group. The microarray findings could be verified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSIONS The contemporaneous differential regulation of genes involved in metabolism, hepatocellular synthesis, and immune response reflect the liver's central role as immune organ during the course of sepsis. A switch from metabolic to immunological activity is obvious, which aggravates the hepatic damage. The functional interaction of the single genes identified during this process must be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Croner
- Department of Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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19
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Abstract
Apoptosis is an important mechanism during the immunopathogenesis of sepsis. Early programmed cell death of lymphocytes substantially impairs innate and adaptive immunity reducing the capacity to ward off the invading pathogen. Apoptosis of parenchymal cells (e.g. in the lung, liver and gut) may also promote organ failure and death. Several experimental therapeutic strategies have now been developed to beneficially influence these mechanisms; however, their potential clinical benefit is yet to be evaluated.
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20
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Chang KC, Unsinger J, Davis CG, Schwulst SJ, Muenzer JT, Strasser A, Hotchkiss RS. Multiple triggers of cell death in sepsis: death receptor and mitochondrial‐mediated apoptosis. FASEB J 2007; 21:708-19. [PMID: 17307841 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6805com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte apoptosis plays a central role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Lymphocyte apoptosis was examined in mice with defective death receptor pathways due to transgenic expression of a dominant negative mutant of Fas-associated death domain (FADD-DN) or Bid-/- and in mice with defective mitochondrial-mediated pathways due to loss of Bim-/-, Puma-/-, or Noxa-/-. FADD-DN transgenic and Bid-/- mice had significant albeit incomplete protection, and this protection was associated with increased survival. Surprisingly, splenic B cells were also protected in FADD-DN mice although transgene expression was confined to T cells, providing evidence for an indirect protective mechanism. Bim-/- provided virtually complete protection against lymphocyte apoptosis whereas Puma-/- and Noxa-/- mice had modest or no protection, respectively. Bim-/- mice had improved survival, and adoptive transfer of splenocytes from Bim-/- mice into Rag 1-/- mice demonstrated that this was a lymphocyte intrinsic effect. The improved survival was associated with decreased interleukin (IL) -10 and IL-6 cytokines. Collectively, these data indicate that numerous death stimuli are generated during sepsis, and it therefore appears unlikely that blocking a single "trigger" can inhibit apoptosis. If siRNA becomes practical therapeutically, proapoptotic proteins would be potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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21
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Scumpia PO, Delano MJ, Kelly KM, O'Malley KA, Efron PA, McAuliffe PF, Brusko T, Ungaro R, Barker T, Wynn JL, Atkinson MA, Reeves WH, Salzler MJC, Moldawer LL. Increased natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and their suppressor activity do not contribute to mortality in murine polymicrobial sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7943-9. [PMID: 17114466 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.7943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs), including natural CD4+CD25+ Tregs and inducible IL-10 producing T regulatory type 1 (T(R)1) cells, maintain tolerance and inhibit autoimmunity. Recently, increased percentages of Tregs have been observed in the blood of septic patients, and ex vivo-activated Tregs were shown to prevent polymicrobial sepsis mortality. Whether endogenous Tregs contribute to sepsis outcome remains unclear. Polymicrobial sepsis, induced by cecal ligation and puncture, caused an increased number of splenic Tregs compared with sham-treated mice. Splenic CD4+CD25+ T cells from septic mice expressed higher levels of Foxp3 mRNA and were more efficient suppressors of CD4+CD25- T effector cell proliferation. Isolated CD4+ T cells from septic mice displayed increased intracellular IL-10 staining following stimulation, indicating that T(R)1 cells may also be elevated in sepsis. Surprisingly, Ab depletion of total CD4+ or CD4+CD25+ populations did not affect mortality. Furthermore, no difference in survival outcome was found between CD25 or IL-10 null mice and wild-type littermates, indicating that Treg or T(R)1-generated IL-10 are not required for survival. These results demonstrate that, although sepsis causes a relative increase in Treg number and increases their suppressive function, their presence does not contribute significantly to overall survival in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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22
