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Emonet M, Citterio-Quentin A, Bourgeois S, Godard V, Boidin C, Barratier C, Boisramé J. Stability of clozapine tablets repackaged in dose administration aids using repackaging machines. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2024:ejhpharm-2023-004036. [PMID: 38816183 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2023-004036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of dose administration aids in automated ward dispensing devices requires the repackaging of medications, which may impact their stability compared with the original manufacturer's packaging. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the physical and chemical stability of clozapine tablets for up to 84 days after repackaging. METHODS A total of 900 tablets of clozapine 100 mg (Viatris) were repackaged and stored under five different conditions to conduct physical and chemical stability tests on days 0, 28, 56 and 84. The results were compared with control tablets in their original packaging. Visual inspections of tablet appearance were performed. Physical tests included assessments of mass uniformity, friability and resistance to crushing, following the standards of the European Pharmacopoeia 11th edition. The chemical stability was determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem-mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-MS/MS) to measure clozapine concentration, N-desmethyl-clozapine, and monitor clozapine degradation to detect formation of any degradation products other than N-desmethyl-clozapine. RESULTS Visual examination showed changes in the appearance of tablets only in those stored under UV light. Mass uniformity met standards for all tablets over 84 days. None passed the friability test due to tablet cracking after tumbling. A gradual deterioration in tablet hardness was observed with the resistance to crushing test. In terms of chemical stability, N-desmethyl-clozapine was undetected in any of the tablets stored under all conditions, and the mean concentration of clozapine remained within the target range over 84 days. CONCLUSION N-desmethyl-clozapine was not detected and clozapine concentrations remained stable under all storage conditions. The tablets were compliant with the mass uniformity test in each condition. However, the tablets were cracked in the friability test and gradual deterioration in tablet hardness was observed. In the light of these results, the Vinatier Hospital pharmacy has chosen to establish a shelf life for clozapine tablets of 84 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Emonet
- Pharmacy Department, The Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France
| | | | - Sandrine Bourgeois
- School of Pharmacy, Lyon, France, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Vanessa Godard
- Pharmacy Department, The Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Clément Boidin
- Pharmacy Department, The Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Cynthia Barratier
- School of Pharmacy, Lyon, France, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
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Uzunbay Z, Elliott RA, Taylor S, Sepe D, Ferraro EJ. Accuracy of medication labels on community pharmacy-prepared dose administration aids: An observational study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 11:100318. [PMID: 37662699 PMCID: PMC10474138 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hospital prescribers often use the labels on multicompartment compliance aids or monitored dosage systems, known in Australia as dose administration aids (DAAs), as a trusted source of information about patients' medication regimens taken in the community. Aim The primary aim was to explore the prevalence and nature of labelling incidents on community pharmacy-prepared DAAs. Methods A convenience sample of 100 adult patients admitted to a metropolitan teaching hospital who used a community pharmacy-prepared DAA at home was recruited. Patients were excluded if their DAAs were not brought to hospital. As part of usual care, a pharmacist took a best possible medication history (BPMH) using multiple information sources. This 'gold standard' BPMH was compared to the regimen listed on the DAA summary label and the DAA contents. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients whose DAA summary label(s) had one or more incidents for DAA packed medications. DAA label incident was defined as incorrect, missing or illegible/ambiguous medication name, strength, dose or dose-form when compared to the BPMH and DAA contents. Secondary outcomes were compliance with best-practice guidelines for labelling DAAs; and percentage of patients with a DAA packing error. Results The 100 patients used 110 DAAs, packed by 75 community pharmacies. Four (4.0%) patients had no medication summary label on their DAAs. Of the 96 patients whose DAA(s) had a summary label, 82 (85.4%) had one or more summary label incidents. The most prevalent incidents were 'illegible, ambiguous or missing medication details', 'truncated medication name' and 'omission of a medication'. The most prevalent guideline non-compliance was not including generic medication names (68% DAA-packed medications). Two DAA packing errors were identified. Conclusion A high prevalence of DAA labelling incidents was identified. Improved DAA labelling software functionality, more robust pharmacy procedures and pharmacy staff education are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulal Uzunbay
- Pharmacy Department, Austin Health, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Rohan A. Elliott
- Pharmacy Department, Austin Health, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Simone Taylor
- Pharmacy Department, Austin Health, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Daniela Sepe
- Pharmacy Department, Austin Health, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Emily J. Ferraro
- Pharmacy Department, Austin Health, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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Pharmacist Intervention in Portuguese Older Adult Care. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10101833. [DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy ageing has become one of the most significant challenges in a society with an increasing life expectancy. Older adults have a greater prevalence of chronic disease, with the need for multiple medications to appropriately control these issues. In addition to their health concerns, ageing individuals are prone to loneliness, dependence, and economic issues, which may affect their quality of life. Governments and health professionals worldwide have developed various strategies to promote active and healthy ageing to improve the quality of life of older adults. Pharmacists are highly qualified health professionals, easily accessible to the population, thus playing a pivotal role in medication management. Their proximity to the patient puts them in a unique position to provide education and training to improve therapeutic adherence and identify medication-related problems. This paper aims to address the importance of Portuguese community pharmacists in the medication management of older adults, emphasising their intervention in health promotion, patient education, medication-related problems, deprescription, dose administration aids, and medication review and reconciliation. We also discuss home delivery services and medication management in long-term care facilities.
