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Elevated plasma levels of hepatocyte growth factor in rats experimentally envenomated with Bothrops jararaca venom: Role of snake venom metalloproteases. Toxicon 2019; 162:9-14. [PMID: 30849454 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-met pathway, which mainly consists of HGF activator (HGFA) and its substrate HGF, protects various types of cells via anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory signals. Thrombin is the main physiological activator of such plasmatic pathway, and increased plasma concentrations of HGF have been considered as a molecular marker for some pathological conditions, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation. Since thrombin generation is often linked to tissue injury, and these events are common during snake venom-induced consumption coagulopathies (VICC), our goals were to examine whether Bothrops jararaca venom (Bjv), which induces VICC in vivo: (i) activates the HGF/c-met pathway in vivo and (ii) cleaves zymogen forms of HGFA and HGF (proHGFA and proHGF, respectively) in vitro. Two experimental groups (n = 6, each) of male adult Wistar rats were subcutaneously injected with 500 μL of 0.9% NaCl solution (control) or sub-lethal doses (1.6 mg/kg) of Bjv. Three hours after envenomation, whole blood samples were collected from the carotid arteries to evaluate relevant coagulation parameters using rotational thromboelastometry and fibrinogen level (colorimetric assay). Additionally, the plasma concentration of HGF was assayed (ELISA). Thromboelastometric assays showed that blood clotting and fibrin polymerization were severely impaired 3 h after Bjv injection. Total plasma HGF concentrations were almost 6-fold higher in the Bjv-injected group (410.0 ± 91) compared with control values (68 ± 18 pg/mL, p < 0.05). Western blotting assay showed that Bjv processed proHGFA and proHGF, generating bands resembling those generated by thrombin and kallikrein, respectively. In contrast to the serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF), the metalloprotease inhibitor ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2-EDTA) strongly reduced the ability of Bjv to process proHGFA and generated one active band similar to that of thrombin. Since Bjv contains prothrombin and factor X activators, increased intravascular thrombin formation might partly explain the increased HGF levels after bothropic envenomation. In conclusion, these findings suggest that snake venom metalloproteases may be determinant for elevation of plasma levels of HGF in rats experimentally envenomated with Bjv.
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Al-Rubaie A, Wise AF, Sozo F, De Matteo R, Samuel CS, Harding R, Ricardo SD. The therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells on pulmonary myeloid cells following neonatal hyperoxic lung injury in mice. Respir Res 2018; 19:114. [PMID: 29884181 PMCID: PMC5994120 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to high levels of oxygen (hyperoxia) after birth leads to lung injury. Our aims were to investigate the modulation of myeloid cell sub-populations and the reduction of fibrosis in the lungs following administration of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) to neonatal mice exposed to hyperoxia. Method Newborn mice were exposed to 90% O2 (hyperoxia) or 21% O2 (normoxia) from postnatal days 0–4. A sub-group of hyperoxia mice were injected intratracheally with 2.5X105 hMSCs. Using flow cytometry we assessed pulmonary immune cells at postnatal days 0, 4, 7 and 14. The following markers were chosen to identify these cells: CD45+ (leukocytes), Ly6C+Ly6G+ (granulocytes), CD11b+CD11c+ (macrophages); macrophage polarisation was assessed by F4/80 and CD206 expression. hMSCs expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and firefly luciferase (fluc) were administered via the trachea at day 4. Lung macrophages in all groups were profiled using next generation sequencing (NGS) to assess alterations in macrophage phenotype. Pulmonary collagen deposition and morphometry were assessed at days 14 and 56 respectively. Results At day 4, hyperoxia increased the number of pulmonary Ly6C+Ly6G+ granulocytes and F4/80lowCD206low macrophages but decreased F4/80highCD206high macrophages. At days 7 and 14, hyperoxia increased numbers of CD45+ leukocytes, CD11b+CD11c+ alveolar macrophages and F4/80lowCD206low macrophages but decreased F4/80highCD206high macrophages. hMSCs administration ameliorated these effects of hyperoxia, notably reducing numbers of CD11b+CD11c+ and F4/80lowCD206low macrophages; in contrast, F4/80highCD206high macrophages were increased. Genes characteristic of anti-inflammatory ‘M2’ macrophages (Arg1, Stat6, Retnla, Mrc1, Il27ra, Chil3, and Il12b) were up-regulated, and pro-inflammatory ‘M1’ macrophages (Cd86, Stat1, Socs3, Slamf1, Tnf, Fcgr1, Il12b, Il6, Il1b, and Il27ra) were downregulated in isolated lung macrophages from hyperoxia-exposed mice administered hMSCs, compared to mice without hMSCs. Hydroxyproline assay at day 14 showed that the 2-fold increase in lung collagen following hyperoxia was reduced to control levels in mice administered hMSCs. By day 56 (early adulthood), hMSC administration had attenuated structural changes in hyperoxia-exposed lungs. Conclusions Our findings suggest that hMSCs reduce neonatal lung injury caused by hyperoxia by modulation of macrophage phenotype. Not only did our cell-based therapy using hMSC induce structural repair, it limited the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0816-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Rubaie
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrea F Wise
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Foula Sozo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Robert De Matteo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Richard Harding
