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Squarzoni S. Immunoelectron Microscopy Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2655:201-210. [PMID: 37212998 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3143-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
"Immunoelectron microscopy" defines a group of techniques developed for visualizing where components of cells or tissues are localized, by means of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) at a subcellular resolution. The method is based on antigen recognition by primary antibodies and subsequent visualization of recognized structures by means of electron-opaque gold granules, which are easily visible in TEM images. The potentially high resolution of this method relies on the very small size of the colloidal gold label, which consists of granules ranging from 1 to 60 nm in diameter, mostly used in the 5-15 nm sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Squarzoni
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
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Waldeck W, Mueller G, Glatting KH, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Diessl N, Chotewutmonti S, Langowski J, Semmler W, Wiessler M, Braun K. Spatial localization of genes determined by intranuclear DNA fragmentation with the fusion proteins lamin KRED and histone KRED und visible light. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1136-48. [PMID: 23869190 PMCID: PMC3714390 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly organized DNA architecture inside of the nuclei of cells is accepted in the scientific world. In the human genome about 3 billion nucleotides are organized as chromatin in the cell nucleus. In general, they are involved in gene regulation and transcription by histone modification. Small chromosomes are localized in a central nuclear position whereas the large chromosomes are peripherally positioned. In our experiments we inserted fusion proteins consisting of a component of the nuclear lamina (lamin B1) and also histone H2A, both combined with the light inducible fluorescence protein KillerRed (KRED). After activation, KRED generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) producing toxic effects and may cause cell death. We analyzed the spatial damage distribution in the chromatin after illumination of the cells with visible light. The extent of DNA damage was strongly dependent on its localization inside of nuclei. The ROS activity allowed to gain information about the location of genes and their functions via sequencing and data base analysis of the double strand breaks of the isolated DNA. A connection between the damaged gene sequences and some diseases was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Waldeck
- 1. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Biophysics of Macromolecules, INF 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Mueller
- 1. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Biophysics of Macromolecules, INF 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Glatting
- 3. German Cancer Research Center, Genomics Proteomics Core Facility HUSAR Bioinformatics Lab, INF 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- 3. German Cancer Research Center, Genomics Proteomics Core Facility HUSAR Bioinformatics Lab, INF 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolle Diessl
- 4. German Cancer Research Center, Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility High Throughput Sequencing, INF 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sasithorn Chotewutmonti
- 4. German Cancer Research Center, Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility High Throughput Sequencing, INF 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Langowski
- 1. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Biophysics of Macromolecules, INF 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfhard Semmler
- 2. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Medical Physics in Radiology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wiessler
- 2. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Medical Physics in Radiology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Braun
- 2. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Medical Physics in Radiology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Maraldi NM, Squarzoni S, Sabatelli P, Capanni C, Mattioli E, Ognibene A, Lattanzi G. Laminopathies: Involvement of structural nuclear proteins in the pathogenesis of an increasing number of human diseases. J Cell Physiol 2005; 203:319-27. [PMID: 15389628 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Just at the beginning of the millennium the neologism laminopathies has been introduced in the scientific vocabulary. An exponential increase of interest on the subject started concomitantly, so that a formerly quite neglected group of rare human diseases is now widely investigated. This review will cover the history of the identification of the molecular basis for fourteen (since now) hereditary diseases arising from defects in genes that encode nuclear envelope and nuclear lamina-associated proteins and will also consider the hypotheses that can account for the role of structural nuclear proteins in the pathogenesis of diseases affecting a wide spectrum of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir M Maraldi
- ITOI-CNR, Unit of Bologna via di Barbiano 1/10 c/o IOR, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Maraldi NM, Lattanzi G, Squarzoni S, Capanni C, Cenni V, Manzoli FA. Implications for nuclear organization and gene transcription of lamin A/C specific mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 45:1-16. [PMID: 16185751 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2005.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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