Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Hepatic Endothelial Cells Suppresses MCP-1-Dependent Monocyte Recruitment in Diabetes

Mechanism of Action of Oral Salmonella-Based Vaccine to Prevent and Reverse Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice

A combination therapy of preproinsulin (PPI) and immunomodulators (TGFβ+IL10) orally delivered via genetically modified Salmonella and anti-CD3 promoted glucose balance in in NOD mice with recent onset diabetes. The Salmonella bacteria were modified to express the diabetes-associated antigen PPI controlled by a bacterial promoter in conjunction with over-expressed immunomodulating molecules. The possible mechanisms of action of this vaccine to limit autoimmune diabetes remained undefined. In mice, the vaccine prevented and reversed ongoing diabetes. The vaccine-mediated beneficial effects were associated with increased numbers of antigen-specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs, CD4+CD49b+LAG3+ Tr1-cells, and tolerogenic dendritic-cells (tol-DCs) in the spleens and lymphatic organs of treated mice. Despite this, the immune response to Salmonella infection was not altered. Furthermore, the vaccine effects were associated with a reduction in islet-infiltrating lymphocytes and an increase in the islet beta-cell mass. This was associated with increased serum levels of the tolerogenic cytokines (IL10, IL2, and IL13) and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, GM-CSF, IL6, IL12, and TNFα) and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5). Overall, the data suggest that the Salmonella-based vaccine modulates the immune response, reduces inflammation, and promotes tolerance specifically to an antigen involved in autoimmune diabetes.