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Schwulst SJ, Grayson MH, DiPasco PJ, Davis CG, Brahmbhatt TS, Ferguson TA, Hotchkiss RS. Agonistic monoclonal antibody against CD40 receptor decreases lymphocyte apoptosis and improves survival in sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:557-65. [PMID: 16785553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis causes a marked apoptosis-induced depletion of lymphocytes. The degree of lymphocyte apoptosis during sepsis strongly correlates with survival. CD40, a member of the TNFR family, is expressed on APCs and has potent antiapoptotic activity. In this study we determined whether an agonistic Ab against CD40 could protect lymphocytes from sepsis-induced apoptosis. Secondly, we examined potential antiapoptotic mechanisms of the putative protection. Lastly, we aimed to determine whether anti-CD40 treatment could improve survival in sepsis. CD1 mice were made septic by the cecal ligation and puncture method and treated postoperatively with anti-CD40 Ab. Treatment with anti-CD40 completely abrogated sepsis-induced splenic B cell death and, surprisingly, decreased splenic and thymic T cell death as well (p < 0.001). To investigate the mechanism of protection of anti-CD40 therapy on T cells, CD40 receptor expression was examined. As anticipated, the CD40 receptor was constitutively expressed on B cells, but, unexpectedly, splenic and thymic T cells were found to express CD40 receptor during sepsis. Furthermore, CD4+CD8- T cells were the predominant subtype of T cells expressing CD40 receptor during sepsis. Additionally, the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) was found to be markedly increased in splenic B and T cells as well as in thymic T cells after treatment with anti-CD40 Ab (p < 0.0025). Lastly, mice that were made septic in a double injury model of sepsis had improved survival after treatment with anti-CD40 as compared with controls (p = 0.05). In conclusion, anti-CD40 treatment increases Bcl-x(L), provides nearly complete protection against sepsis-induced lymphocyte apoptosis, and improves survival in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Schwulst
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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23
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Suzuki E, Kapoor V, Jassar AS, Kaiser LR, Albelda SM. Gemcitabine selectively eliminates splenic Gr-1+/CD11b+ myeloid suppressor cells in tumor-bearing animals and enhances antitumor immune activity. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:6713-21. [PMID: 16166452 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myeloid suppressor (Gr-1(+)/CD11b(+)) cells accumulate in the spleens of tumor-bearing mice where they contribute to immunosuppression by inhibiting the function of CD8(+) T cells and by promoting tumor angiogenesis. Elimination of these myeloid suppressor cells may thus significantly improve antitumor responses and enhance effects of cancer immunotherapy, although to date few practical options exist. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine on the number of (Gr-1(+)/CD11b(+)) cells in the spleens of animals bearing large tumors derived from five cancer lines grown in both C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice was analyzed. Suppressive activity of splenocytes from gemcitabine-treated and control animals was measured in natural killer (NK) cell lysis and Winn assays. The impact of myeloid suppressor cell activity was determined in an immunogene therapy model using an adenovirus expressing IFN-beta. RESULTS This study shows that the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine, given at a dose similar to the equivalent dose used in patients, was able to dramatically and specifically reduce the number of myeloid suppressor cells found in the spleens of animals bearing large tumors with no significant reductions in CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, NK cells, macrophages, or B cells. The loss of myeloid suppressor cells was accompanied by an increase in the antitumor activity of CD8(+) T cells and activated NK cells. Combining gemcitabine with cytokine immunogene therapy using IFN-beta markedly enhanced antitumor efficacy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that gemcitabine may be a practical strategy for the reduction of myeloid suppressor cells and should be evaluated in conjunction with a variety of immunotherapy approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD11b Antigen/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacology
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Necrosis
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Time Factors
- Gemcitabine
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Suzuki
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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24
