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Li W, Hadizadeh M, Yusof A, Naharudin MN. Kinematic characteristics of elbow joint range of motion in elite Chinese freestyle swimmers with elbow pain during dry-land simulations of swimming strokes. J Sports Sci 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38616704 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2340887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain quantitative data on elbow joint ROM in elite freestyle swimmers with EP in China. Of the 50 elite freestyle swimmers recruited, 41 completed all measurements during dry-land swimming stroke simulations. Elbow joint angle, velocity, and acceleration were measured using inertial measurement units. The RMSE/D was calculated to determine the elbow joint ROM deviation. Joint angle (3.33 ∘ -42.96 ∘ ), angular velocity (-364.15 to 245.69 ∘ / s ), and angular acceleration (-7051.80 to 1465.35 ∘ / s 2 ) were significantly different between the critical pain and healthy. The probability distributions of joint angle (15.47 ∘ ±14.54 ∘ ), angular velocity (2.41 ∘ ±111.06 ∘ / s ), and angular acceleration (1.93 ± 2222.6 ∘ / s 2 ) in the slight pain group were significantly different betweenhealthy and critical pain. The RMSE/D distributions of angular velocity (28.3%) and acceleration (21.48%) in the critical pain deviated from the healthy. The peak value-RMSE/D matrix model obtained proved that elbow ROM significantly differed between the elite freestyle swimmers with EP and the healthy. Angular velocity and acceleration indicate the weakness and negative influence of kinematics on patients with EP. Thus, Potential solutions are to constantly optimise freestyle swimming techniques and strengthen the arm muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Li
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Hadizadeh
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Painter DF, Quinn M, Dove JH, Testa EJ, Snow R, Byrne RA, Pavlu MM, Jordan R, Owens BD. Arm Health in Elite Collegiate Summer League Baseball Players Assessed by the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Score. J Athl Train 2024; 59:255-261. [PMID: 37681668 PMCID: PMC10976342 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0123.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Collegiate baseball players with professional aspirations often participate in summer leagues; foremost among them is the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL). Injuries acquired during the collegiate baseball season can be carried into the CCBL season and vice versa. OBJECTIVE To assess the history of throwing arm injury and current functionality in midseason CCBL players. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Online questionnaire. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 123 CCBL players participated. Qualifying athletes were ≥18 years old and were rostered CCBL players with remaining collegiate eligibility. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) After collecting background information, we used the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (KJOC) Shoulder and Elbow questionnaire to assess the history of throwing arm injury and current functionality. The maximum KJOC score is 100.0; higher scores correspond with greater functionality. RESULTS The mean KJOC score was 86.6 ± 14.5 (n = 92); 24.5% (23/94) of players reported a prior diagnosis of throwing arm injury other than a strain or sprain. A total of 49 (49/96, 51.0%) players had undergone rehabilitation for a throwing arm injury, and 7 (7/96, 7.3%) had experienced a medical procedure. Players with no previous treatment (n = 41, mean KJOC score = 88.9 ± 19.0) more frequently demonstrated KJOC scores of ≥90 than players with such treatment (n = 55, 80.9 ± 17.1; P < .001). The 18 players with time-loss arm injury in the last year had lower mean KJOC scores (71.3 ± 20.0) than players with no injury or time loss (90.3 ± 9.8; P < .001). Similarly, players who reported current arm trouble (n = 15) had lower KJOC scores (71.6 ± 17.5) than players with healthy arms (89.5 ± 11.9; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The average KJOC score of the CCBL players was <90, with particularly low scores in athletes with prior arm injury and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Quinn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - James H. Dove
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Edward J. Testa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Ryan Snow
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Rory A. Byrne
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | | | - Brett D. Owens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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Ueda A, Matsumura A, Shinkuma T, Oki T, Nakamura Y. Shoulder kinetic during pitching in baseball players with scapular dyskinesis. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 37:57-62. [PMID: 38432842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shoulder injuries in baseball players cause excessive shoulder load during pitching and scapular dyskinesis (SD). However, the characteristics of pitching kinetics in the shoulder joint with SD are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SD on pitching kinetics in the shoulder joint of baseball players. METHOD Seventy-two college and independent league baseball players participated in the study. The pitching motion was measured using an 18-camera motion-capture system. SD was classified into four types (I-IV) using the scapular dyskinesis test (SDT). The pitching kinetics data were analyzed. RESULTS The agreement of SD in this study was 56/72 (77.8%). SD were classified into 31 abnormal group (type I-Ⅲ) and 25 control group (type Ⅳ). Three participants with measurement failure during the pitching motion analysis were excluded from the analysis. The abnormal group showed a larger maximum value of the glenohumeral normalized anterior joint force than the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an increase in GH anterior force during pitching causes an excessive increase in external rotation of the GH with an insufficient posterior tilt of the scapula with SD. Therefore, baseball pitching with SD may involve shoulder injuries owing to excessive shoulder load during pitching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ueda
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Japan.