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A cross-sectional survey of enhanced and extended professional services in community pharmacies: A pharmacy perspective. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 16:511-521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Qazi A, Saba M, Armour C, Saini B. Perspectives of pharmacists about collaborative asthma care model in primary care. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 17:388-397. [PMID: 32284301 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The newly recognized General Practice Pharmacist (GPP) model in Australia, where non-dispensing pharmacists work in collaboration with general practitioners (primary care physicians) within their general practice/clinics represent an efficient yet novel approach for the management of chronic diseases. In chronic conditions, such as asthma, these models can help achieve optimal health outcomes, given current gaps between guidelines and practice. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to elicit pharmacists' views and recommendations about pragmatic models of collaboration between GPPs and general practitioners in providing asthma management services in future service delivery models. METHODS Community pharmacists were recruited via convenience sampling and passive snowballing techniques. Qualitative, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted. Recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed utilizing NVivo® 11 software. Obtained data were content analyzed for emergent themes using the Braun and Clarke framework. RESULTS Twenty-five interviews were conducted. Asthma management challenges in current practice and the implementation practicality of asthma care GPP models comprised the two major emerging themes. Pharmacists' time and workload constraints and patients' reluctance to seek pharmacists' assistance to dispel misconceptions about asthma control were reported to be major barriers for the implementation of optimal asthma management services in community pharmacy. While a GPP dependent on several criteria. The development of specified channels for inter-professional communication for sharing of patient information and the willingness of stakeholders to accept and access such a model were reported. Funding and remuneration were considered critical factors by most participants. The professional self-autonomy of each healthcare professional involved in the GPP model was also highlighted as pertinent issue. CONCLUSIONS This study provides significant insights to create pragmatic scalable versions of a GPP care model that could facilitate better asthma care after key barriers and facilitators identified by participants are carefully addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila Qazi
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Maya Saba
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Carol Armour
- The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia
| | - Bandana Saini
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia; The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia
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Quantifying and characterising multi-compartment compliance aid provision. Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 16:560-567. [PMID: 31477529 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication compliance aids (MCAs) to support adherence lack evidence for cost-effectiveness yet a 2001 survey in England estimated 100,000 patients receiving an MCA whilst living in their home. OBJECTIVE (s): To obtain a contemporary estimate of MCA provision by community pharmacies in England and describe factors influencing pharmacist decision-making regarding MCA initiation. METHODS A stratified random sample of two community pharmacies per county (n = 40) in England were surveyed by telephone and a more detailed postal survey sent to participants expressing an interest. Data were collected to determine magnitude of MCA provision and, professional and administrative factors influencing initiation were reported as percentage (95% confidence interval) respondents reporting a factor. RESULTS An estimated 273,529 MCAs are filled by community pharmacies in England with a median (IQR) of 20(10, 50) MCAs per pharmacy per month provided for patients living in their home. Practitioners' judgement of appropriateness for MCA initiation was reported by 51.3 ± 11% as the primary factor influencing decision-making relative to 16.3 ± 8% and 20 ± 8.8% reporting patient's and carer's opinion respectively. Some form of assessment tool was reported by 13 ± 7.3% respondents. Postal survey respondents (n = 31) indicated that decision-making regarding MCA initiation was often or always affected by suitability of medication for dispensing in an MCA by 58% ± 17% of respondents; 74.2% ± 15.4% and 53.3% ± 17.9% of respondents' decision-making was never or rarely affected by the risk of adverse events and reduced patient autonomy arising from an MCA respectively. CONCLUSIONS Provision of MCAs by pharmacies in England has more than doubled in the past decade. Beyond considering the practicalities of whether an MCA is suitable for a patient, there is limited evidence of pharmacists considering patient choice or risk of adverse events arising from sudden increased adherence prior to initiation.
