CXCL4L1 Promoter Polymorphisms Are Associated with Improved Renal Function in Type 1 Diabetes

Potential drug targets for Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD): A Mendelian randomization analysis

BACKGROUND

Certain peripheral proteins are involved in the development of Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), such as IL-6, complement proteins, and MHC class II molecules. However, the roles of other new protein biomarkers are unclear. Current NMOSD treatments (e.g., intravenous pulse methylprednisolone, or satralizumab for IL-6 receptor inhibition) can only manage symptoms, necessitating the identification of new drug targets to treat NMOSD. The objective of this study is to identify potential drug targets for NMOSD through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, thereby addressing the limitations of current treatments and providing better clinical options for patients.

METHODS

NMOSD potential drug targets were evaluated via MR. Data was obtained from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with 132 individuals with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD and 1244 controls. Genetic instruments for plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins were identified. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using Bayesian co-localization, reverse causality testing and phenotype scanning. Additionally, a comparison and analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPI) were conducted to identify potential causal proteins. The implications of these findings were further explored by evaluating existing NMOSD drugs and their respective targets.

RESULTS

Four proteins were identified at the FDR correction via MR analysis (p < 0.05). Higher levels of PF4V1 (OR = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29-0.78; p = 3.39 × 10-3) and FAM3B (OR = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03-0.45; p = 1.65 × 10-3) were associated with a reduced risk of NMOSD, whereas elevated SERPINA1 (OR = 2.28; 95% CI, 1.29-4.04; p= 4.71 × 10-3) and CLEC11A (OR = 13.45; 95% CI, 1.29-4.04; p = 4.71 × 10-3) were related to an increased risk of NMOSD. Bayesian co-localization showed that the protein-related genes shared the same mutation as NMOSD (all PPH4>0.80). Reverse causality testing showed no evidence of NMOSD-driven protein changes (all p > 0.05). PPI analysis revealed SERPINA1 interacts with PF4V1 (combined score = 0.72). Drug evaluation identified Mercaptoethanol and Ferrous gluconate as repurposing candidates.

CONCLUSION

Increased levels of plasma CLEC11A and SERPINA1 are correlated with an elevated risk of NMOSD, whereas elevated levels of plasma PF4V1 and CSF FAM3B are associated with a decreased risk of NMOSD. The opposing effects of risk or protective proteins suggest synergistic targeting could improve efficacy beyond current immunosuppressive regimens. Nonetheless, clinical trials are required to confirm the findings.

Farnesol Inhibits PI3 Kinase Signaling and Inflammatory Gene Expression in Primary Human Renal Epithelial Cells

Chronic inflammation and elevated cytokine levels are closely associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is responsible for the manifestation of numerous complications and mortality. In addition to conventional CKD therapies, the possibility of using natural compounds with anti-inflammatory potential has attracted widespread attention in scientific research. This study aimed to study the potential anti-inflammatory effects of a natural oil compound, farnesol, in primary human renal proximal tubule epithelial cell (RPTEC) culture. Farnesol was encapsulated in lipid-based small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) to overcome its insolubility in cell culture medium. The cell attachment of empty vesicles (SUVs) and farnesol-loaded vesicles (farnesol-SUVs) was examined using BODIPY, a fluorescent dye with hydrophobic properties. Next, we used multiple protein, RNA, and protein phosphorylation arrays to investigate the impact of farnesol on inflammatory signaling in RPTECs. The results indicated that farnesol inhibits TNF-α/IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of the PI3 kinase p85 subunit and subsequent transcriptional activation of the inflammatory genes TNFRSF9, CD27, TNFRSF8, DR6, FAS, IL-7, and CCL2. Therefore, farnesol may be a promising natural compound for treating CKD.