| | | | | | - Takeshi Oki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hankai Hospital, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nakamura
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Japan
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Wells A, Rigby J, Castel C, Castel D. Pulsed Red and Blue Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Thigh Contusions and Soft Tissue Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sport Rehabil 2024; 33:20-26. [PMID: 37917978 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Contusion and soft tissue injuries are common in sports. Photobiomodultion, light and laser therapy, is an effective aid to increase healing rates and improve function after various injury mechanisms. However, it is unclear how well photobiomodulation improves function after a contusion soft tissue injury. This study aimed to determine the effects of a pulsed red and blue photobiomodulation light patch on muscle function following a human thigh contusion injury. DESIGN Single-blinded randomized control trial design. METHODS We enrolled 46 healthy participants. Participants completed 5 visits on consecutive days. On the first visit, participants completed a baseline isokinetic quadriceps strength testing protocol at 60°/s and 180°/s. On the second visit, participants were struck in the rectus femoris of the anterior thigh with a tennis ball from a serving machine. Immediately following, participants were treated for 30 minutes with an active or placebo photobiomodulation patch (CareWear light patch system, CareWear Corp). Following the treatment, participants completed the same isokinetic quadriceps strength testing protocol. Participants completed the treatment and isokinetic quadriceps strength test during the following daily visits. We normalized the data by calculating the percent change from baseline. We used a mixed model analysis of covariance, with sex as a covariate, to determine the difference between treatment groups throughout the acute recovery process. RESULTS We found the active photobiomodulation treatment significantly increased over the placebo group, quadriceps peak torque during the 180°/s test (P = .030), and average power during both the 60°/s (P = .041) and 180°/s (P ≤ .001) assessments. The mean peak torque and average power of 180°/s, at day 4, exceeded the baseline levels by 8.9% and 16.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The red and blue photobiomodulation light patch improved muscle strength and power during the acute healing phase of a human thigh contusion injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Wells
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Justin Rigby
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Tamura A, Saito M. Muscle Activity Characteristics of the Pronator Teres during Throwing in Baseball Pitchers: A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040618. [PMID: 36833152 PMCID: PMC9957271 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pronator teres muscle is a major dynamic stabilizer of elbow valgus stress during throwing. This study aims to investigate pronator teres muscle activation during breaking ball pitching in baseball pitchers. Twelve male college baseball players with more than eight years of baseball experience were included in this study. A wireless surface electromyography (EMG) system was used to measure the activation of the forearm muscles and record EMG data during fastball and curveball pitching. Peak pronator teres muscle activation during curveball pitching was greater than that during fastball pitching (p = 0.03). There was no difference in the muscle activation of the other forearm muscles (p > 0.05). These results indicate that increased muscle activity in the pronator teres may contribute to stiffness and induce pronator teres syndrome or medial elbow injuries related to the overuse of the pronator teres, especially during curveball pitching. Controlling curveball throws contributes to player coaching and conditioning for the prevention of elbow joint disorders and pronator teres syndrome.