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Ha D, Song I, Lee EK, Shin JY. Projection of future pharmacy service fees using the dispensing claims in hospital and clinic outpatient pharmacies: national health insurance database between 2006 and 2012. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:327. [PMID: 29724220 PMCID: PMC5934792 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Predicting pharmacy service fees is crucial to sustain the health insurance budget and maintain pharmacy management. However, there is no evidence on how to predict pharmacy service fees at the population level. This study compares the status of pharmacy services and constructs regression model to project annual pharmacy service fees in Korea. Methods We conducted a time-series analysis by using sample data from the national health insurance database from 2006 and 2012. To reflect the latest trend, we categorized pharmacies into general hospital, special hospital, and clinic outpatient pharmacies based on the major source of service fees, using a 1% sample of the 2012 data. We estimated the daily number of prescriptions, pharmacy service fees, and drugs costs according to these three types of pharmacy services. To forecast pharmacy service fees, a regression model was constructed to estimate annual fees in the following year (2013). The dependent variable was pharmacy service fees and the independent variables were the number of prescriptions and service fees per pharmacy, ratio of patients (≥ 65 years), conversion factor, change of policy, and types of pharmacy services. Results Among the 21,283 pharmacies identified, 5.0% (1064), 4.6% (974), and 77.5% (16,340) were general hospital, special hospital, and clinic outpatient pharmacies, respectively, in 2012. General hospital pharmacies showed a higher daily number of prescriptions (111.9), higher pharmacy service fees ($25,546,342), and higher annual drugs costs ($215,728,000) per pharmacy than any other pharmacy (p < 0.05). The regression model to project found the ratio of patients aged 65 years and older and the conversion factor to be associated with an increase in pharmacy service fees. It also estimated the future rate of increase in pharmacy service fees to be between 3.1% and 7.8%. Conclusions General hospital outpatient pharmacies spent more on annual pharmacy service fees than any other type of pharmacy. The forecast of annual pharmacy service fees in Korea was similar to that of Australia, but not that of the United Kingdom.
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García ER, Thalhauser S, Loscertales HR, Modamio P, Lastra CF, Mariño EL. Current evidence in the stability of medicines in dose administration aids: implications for patient safety. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:577-587. [PMID: 29792364 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1480610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the elderly population and polypharmacy are increasing, it is predicted that interventions to enhance medication adherence, as dose administration aids (DAA), will grow. One of the limitations of repackaging medicines into DAA is to assure the stability of medicines, and, therefore, their quality, efficacy and safety. AREAS COVERED This article collects and summarises data of all the stability studies of repackaged medicines into DAAs. Computerized search in databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, and reference texts related to the field (keywords: drug stability, DAAs, compliance aids, and repackaging), open access databases and guidelines. Also, it provides recommendations on the suitability of repackaging and compares them with those established. EXPERT OPINION Since medicines are removed from primary package, their stability can be compromised due to psychochemical characteristics of the drug substance and product, the dosage form, the type of DAA selected, the co-storage and splitting, the repackaging conditions, and the conditions of storage. This review reflects the need of more standardized stability studies to guarantee the quality of repackaged medicines. In addition, the importance of them to support the pharmacist to make the best decisions in order to maximize outcomes and minimize risks related to patients' medication when repackaging it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela R García
- a Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Stefanie Thalhauser
- a Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Hèctor R Loscertales
- a Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Pilar Modamio
- a Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Cecilia F Lastra
- a Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Eduardo L Mariño
- a Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Raimi-Abraham BT, Garcia Del Valle A, Varon Galcera C, Barker SA, Orlu M. Investigating the physical stability of repackaged medicines stored into commercially available multicompartment compliance aids (MCAs). JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2017; 8:81-89. [PMID: 28713440 PMCID: PMC5488225 DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Compliance aids are devices which have been developed and are currently used to assist individuals in their medicines management. The use of compliance aids involves the transfer of medicines from the manufacturers' original packaging and repackaged into an multicompartment compliance aid (MCA). MCAs do not guarantee the same level of protection compared to manufacturer's original packaging. