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Edin ML, Gruzdev A, Graves JP, Lih FB, Morisseau C, Ward JM, Hammock BD, Bosio CM, Zeldin DC. Effects of sEH inhibition on the eicosanoid and cytokine storms in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23692. [PMID: 38786655 PMCID: PMC11141730 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302202rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection involves an initial viral infection phase followed by a host-response phase that includes an eicosanoid and cytokine storm, lung inflammation and respiratory failure. While vaccination and early anti-viral therapies are effective in preventing or limiting the pathogenic host response, this latter phase is poorly understood with no highly effective treatment options. Inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) increase levels of anti-inflammatory molecules called epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). This study aimed to investigate the impact of sEH inhibition on the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in a mouse model with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression. Mice were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and treated with either vehicle or the sEH inhibitor 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU). At day 5 post-infection, SARS-CoV-2 induced weight loss, clinical signs, a cytokine storm, an eicosanoid storm, and severe lung inflammation with ~50% mortality on days 6-8 post-infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced lung expression of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway genes, while suppressing expression of most cytochrome P450 genes. Treatment with the sEH inhibitor TPPU delayed weight loss but did not alter clinical signs, lung cytokine expression or overall survival of infected mice. Interestingly, TPPU treatment significantly reversed the eicosanoid storm and attenuated viral-induced elevation of 39 fatty acids and oxylipins from COX, LOX and P450 pathways, which suggests the effects at the level of PLA2 activation. The suppression of the eicosanoid storm by TPPU without corresponding changes in lung cytokines, lung inflammation or mortality reveals a surprising dissociation between systemic oxylipin and cytokine signaling pathways during SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggests that the cytokine storm is primarily responsible for morbidity and mortality in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Artiom Gruzdev
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Joan P. Graves
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Fred. B. Lih
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - James M. Ward
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Catharine M. Bosio
- Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Shaikh SR, Beck MA, Alwarawrah Y, MacIver NJ. Emerging mechanisms of obesity-associated immune dysfunction. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:136-148. [PMID: 38129700 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a wide range of complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Obesity also increases the incidence and progression of cancers, autoimmunity and infections, as well as lowering vaccine responsiveness. A unifying concept across these differing diseases is dysregulated immunity, particularly inflammation, in response to metabolic overload. Herein, we review emerging mechanisms by which obesity drives inflammation and autoimmunity, as well as impairing tumour immunosurveillance and the response to infections. Among these mechanisms are obesity-associated changes in the hormones that regulate immune cell metabolism and function and drive inflammation. The cargo of extracellular vesicles derived from adipose tissue, which controls cytokine secretion from immune cells, is also dysregulated in obesity, in addition to impairments in fatty acid metabolism related to inflammation. Furthermore, an imbalance exists in obesity in the biosynthesis and levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived oxylipins, which control a range of outcomes related to inflammation, such as immune cell chemotaxis and cytokine production. Finally, there is a need to investigate how obesity influences immunity using innovative model systems that account for the heterogeneous nature of obesity in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Melinda A Beck
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Yazan Alwarawrah
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Jessop F, Schwarz B, Bohrnsen E, Miltko M, Shaia C, Bosio CM. Targeting 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases Promotes Metabolic Reprogramming That Protects against Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mouse Model. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:528-542. [PMID: 37417946 PMCID: PMC10587500 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of host metabolism is a feature of lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Perturbations in α-ketoglutarate levels can elicit metabolic reprogramming through 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-ODDGs), leading to stabilization of the transcription factor HIF-1α. HIF1-α activation has been reported to promote antiviral mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2 through direct regulation of ACE2 expression (a receptor required for viral entry). However, given the numerous pathways HIF-1α serves to regulate it is possible that there are other undefined metabolic mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 independent of ACE2 downregulation. In this study, we used in vitro and in vivo models in which HIF-1α modulation of ACE2 expression was negated, allowing for isolated characterization of the host metabolic response within SARS-CoV-2 disease pathogenesis. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection limited stabilization of HIF-1α and associated mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming by maintaining activity of the 2-ODDG prolyl hydroxylases. Inhibition of 2-ODDGs with dimethyloxalylglycine promoted HIF-1α stabilization following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and significantly increased survival among SARS-CoV-2-infected mice compared with vehicle controls. However, unlike previous reports, the mechanism by which activation of HIF-1α responses contributed to survival was not through impairment of viral replication. Rather, dimethyloxalylglycine treatment facilitated direct effects on host metabolism including increased glycolysis and resolution of dysregulated pools of metabolites, which correlated with reduced morbidity. Taken together, these data identify (to our knowledge) a novel function of α-ketoglutarate-sensing platforms, including those responsible for HIF-1α stabilization, in the resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection and support targeting these metabolic nodes as a viable therapeutic strategy to limit disease severity during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Jessop
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Eric Bohrnsen
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Molly Miltko
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Catharine M. Bosio
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
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