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Taguchi N, Izumi S, Miyakawa S. Analysis of trunk rotation during baseball batting with lumbar disc degeneration. Fukushima J Med Sci 2023; 69:1-10. [PMID: 36775314 PMCID: PMC10122975 DOI: 10.5387/fms.2022-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower back pain (LBP) is common among baseball players, and the occurrence of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration is high. The dynamic load on the lumbar spine due to the postures and movements characteristic of baseball is suspected of aggravating LBP caused by degeneration, but the difference in batting action between players with and without degeneration is not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in batting motion in the presence and absence of lumbar disc degeneration (LDD). The subjects were 18 male baseball players belonging to the University League Division I: seven with disc degeneration and 11 without. The motion task analyzed tee batting. The items examined were the angles of rotation of shoulder, pelvis, hip, and twisting motion; rotation angular velocity; time to maximum angular velocity; and muscle activity potentials of the bilateral latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, multifidus, external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, and gluteus medius muscles; at each stage of batting action. There were significant differences between the shoulder and pelvis in rotation angle, time to maximum angular velocity, and muscle activity in the presence and absence of LDD, and in the time to maximum angular velocity between the shoulder and pelvis. We infer that these differences are characteristic of batting motion due to LDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shigeki Izumi
- Faculty of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University
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Tanaka Y, Ishida T, Ino T, Suzumori Y, Samukawa M, Kasahara S, Tohyama H. The effects of relative trunk rotation velocity on ball speed and elbow and shoulder joint torques during baseball pitching. Sports Biomech 2022:1-13. [PMID: 36223307 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2129431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In baseball pitching, suppressing trunk rotation while rotating the pelvis in the early phase of arm cocking is important for throwing a fast ball. However, quantitative evaluation of trunk rotation during pitching has not been established, and its associations with elbow and shoulder torques are unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation of a new measure of trunk rotation suppression with ball speed and elbow and shoulder torques during pitching. Eighteen adult male baseball pitchers (21.7 ± 1.2 years old) participated. Three qualified pitches were analysed using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Trunk rotation velocity, normalised to the peak velocity, was derived at the time of peak pelvic velocity. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine correlations. The normalised trunk rotation velocity at the peak pelvic velocity was significantly correlated with elbow valgus torque (R = -0.508, P = 0.032), shoulder external rotation torque (R = -0.507, P = 0.032) and ball speed (R = -0.504, P = 0.033). A smaller normalised trunk rotation angular velocity at the time of peak pelvic rotation velocity could increase ball speed but may also increase elbow and shoulder torques among pitchers who demonstrate trunk rotation after foot contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Tanaka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takumi Ino
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzumori
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mina Samukawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Vargas L, Charen D, Huang HH, Poeran J, Colvin A. Analysis of common shoulder injuries in collegiate baseball players. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:394-399. [PMID: 34047242 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1934910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Baseball players are highly susceptible to shoulder injuries due to repetitive overhead throwing. The purpose of this study was to investigate men's collegiate baseball shoulder injury rates and associated risk factors. METHODS Using the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) database, shoulder injury data for men's baseball players was analyzed from 2009-2010 through 2013-2014. Only the most common shoulder injuries were examined, including acromioclavicular (AC) sprain, anterior dislocation, biceps tear, biceps tendinitis, SLAP (superior labrum from anterior to posterior) tear, non-SLAP labral tear, rotator cuff tear, rotator cuff tendinitis, and shoulder impingement. Statistical analysis was performed using proportion ratios (PR). Statistical significance was initially defined as p < 0.05; a post-hoc Bonferroni adjustment was applied using a p < 0.005 threshold balancing the likelihood of false positive and false negative findings. RESULTS Overall, 138 shoulder injuries were identified of which 51.4% occurred during practice. Rotator cuff pathology represented 45.6% of all injuries, with rotator cuff tears significantly more likely to be season-ending injuries (PR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2-5.6, p = 0.019). Pitching or throwing was the mechanism of injury in 100% of players with rotator cuff tendonitis, 87.5% of SLAP tears, 70% of players with biceps tendinitis, and 67% of players with rotator cuff tears. Biceps tendinitis (PR 3.9, 95% CI 1.2-12.5, p = 0.024) and SLAP tears (PR 6.4, 95% CI 1.6-25.0, p = 0.008) were significantly more likely to be chronic. SLAP tears were significantly more likely to be recurrent (PR 5.5, 95% CI = 1.5-20.4, p = 0.010). Being a freshman or sophomore was significantly associated with a lower proportion of biceps tendinitis (PR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.04-0.8, p = 0.028). All anterior shoulder dislocations occurred while running the bases or sliding, and AC sprains were significantly associated with contact (PR 20.6, 95% CI = 2.5-168.7, p = 0.0048). CONCLUSIONS Repetitive overhead throwing in college baseball is a common cause of overuse shoulder injuries. These athletes are especially susceptible to rotator cuff pathology, which is significantly more likely to cause season-ending injuries. While we have to interpret these results in light of both adjusted and unadjusted p-values, this information signifies the importance of shoulder injury prevention strategies by physicians and trainers taking care of collegiate baseball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luilly Vargas