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Cobb JP, Buchman TG, Karl IE, Hotchkiss RS. Molecular biology of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: injury, adaptation, and apoptosis. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2005; 1:207-13; discussion 214-5. [PMID: 12594891 DOI: 10.1089/109629600750018132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury will equal or surpass communicable disease in the year 2020 as the number one cause of lost disability-adjusted life-years worldwide. The major cause of "late death" after trauma is organ dysfunction, commonly as a complication of shock or sepsis. The pathophysiology of injury-induced organ dysfunction is poorly characterized but has been linked to systemic inflammation as a result of infection (either obvious or occult) or massive tissue injury (systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS). Subsequent complications of organ dysfunction, including death, may also stem from immunosuppression characteristic of what has been called the counter-regulatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). At the cellular level, injurious stimuli trigger adaptive stress responses that include changes in gene expression. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is the summation of these stress responses to severe systemic injury, integrated at the cellular, organ, and host levels. We hypothesize that a complete understanding at the molecular level of the stress responses induced by injury will aid in the development of therapeutic strategies for treating MODS in the critically ill surgical patient. This paper reviews recent data from our Cellular Injury and Adaptation Laboratory relevant to our understanding of MODS pathophysiology, particularly as it relates to stress-induced cell death by apoptosis. Our data suggest that inhibition of stress-induced apoptosis may improve survival after severe injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Cobb
- Cellular Injury and Adaptation Laboratory, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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25
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Hotchkiss RS, Osmon SB, Chang KC, Wagner TH, Coopersmith CM, Karl IE. Accelerated lymphocyte death in sepsis occurs by both the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5110-8. [PMID: 15814742 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.5110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients with sepsis are immune compromised, as evidenced by their failure to clear their primary infection and their propensity to develop secondary infections with pathogens that are often not particularly virulent in normal healthy individuals. A potential mechanism for immunosuppression in sepsis is lymphocyte apoptosis, which may occur by either a death receptor or a mitochondrial-mediated pathway. A prospective study of blood samples from 71 patients with sepsis, 55 nonseptic patients, and 6 healthy volunteers was undertaken to quantitate lymphocyte apoptosis and determine cell death pathways and mechanisms of apoptosis. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and Western blotting. Lymphocyte apoptosis was increased in CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells (CD20), and NK cells (CD56) in septic vs nonseptic patients. Samples taken sequentially from 10 patients with sepsis showed that the degree of CD3 T cell apoptosis correlated with the activity of his/her sepsis. In septic patients, apoptotic lymphocytes were positive for active caspases 8 and 9, consistent with death occurring by both mitochondrial-mediated and receptor-mediated pathways. In support of the concept that both death pathways were operative, lymphocyte apoptosis occurred in cells with markedly decreased Bcl-2 (an inhibitor of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis) as well as cells with normal concentrations of Bcl-2. In conclusion, apoptosis occurs in a broad range of lymphocyte subsets in patients with sepsis and correlates with the activity of the disease. Lymphocyte loss occurs by both death receptor and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, suggesting that there may be multiple triggers for lymphocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Wesche DE, Lomas-Neira JL, Perl M, Chung CS, Ayala A. Leukocyte apoptosis and its significance in sepsis and shock. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:325-37. [PMID: 15817707 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and multiple organ failure continue to be significant problems among trauma, burn, and the critically ill patient population. Thus, a number of laboratories have focused on understanding the role of altered apoptotic cell death in contributing to immune and organ dysfunction seen in sepsis and shock. Immune cells that undergo altered apoptotic changes include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, as well as various lymphocyte populations. Evidence of epithelial as well as endothelial cell apoptotic changes has also been reported. Although mediators such as steroids, tumor necrosis factor, nitric oxide, C5a, and Fas ligand (FasL) appear to contribute to the apoptotic changes, their effects are tissue- and cell population-selective. As inhibiting Fas-FasL signaling (e.g., gene deficiency, Fas fusion protein, or Fas short interfering RNA administration), caspase inhibition (caspase mimetic peptides), and/or the overexpression of downstream antiapoptotic molecules (e.g., Bcl-2, Akt) improve survival of septic mice, it not only demonstrates the pathological significance of this process but points to novel targets for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen E Wesche