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Activated HGF-c-Met Axis in Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9120169. [PMID: 29231907 PMCID: PMC5742817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9120169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly morbid disease. Recent developments including Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved molecular targeted agent’s pembrolizumab and cetuximab show promise but did not improve the five-year survival which is currently less than 40%. The hepatocyte growth factor receptor; also known as mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor (c-Met) and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); and regulates tumor progression and response to therapy. The c-Met pathway has been shown to regulate many cellular processes such as cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. The c-Met pathway is involved in cross-talk, activation, and perpetuation of other signaling pathways, curbing the cogency of a blockade molecule on a single pathway. The receptor and its ligand act on several downstream effectors including phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ), cellular Src kinase (c-Src), phosphotidylinsitol-3-OH kinase (PI3K) alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt), mitogen activate protein kinase (MAPK), and wingless-related integration site (Wnt) pathways. They are also known to cross-talk with other receptors; namely epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and specifically contribute to treatment resistance. Clinical trials targeting the c-Met axis in HNSCC have been undertaken because of significant preclinical work demonstrating a relationship between HGF/c-Met signaling and cancer cell survival. Here we focus on HGF/c-Met impact on cellular signaling in HNSCC to potentiate tumor growth and disrupt therapeutic efficacy. Herein we summarize the current understanding of HGF/c-Met signaling and its effects on HNSCC. The intertwining of c-Met signaling with other signaling pathways provides opportunities for more robust and specific therapies, leading to better clinical outcomes.
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Hisadome M, Ohnishi T, Kakimoto K, Kusuyama J, Bandow K, Kanekura T, Matsuguchi T. Hepatocyte growth factor reduces CXCL10 expression in keratinocytes. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3595-3605. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Hisadome
- Department of Dermatology; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohnishi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Kyoko Kakimoto
- Department of Oral Biochemistry; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Joji Kusuyama
- Department of Oral Biochemistry; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Kenjiro Bandow
- Department of Oral Biochemistry; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuguchi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Japan
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Snijders T, Nederveen JP, McKay BR, Joanisse S, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, Parise G. Satellite cells in human skeletal muscle plasticity. Front Physiol 2015; 6:283. [PMID: 26557092 PMCID: PMC4617172 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle satellite cells are considered to play a crucial role in muscle fiber maintenance, repair and remodeling. Our knowledge of the role of satellite cells in muscle fiber adaptation has traditionally relied on in vitro cell and in vivo animal models. Over the past decade, a genuine effort has been made to translate these results to humans under physiological conditions. Findings from in vivo human studies suggest that satellite cells play a key role in skeletal muscle fiber repair/remodeling in response to exercise. Mounting evidence indicates that aging has a profound impact on the regulation of satellite cells in human skeletal muscle. Yet, the precise role of satellite cells in the development of muscle fiber atrophy with age remains unresolved. This review seeks to integrate recent results from in vivo human studies on satellite cell function in muscle fiber repair/remodeling in the wider context of satellite cell biology whose literature is largely based on animal and cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Snijders
- Department of Kinesiology and Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Kinesiology and Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bryon R McKay
- Department of Kinesiology and Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology and Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology and Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Anitua E, Zalduendo MM, Prado R, Alkhraisat MH, Orive G. Morphogen and proinflammatory cytokine release kinetics from PRGF-Endoret fibrin scaffolds: evaluation of the effect of leukocyte inclusion. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1011-20. [PMID: 24890049 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The potential influence of leukocyte incorporation in the kinetic release of growth factors from platelet-rich plasma (PRP) may explain the conflicting efficiency of leukocyte platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP) scaffolds in tissue regeneration. To assess this hypothesis, leukocyte-free (PRGF-Endoret) and L-PRP fibrin scaffolds were prepared, and both morphogen and proinflammatory cytokine release kinetics were analyzed. Clots were incubated with culture medium to monitor protein release over 8 days. Furthermore, the different fibrin scaffolds were morphologically characterized. Results show that leukocyte-free fibrin matrices were homogenous while leukocyte-containing ones were heterogeneous, loose and cellular. Leukocyte incorporation produced a significant increase in the contents of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-16 but not in the platelet-derived growth factors release (<1.5-fold). Surprisingly, the availability of vascular endothelial growth factor suffered an important decrease after 3 days of incubation in the case of L-PRP matrices. While the release of proinflammatory cytokines was almost absent or very low from PRGF-Endoret, the inclusion of leukocytes induced a major increase in these cytokines, which was characterized by the presence of a latent period. The PRGF-Endoret matrices were stable during the 8 days of incubation. The inclusion of leukocytes alters the growth factors release profile and also increased the dose of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Anitua
- Foundation Eduardo Anitua, Vitoria, Spain