- New York University Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Charen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hsin-Hui Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jashvant Poeran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexis Colvin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Gibson ES, Cairo A, Räisänen AM, Kuntze C, Emery CA, Pasanen K. The Epidemiology of Youth Sport-Related Shoulder Injuries: A Systematic Review. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8791398. [PMID: 38655170 PMCID: PMC11022765 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8791398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Youth around the globe place their shoulders at risk for injury when participating in sports. Shoulder injuries may vary in severity, produce the potential for time-loss from sport, and result in functional disability. We sought to explore sport-related shoulder injuries in youth by identifying injury rates, risk factors, injury mechanisms, and injury prevention strategies. Methods All relevant full-text articles were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sport Discus, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry. No date restrictions were used. All full-text studies reporting original research describing sport-related shoulder injury among female and/or male youth from 5 to 18 years old were included. Results Of 3,889 studies screened, 97 described shoulder injury in youth sports. Shoulder injuries were identified in 24 unique sports. The median seasonal prevalence of shoulder injury was 10.9% (range 1.2-28.2%). The most common injury mechanisms identified were contacted with another player, contact with the playing environment, and falling to the ground. Risk factors for shoulder injury identified were side-to-side strength imbalances, weak external rotator muscles, and scapular dyskinesia. One study evaluated a successful training strategy to prevent shoulder injuries, but two other interventions demonstrated no effect. Conclusions Sport-related shoulder injuries are prevalent among youth athletes. Injury risk factors identified included modifiable intrinsic factors such as strength, range of motion, and training load. The most common injury mechanism was direct contact with either another person or an object in the playing environment. Innovative shoulder-specific strategies are needed to reduce shoulder injuries in this population. Trial Registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42020189142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Gibson
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alexis Cairo
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anu M. Räisänen
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, College of Health Sciences - Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon, USA
| | - Colleen Kuntze
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Carolyn A. Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
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Lee A, Farooqi A, Abreu E, Talwar D, Maguire K. Trends in pediatric baseball and softball injuries presenting to emergency departments. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 51:247-253. [PMID: 35139728 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2022.2040888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of youth participate in baseball and softball in the United States and these youth account for a large number of pediatric sports injuries. This study sought to characterize annual, seasonal, and age-related trends in pediatric softball and baseball injuries presenting to the Emergency Department (ED). METHODS The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was retrospectively examined for all softball and baseball injuries from 2010 to 2019 involving pediatric patients aged 7-21 years. Patients were classified by age as children (ages 7-13), adolescents (ages 14-18), or young adults (ages 19-21). Case narratives were used to assign mechanisms of injury. National injury estimates were calculated using statistical weights provided by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. RESULTS An estimated 1,372,573 pediatric softball and baseball ED visits occurred from 2010 to 2019. The mean age of the patient population was 13.6 years old (95% CI = 13.5-13.8 years), and baseball athletes were younger than softball athletes (13.2 years and 14.3 years) (p < 0.01). Moreover, baseball athletes hit by the bat were younger than their softball counterparts (11.8 years and 13.4 years). Most baseball and softball injuries were the result of being hit by the ball (52.8% and 54.2%) or sliding into a base (13.1% and 15.8%). The annual number of injuries decreased during the studied time period by 41.1% for baseball injuries and by 38.3% for softball injuries. The annual number of injuries related to all injury mechanisms decreased over the studied time period for both sports, with the exception of baseball throwing injuries, which increased by 8.6%. Baseball and softball injuries were both most likely to be present to the ED on Sunday (16.3% and 17.9%) and during the Spring (53.2% and 55.3%). CONCLUSION Safety guidelines should focus on reducing the prevalence of injuries acquired by younger baseball and softball players during practice and educating coaches and players on existing pitch count guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lee
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ali Farooqi
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Abreu
- Jefferson College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Divya Talwar
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen Maguire