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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27
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Wizorek JJ, Coopersmith CM, Laramie JM, Tong A, Stromberg PE, Hotchkiss RS, Buchman TG, Cobb JP. Sequence makes a difference: paradoxical effects of stress in vivo. Shock 2005; 22:229-33. [PMID: 15316392 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000133593.55400.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that induction of heat shock before an inflammatory stimulus is cytoprotective, whereas induction of heat shock after an inflammatory stimulus can lead to apoptosis (the "heat shock paradox"). We sought to determine whether induction of the heat shock response in vivo caused similar, order-dependent effects on survival, and if so, by what mechanism. ND4 and C57BL/6 mice were used to calibrate the response to hyperthermia at 41.5 degrees C via induction of inducible heat shock protein 70. Sequences of heat shock and septic stresses were studied in murine models of hyperthermia (41.5 degrees C for 20 min) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), respectively. Previous heat shock to 41.5 degrees C did not protect CLP mice when compared with control CLP animals heated to 37 degrees C, but heat shock increased mortality when activated after CLP compared with controls. This effect of heat shock on CLP mortality was strain independent, and did not involve alterations in CLP-induced thymus, spleen, or intestinal apoptosis. We conclude that the heat shock paradox can occur in vitro and in vivo, and that the negative effects of heat shock on survival after CLP appeared to be strain independent. Furthermore, the stress of general anesthesia and warming also altered CLP mortality unexpectedly. The cellular mechanisms responsible for these "stressor" paradoxes in vivo are not known, but do not involve altered sepsis-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Wizorek
- Cellular Injury and Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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28
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Efron PA, Tinsley K, Minnich DJ, Monterroso V, Wagner J, Lainée P, Lorré K, Swanson PE, Hotchkiss R, Moldawer LL. Increased lymphoid tissue apoptosis in baboons with bacteremic shock. Shock 2005; 21:566-71. [PMID: 15167687 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000126648.58732.8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of immune cell apoptosis during sepsis remain unclear. Two young adult baboons (Papio sp.) received a lethal dose of live Escherichia coli and were sacrificed at either 16 (for animal welfare concerns) or 24 h post-septic shock. An additional baboon, which received no bacteria, served as a control. Necropsy was performed immediately with subsequent immunohistochemical staining of lymphoid tissue. Immunohistologic analysis of tissues from the septic baboons revealed marked systemic lymphocyte apoptosis occurring in all lymphoid tissues examined. Focally, pyknotic and karyorrhectic lymphocytes demonstrated activation of a mitochondrial-dependent cell death pathway (active caspase 9 and apoptosis-inducing factor). Other regions demonstrated apoptotic lymphocytes with activation of a death receptor-dependent cell pathway (Fas ligand). Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time in primates that overwhelming gram-negative bacteremia produces an early and profound lymphocyte death that occurs through multiple cell death pathways. Bacteremic shock in the baboon may be an appropriate model for studying experimental therapies aimed at blocking lymphocyte apoptosis because their response appears comparable to humans dying from sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Efron
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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29
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Weaver JGR, Rouse MS, Steckelberg JM, Badley AD. Improved survival in experimental sepsis with an orally administered inhibitor of apoptosis. FASEB J 2005; 18:1185-91. [PMID: 15284218 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1230com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of sepsis involves excessive lymphocyte apoptosis, which correlates with adverse outcomes, and disordered cytokine production, which may promote host injury. As the protease inhibitor (PI) class of antiretroviral agents is known to prevent apoptosis in vitro, we evaluated their effect on survival, lymphocyte apoptosis, and consequent cytokine production in mice with sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation. Mice pretreated with PIs have improved survival (67%; P<0.0005) compared with controls (17%) and a significant (P<0.05) reduction in lymphocyte apoptosis. Even mice receiving therapy beginning 4 h after perforation demonstrated improved survival (50%; P<0.05) compared with controls. PI therapy is also associated with an increase in the Th1 cytokine TNF-alpha (P<0.05) early in sepsis and a reduction in the Th2 cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 (P<0.05) late in sepsis; despite no intrinsic antibacterial effects, PI also reduced quantitative bacterial blood cultures. The beneficial effects of PI appear to be specific to lymphocyte apoptosis, as lymphocyte-deficient Rag1-/- mice did not experience benefit from treatment with PI. Thus, inhibition of lymphocyte apoptosis by PI is a candidate approach for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G R Weaver