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the stability profile of atenolol, aspirin and lansoprazole dosage forms repackaged together in two different commercially available MCAs. Methods In a laboratory in the United Kingdom, the physical stability of the formulations repackaged into two commercially available brands of MCAs was evaluated. After 8 weeks of storage (under controlled ambient conditions), changes in the disintegration (tablets only) and dissolution properties (all formulations) were examined in accordance with British Pharmacopoeia (BP) specifications. Key findings Findings from this study confirm that changes in solid‐dosage form quality are observed when repackaged into MCAs compared to manufacturers packaging resulting in differences in in‐vitro dissolution performance. However, even with these changes, overall product performance was acceptable and within BP specifications. Conclusion There is a need for greater collaboration in this area between manufacturers, hospital and community pharmacists, academics and policymakers to increase the data available on the physical stability and in turn performance of medicines repackaged into MCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susan Anne Barker
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy University College London London UK
| | - Mine Orlu
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy University College London London UK
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Investigating influences on current community pharmacy practice at micro, meso, and macro levels. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017; 13:727-737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dhippayom T, Krass I. Medication-taking behaviour in New South Wales patients with type 2 diabetes: an observational study. Aust J Prim Health 2016; 21:429-37. [PMID: 25183196 DOI: 10.1071/py14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to (1) determine adherence to diabetes medication in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients; (2) describe respondents' attitudes and beliefs about medications, and barriers to adherence; and (3) to model predictors of non-adherence. Data were collected using online and postal surveys. Diabetes patients aged 18 years who were members of the Australian Diabetes Council were invited to participate. Main outcome measures were adherence to diabetes medication using 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Score (MMAS-8) and beliefs about medication using the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire. A total of 543 T2D patients responded to the survey. The median (interquartile range) MMAS-8 score was 6.8 (5.0-7.0). The prevalence of adherence (MMAS-8 score 6) was 64.6%. The proportion of respondents who expressed concern about taking medications was 53.6%. Potential predictors of adherence included age (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.19-2.82), concern about medication (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.96), knowledge of diabetes (OR, 0.85, 95% CI, 0.73-0.99), having difficulty in paying for medication (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.33-0.79), having more than one regular pharmacy (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.36-0.95), and using insulin (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30-0.81). Adherence to taking diabetes medication in a sample of the Australian T2D patient population was suboptimal. An understanding of medication-taking behaviour will assist health-care professionals to deliver appropriate and effective interventions to enhance adherence and optimise diabetes control in T2D patients.
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Mylrea M, Robertson S, Haywood A, Glass B. Stability of Dispersible Aspirin Tablets Repacked into Dosette Boxes. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2055-2335.2012.tb00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alison Haywood
- School of Pharmacy, Griffith Health Institute; Griffith University
| | - Beverley Glass
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland
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Edirisinghe S, Raimi-Abraham B, Gilmartin JM, Orlu-Gul M. Multi-compartment compliance aids (MCAs): Application to the geriatric community. Eur Geriatr Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hersberger KE, Boeni F, Arnet I. Dose-dispensing service as an intervention to improve adherence to polymedication. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:413-21. [PMID: 23927669 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.811829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of high adherence to long-term pharmacotherapy and the growing need to improve medication adherence, choosing the best intervention represents a challenge for healthcare providers. A dose-dispensing service is defined as the repackaging of solid oral medication into dose-dispensing aids by a healthcare provider, mostly in a community pharmacy or hospital pharmacy, in order to assist patients in the management of their polymedication. The personalized dose-dispensing aid organizes individual oral doses according to their prescribed intake schedule throughout the day and the week. This review aims to describe the pros and cons of different dose-dispensing services and technologies, summarizes current evidence and addresses research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt E Hersberger
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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