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Orthopaedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hopkins C, Williams J, Rauh MJ, Zhang L. Epidemiology of NCAA Track and Field Injuries From 2010 to 2014. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671211068079. [PMID: 35111863 PMCID: PMC8801656 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211068079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Track and field (T&F) athletes compete in a variety of events that require different skills and training characteristics. Descriptive epidemiology studies often fail to describe event-specific injury patterns. Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) T&F by sex, setting (practice vs competition), and time of season (indoor vs outdoor) and to compare injury patterns by events within the sport. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data were obtained from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program for all indoor and outdoor T&F injuries during the academic years 2009-2010 to 2013-2014. Injury rates, injury rate ratios, and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were reported and compared by sex, injury setting, season, and event. Analysis included time-loss as well as no-time loss injuries. Results: Over the 5 seasons, the overall injury rate was 3.99 injuries per 1000 athletic-exposures (95% CI, 3.79-4.20). After controlling for injury diagnoses, women’s T&F athletes experienced an 18% higher risk of injury (95% CI, 7% to 31%) and missed 41% more time after an injury (95% CI, 4% to 93%) when compared with men. Among all athletes, the injury risk during competition was 71% higher (95% CI, 50% to 95%) compared with practice and required 59% more time loss (95% CI, 7% to 135%). Distance running accounted for a significantly higher proportion of overuse injuries (IPR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.40-2.05; P < .05) and required 168% more time loss (95% CI, 78% to 304%) than other events. The hip and thigh were the body regions most commonly injured; injury type, however, varied by T&F event. Sprinting accounted for the greatest proportion of hip and thigh injuries, distance running had the greatest proportion of lower leg injuries, and throwing reported the greatest proportion of spine and upper extremity injuries. Conclusion: Injury risk in NCAA T&F varied by sex, season, and setting. Higher injury rates were found in women versus men, indoor versus outdoor seasons, and competitions versus practices. The hip and thigh were the body regions most commonly injured; however, injury types varied by event. These findings may provide insight to programs aiming to reduce the risk of injury and associated time loss in collegiate T&F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hopkins
- Department of Health Sciences, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joel Williams
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Rauh
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Post EG, Simon PhD JE, Robison H, Morris SN, Bell DR. Epidemiology of overuse injuries in U.S. secondary school athletics from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 using the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program. J Athl Train 2021; 57:510-516. [PMID: 35696603 PMCID: PMC9205548 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-600-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT With 8 million annual participants in the United States, the epidemiology of sports-related injuries in high school athletics has garnered significant interest. The most recent studies examining overuse injury rates in high school sports reported data from 2012-2013 and therefore may not reflect current overuse injury rates in high school sports. OBJECTIVE To 1) to determine overuse time-loss (TL) and non-time-loss (NTL) injury rates among high school student athletes using NATION-SP data collected from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 and 2) compare overuse injury rates based on student-athlete gender defined by sport, sport, and injury location. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Online injury surveillance from 211 high schools (345 individual years of high school data). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Athletes participating in secondary school-sponsored boys' and girls' sports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Boys' and girls' overuse injury data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP) from the 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 school years were analyzed. Overuse injuries were identified using a combination of reported injury mechanism and diagnosis. TL injuries resulted in restriction from participation beyond the day of injury; a NTL injury did not result in restriction from participation beyond the day of injury or lost no time due to the injury. Injury counts, rates, and rate ratios (IRRs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The overall overuse injury rate was 5.3/10,000 AEs (95%CI=5.1, 5.7), the NTL overuse injury rate was 3.4/10,000 AEs (95%CI=3.1, 3.6), and the TL overuse injury rate was 2.0/10,000 AEs (95%CI=1.8, 2.2). The overuse injury rate was greater in girls' sports compared to boys' sports (IRR=1.9; 95%CI=1.7, 2.1). The highest rates of overuse injury were reported in girls' cross-country (19.2/10,000 AEs; 95%CI=15.0, 24.2), girls' track and field (16.0/10,000 AEs; 95%CI=13.5, 18.8), and girls' field hockey (15.1/10,000 AEs; 95%CI=10.2, 21.6). Overuse injury rates were highest for the lower extremity compared to the upper extremity (IRR=5.7; 95%CI=4.9, 6.7) and for the lower extremity compared to the trunk and spine (IRR=8.9; 95%CI=7.3, 10.8). CONCLUSIONS Awareness of overuse injury risk as well as prevention and intervention recommendations are necessary and should be specifically targeted towards cross-country, field hockey, and track and field athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Post
- 1Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN
| | - Janet E Simon PhD
- 2School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Hannah Robison
- 3Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sarah N Morris
- 3Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - David R Bell