- Division of General Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Bommhardt U, Chang KC, Swanson PE, Wagner TH, Tinsley KW, Karl IE, Hotchkiss RS. Akt decreases lymphocyte apoptosis and improves survival in sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7583-91. [PMID: 15187138 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis induces extensive death of lymphocytes that may contribute to the immunosuppression and mortality of the disorder. The serine/threonine kinase Akt is a key regulator of cell proliferation and death. The purpose of this study was to determine whether overexpression of Akt would prevent lymphocyte apoptosis and improve survival in sepsis. In addition, given the important role of Akt in cell signaling, T cell Th1 and Th2 cytokine production was determined. Mice that overexpress a constitutively active Akt in lymphocytes were made septic, and survival was recorded. Lymphocyte apoptosis and cytokine production were determined at 24 h after surgery. Mice with overexpression of Akt had a marked improvement in survival compared with wild-type littermates, i.e., 94 and 47% survival, respectively, p < 0.01. In wild-type littermates, sepsis caused a marked decrease in IFN-gamma production, while increasing IL-4 production >2-fold. In contrast, T cells from Akt transgenic mice had an elevated production of IFN-gamma at baseline that was maintained during sepsis, while IL-4 had little change. Akt overexpression also decreased sepsis-induced lymphocyte apoptosis via a non-Bcl-2 mechanism. In conclusion, Akt overexpression in lymphocytes prevents sepsis-induced apoptosis, causes a Th1 cytokine propensity, and improves survival. Findings from this study strengthen the concept that a major defect in sepsis is impairment of the adaptive immune system, and suggest that strategies to prevent lymphocyte apoptosis represent a potential important new therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Bommhardt
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Notch is crucial for multiple stages of T cell development, including the CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP)/CD8+ single positive (SP) transition, but regulation of Notchactivation is not well understood. p53 regulates Presenilin1 (PS1) expression, and PS1 cleaves Notch, releasing its intracellular domain (NIC), leading to the expression of downstream targets, e.g. the HES1 gene. We hypothesize that p53 regulates Notch activity during T cell development. We found that Notch1 expression and activation were negatively regulated by p53in several thymoma lines. Additionally, NIC was elevated in Trp53(-/-) thymocytes as compared to Trp53(+/+) thymocytes. To determine if elevated Notch1 activation in Trp53(-/-) thymocytes had an effect on T cell development, CD4 and CD8 expression were analyzed. The CD4+ SP/CD8+ SP T cell ratio was decreased in Trp53(-/-) splenocytes and thymocytes. This alteration in T cell development correlated with the increased Notch1 activation observed in the absence of p53. These data indicate that p53 negatively regulates Notch1 activation during T cell development. Skewing of T cell development toward CD8+SP T cells in Trp53(-/-) mice is reminiscent of the phenotype of NIC-overexpressing mice. Thus, we suggest that p53 plays a role in T cell development, in part by regulating Notch1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Laws
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
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Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients in many intensive care units. The pathophysiology of organ failure and death in patients with sepsis remain elusive. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of cell death in sepsis, the types of cells that are dying and the consequences on immunity. Extensive apoptotic death results in immune cell depletion and may compromise the ability of the patient to eradicate the primary infection and predispose to secondary nosocomial infections. Peripheral circulating lymphocyte apoptosis is also increased in patients with sepsis and correlates with the severity of the disease. In addition, recent evidence indicates that uptake of apoptotic cells impairs the immune function of surviving cells and contributes to immunosuppression. This new understanding of sepsis may lead to novel therapeutic approaches including pharmacological agents that block apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Tinsley KW, Grayson MH, Swanson PE, Drewry AM, Chang KC, Karl IE, Hotchkiss RS. Sepsis induces apoptosis and profound depletion of splenic interdigitating and follicular dendritic cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:909-14. [PMID: 12847261 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are a phenotypically diverse group of APC that have unique capabilities to regulate the activity and survival of B and T cells. Although proper function of dendritic cells is essential to host control of invading pathogens, few studies have examined the