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Matsumoto K, Miyake Y, Umeda Y, Matsushita H, Matsuda H, Takaki A, Sadamori H, Nouso K, Yagi T, Fujiwara T, Yamamoto K. Serial changes of serum growth factor levels and liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in healthy humans. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20877-89. [PMID: 24141186 PMCID: PMC3821648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the associations of the serial changes of serum levels of various growth factors with liver regeneration after hepatectomy in healthy liver donors. Sixteen healthy liver donors who underwent conventional liver resection were included. Serum levels of various growth factors before hepatectomy and on postoperative day (POD) 1, 3, 5 and 7 were measured. Liver volume data calculated by multi-detector computed tomography using workstation. The ratio of remnant liver volume on POD 0 to liver volume before the operation was 51% ± 20%. The ratio of liver volume on POD 14 to liver volume on POD 0 were inversely correlated with remnant liver volume on POD 0 (r = −0.91). The ratio of liver volume on POD 14 to liver volume on POD 0 were significantly correlated with serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels on POD 1 (r = 0.54), serum leptin levels on POD 1 (r = 0.54), and serum macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) levels on POD 5 (r = 0.76) and POD 7 (r = 0.80). These results suggest that early-phase elevation of serum levels of HGF, leptin and M-CSF may be associated with the acceleration of liver regeneration after hepatectomy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (K.M.); (H.M.); (A.T.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yasuhiro Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (K.M.); (H.M.); (A.T.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-7219; Fax: +81-86-225-5991
| | - Yuzo Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.U.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (T.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Hiroshi Matsushita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (K.M.); (H.M.); (A.T.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Hiroaki Matsuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.U.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (T.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (K.M.); (H.M.); (A.T.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Sadamori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.U.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (T.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Kazuhiro Nouso
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (K.M.); (H.M.); (A.T.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Takahito Yagi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.U.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (T.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.U.); (H.M.); (H.S.); (T.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Kazuhide Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (K.M.); (H.M.); (A.T.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is currently believed to be driven by alveolar epithelial cells, with abnormally activated alveolar epithelial cells accumulating in an attempt to repair injured alveolar epithelium (1). Thus, targeting the alveolar epithelium to prevent or inhibit the development of pulmonary fibrosis might be an interesting therapeutic option in this disease. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a growth factor for epithelial and endothelial cells, which is secreted by different cell types, especially fibroblasts and neutrophils. HGF has mitogenic, motogenic, and morphogenic properties and exerts an antiapoptotic action on epithelial and endothelial cells. HGF has also proangiogenic effect. In vitro, HGF inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell transition and promotes myofibroblast apoptosis. In vivo, HGF has antifibrotic properties demonstrated in experimental models of lung, kidney, heart, skin, and liver fibrosis. Hence, the modulation of HGF may be an attractive target for the treatment of lung fibrosis.
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Boccaccio C. Hepatocyte Growth Factor: A marker and a player in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Res 2011; 127:67-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Circulating hepatocyte growth factor as an independent prognostic factor of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Res 2010; 125:e285-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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O'Reilly C, McKay B, Phillips S, Tarnopolsky M, Parise G. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the satellite cell response following muscle lengthening contractions in humans. Muscle Nerve 2009; 38:1434-1442. [PMID: 18816607 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The time-courses of satellite cell (SC) activation and protein expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), HGF activator (HGFA), HGFA inhibitor-1 (HAI-1), and HGFA inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) in human skeletal muscle, as well as serum HGF following a single bout of muscle lengthening contractions, were determined. Eight recreationally active participants were recruited for the study. Subjects performed 300 lengthening contractions involving the quadriceps femoris muscles of a single leg at a fixed velocity of 180 degrees/s. Percutaneous muscle biopsies were taken before (PRE) and at 4 h (T4), 24 h (T24), 72 h (T72), and 120 h (T120) following the exercise. The protocol resulted in an increase in the number of SCs [neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)-labeled cells] expressed relative to total myonuclei, at T24, compared with both PRE and T4 (P<0.05), and peaked at T72 (approximately 80% increase vs. PRE, P<0.05). HGF protein increased significantly in serum from baseline (PRE) to T4 (P<0.05). Active HGF protein was detected in skeletal muscle at rest [14.4+/-1.3 average integrated density value (IDV)/actin average IDV] and tended to increase at early time-points (P=0.12). HGFA protein increased significantly from PRE to T24 (P<0.05). HAI-1 protein increased significantly from PRE to T24 (P<0.05). HAI-2 (32 kDa) increased significantly from baseline (PRE) by T24 (P<0.05), and also by T72 and T120 (P<0.05). We conclude that a single bout of lengthening muscle contractions is sufficient to activate SCs, which may involve both a local and systemic HGF response to contraction-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara O'Reilly
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Bryon McKay
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Stuart Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, Ivor Wynne Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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