impact of sepsis on dendritic cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sepsis on splenic interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs) and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) using a clinically relevant animal model. Immunohistochemical staining for FDCs showed that sepsis induced an initial marked expansion in FDCs that peaked at 36 h after onset. The FDCs expanded to fill the entire lymphoid zone otherwise occupied by B cells. Between 36 and 48 h after sepsis, there was a profound caspase 3 mediated apoptosis induced depletion of FDCs such that only a small contingent of cells remained. In contrast to the initial increase in FDCs, IDC numbers were decreased to approximately 50% of control by 12 h after onset of sepsis. IDC death occurred by caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. Such profound apoptosis induced loss of FDCs and IDCs may significantly compromise B and T cell function and impair the ability of the host to survive sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Tinsley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Power
- Department of Academic Surgery, Cork University Hospital and University College Cork, Ireland
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35
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Hotchkiss RS, Tinsley KW, Swanson PE, Schmieg RE, Hui JJ, Chang KC, Osborne DF, Freeman BD, Cobb JP, Buchman TG, Karl IE. Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 166:6952-63. [PMID: 11359857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with sepsis have impaired host defenses that contribute to the lethality of the disorder. Recent work implicates lymphocyte apoptosis as a potential factor in the immunosuppression of sepsis. If lymphocyte apoptosis is an important mechanism, specific subsets of lymphocytes may be more vulnerable. A prospective study of lymphocyte cell typing and apoptosis was conducted in spleens from 27 patients with sepsis and 25 patients with trauma. Spleens from 16 critically ill nonseptic (3 prospective and 13 retrospective) patients were also evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining showed a caspase-9-mediated profound progressive loss of B and CD4 T helper cells in sepsis. Interestingly, sepsis did not decrease CD8 T or NK cells. Although there was no overall effect on lymphocytes from critically ill nonseptic patients (considered as a group), certain individual patients did exhibit significant loss of B and CD4 T cells. The loss of B and CD4 T cells in sepsis is especially significant because it occurs during life-threatening infection, a state in which massive lymphocyte clonal expansion should exist. Mitochondria-dependent lymphocyte apoptosis may contribute to the immunosuppression in sepsis by decreasing the number of immune effector cells. Similar loss of lymphocytes may be occurring in critically ill patients with other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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36
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Adrie C, Bachelet M, Vayssier-Taussat M, Russo-Marie F, Bouchaert I, Adib-Conquy M, Cavaillon JM, Pinsky MR, Dhainaut JF, Polla BS. Mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis peripheral blood monocytes in severe human sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:389-95. [PMID: 11500338 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.3.2009088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta(Psi)m), which is considered as an initial and irreversible step towards apoptosis, as well as cell death regulating proteins, such as Fas, Hsp70, or Bcl-2, may play an important role in sepsis. We studied the relationship between sepsis severity and peripheral blood monocyte Delta(Psi)m, cell death (necrosis and apoptosis), soluble Fas ligand, Hsp70, and Bcl-2 expression over time in 18 patients with sepsis, and compared these data with those of a group of 17 healthy control subjects. All measurements were performed within 3 d of the onset of severe sepsis (T1), then 7 to 10 d later (T2), and finally at hospital discharge (T3). Delta(Psi)m was expressed as the percent monocytes with altered Delta(Psi)m (%Delta(Psi)m). Patients with sepsis had greater %Delta(Psi)m at T1 and T2 but not at T3 (14.6 +/- 2.6% and 15.9 +/- 2%, respectively, versus control 6.6 +/- 0.2%, p < 0.01). Septic patients exhibited greater cell death in their monocytes and had greater Hsp70 expression only at T1. Bcl-2 levels were similar in septic and control subjects. Comparing survivors with non-survivors of sepsis, nonsurvivors had a greater %Delta(Psi)m at T1 (26.4 +/- 5.3% versus 10.1 +/- 2.7%, p < 0.01) and a significant decrease in Bcl-2 expression, whereas no difference was found in Hsp70 levels. These results indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent cell death occur in severe sepsis and suggest that %Delta(Psi)m is a marker of severity in human sepsis. KEYWORDS mitochondria; apoptosis; sepsis; heat-shock protein 70; proto-oncogene protein c-Bcl-2
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Affiliation(s)
- C Adrie
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology and Medical Intensive Care Unit, APHP, Cochin Port-Royal Hospital, Paris, France.
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37
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Grayson JM, Lanier JG, Altman JD, Ahmed R. The role of p53 in regulating antiviral T cell responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1333-7. [PMID: 11466350 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that viral infections can induce large expansions of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells. These cells divide very rapidly with an estimated doubling time of approximately 6 h. When virus is cleared, the vast majority of these effector CD8 T cells undergo apoptosis. The remaining memory cells persist at constant levels and provide the basis for the accelerated recall response upon rechallenge. The molecular mechanisms that control the rapid proliferation and death of Ag-specific T cells are poorly understood. Because of its important role in controlling cell proliferation and death, we examined antiviral immune responses in p53(-/-) mice using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. We found that effector CD8 and CD4 responses were comparable but that memory levels were slightly higher in -/- mice compared with +/+ mice. The lack of a major difference in virus-specific T cell responses between +/+ and -/- mice suggests that p53 only plays a minor role in regulating the proliferation, apoptosis, and maintenance of Ag-specific T cells. Thus, it appears that the primary function of p53 is in controlling "illegitimate" proliferation and tumor development and not in regulating Ag-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Grayson
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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38
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Chung CS, Wang W, Chaudry IH, Ayala A. Increased apoptosis in lamina propria B cells during polymicrobial sepsis is FasL but not endotoxin mediated. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G812-8. [PMID: 11292588 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.5.g812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies from our laboratory demonstrated that mucosal lymphoid tissue such as Peyer's patch cells and lamina propria (LP) B lymphocytes from mice shows evidence of increased apoptosis after sepsis that is associated with localized inflammation/activation. The mechanism for this is poorly understood. Endotoxin as well as Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) have been shown to augment lymphocyte apoptosis; however, their contribution to the increase of apoptosis in LP B-cells during sepsis is not known. To study this, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in endotoxin-tolerant C3H/HeJ or FasL-deficient C3H/HeJ-FasL(gld) (FasL(-)) mice and LP lymphocytes were isolated 24 h later. Phenotypic, apoptotic, and functional indexes were assessed. The number of LP B cells decreased markedly in C3H/HeJ mice but not in FasL-deficient animals at 24 h after CLP. This was associated with comparable alteration in apoptosis and Fas antigen expression in the B cells of these mice. Septic LP lymphocytes also showed increased IgA production, which was absent in the FasL-deficient CLP mice. Furthermore, Fas ligand deficiency appeared to improve survival of septic challenge. These data suggest that the increase in B cell apoptosis in septic animals is partially due to a Fas/FasL-mediated process but not endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Chung
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, Brown University School of Medicine and Rhode Island Hospital, 227 Middle House, 593 Eddy St., Providence, RI 02903, USA
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39
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Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE. The Fas death pathway as a mechanism of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: Not so fast. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:901-2. [PMID: 11373494 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200104000-00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Guo RF, Huber-Lang M, Wang X, Sarma V, Padgaonkar VA, Craig RA, Riedemann NC, McClintock SD, Hlaing T, Shi MM, Ward PA. Protective effects of anti-C5a in sepsis-induced thymocyte apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:1271-80. [PMID: 11086028 PMCID: PMC381438 DOI: 10.1172/jci10793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiorgan apoptosis occurs during sepsis. Following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats, thymocytes underwent apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. C5a blockade dramatically reduced thymocyte apoptosis as measured by thymic weight, binding of annexin V to thymocytes, and laddering of thymocyte DNA. When C5a was generated in vivo by infusion of purified cobra venom factor (CVF), thymocyte apoptosis was significantly increased. Similar results were found when CVF was injected in vivo during the early stages of CLP. In animals 12 hours after induction of CLP, there was an increase in the activities of caspase-3, -6, and -9, but not caspase-1 and -8. Cytosolic cytochrome c levels increased by twofold, whereas mitochondrial levels showed a 50% decrease. Western blot analysis revealed that the content of Bcl-X(L) (but not of Bcl-2, BAX, Bad, and Bim) significantly decreased in thymocytes after CLP. C5a blockade in the sepsis model almost completely inhibited caspase-3, -6, and -9 activation, significantly preserved cytochrome c in the mitochondrial fraction, and restored Bcl-X(L) expression. These data suggest that systemic activation of complement induces C5a-dependent apoptosis of thymocytes and that the blockade of C5a during sepsis rescues thymocytes from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA
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