- 4Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Veillard KL, Boltz AJ, Robison HJ, Morris SN, Collins CL, Chandran A. Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Softball: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019. J Athl Train 2021; 56:734-741. [PMID: 34280289 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-668-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Women's softball athletes account for approximately 9% of all female athletes competing within the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). BACKGROUND Routine surveillance of NCAA women's softball injuries is important for identifying the emerging injury patterns in this sport. METHODS Exposure and injury data collected during competitive seasons in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 (5 years) academic years were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics; injury rate ratios (IRRs) were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS The overall injury rate was 3.92 per 1000 athlete exposures. Practice and preseason injury rates increased during 2015/16 through 2018/19. Most injuries were shoulder (15.2%), hand/wrist (11.8%), knee (11.2%), and head/face injuries (11.2%) and were classified as contusions (14.2%), sprains (14.1%), and inflammatory conditions (14.1%). Concussion (6.8%) was the most commonly reported injury, and concussion incidence fluctuated during 2014-2015 through 2018-2019. SUMMARY Results indicate an increasing trend in practice and preseason injury incidence. Findings also suggest that workload accumulation in the shoulder and the mechanisms of concussion warrant further attention in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Veillard
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Adrian J Boltz
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hannah J Robison
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sarah N Morris
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Christy L Collins
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Avinash Chandran
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
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Boltz AJ, Powell JR, Robison HJ, Morris SN, Collins CL, Chandran A. Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Baseball: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019. J Athl Train 2021; 56:742-749. [PMID: 34280265 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-432-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The National Collegiate Athletic Association has supported men's baseball championships since 1947. Since its inception, the number of participating teams and athletes has considerably expanded. BACKGROUND Frequently conducting injury surveillance of collegiate baseball athletes is essential for identifying developing temporal patterns. METHODS Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics; injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS The overall injury rate was 3.16 per 1000 athlete-exposures. The preseason injury rate was significantly higher than the regular season injury rate. The most commonly injured body parts were shoulder (16.1%), arm or elbow (16%), and hand or wrist (13.9%). The most reported specific injury was hamstring tear (7.9%). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study aligned with previous studies-most injuries were due to noncontact and overuse mechanisms, less than one-half of injuries were related to upper extremity body parts, and one-third of all injuries were reported among pitchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Boltz
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jacob R Powell
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Curriculum in Human Movement Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Hannah J Robison
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sarah N Morris
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Christy L Collins
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Avinash Chandran
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
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Croci J, Nicknair J, Goetschius J. Early Sport Specialization Linked to Throwing Arm Function and Upper Extremity Injury History in College Baseball Players. Sports Health 2021; 13:230-236. [PMID: 33535886 DOI: 10.1177/1941738120986555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that shoulder and elbow injuries account for 31% to 37% of all National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) baseball injuries, and up to 69% of NCAA baseball injuries are the result of noncontact and overuse mechanisms. Early sport specialization may contribute to the high rates of upper extremity injuries in college baseball players. HYPOTHESIS Higher specialization by age 13 years would be associated with worse subjective throwing arm function and a greater history of shoulder and elbow injury. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS Survey data were collected from college baseball players (N = 129) during midseason of the spring 2019 baseball season. Participants were stratified in low, moderate, and high specialization groups based on a 3-criteria sports specialization questionnaire. Participants' throwing arm function was measured using the Functional Arm Scale for Throwers and the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic shoulder and elbow questionnaires. Participants' history of a shoulder or elbow injury that resulted in missing ≥2 weeks of baseball activity at any point in their baseball career was also collected. RESULTS The high specialization group reported worse subjective throwing arm function on the Functional Arm Scale for Throwers questionnaire than the low (P = 0.03) and moderate (P = 0.01) specialization groups. The high specialization group was over 5 times more likely to report a history of shoulder injury than the moderate (odds ratio [OR] = 5.42; 95% CI [1.71, 17.2]; P = 0.004) and low (OR = 5.20; 95% CI [1.87, 14.5]; P = 0.002) specialization groups, and over 3 times more likely to report a history of elbow injury than the moderate specialization group (OR = 3.77; 95% CI [1.05, 13.6]; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION College baseball players that were highly specialized by age 13 years reported worse subjective throwing arm function and were more likely to have a history of upper extremity injury than players that were moderate or low specialization. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Early specialization in baseball may be detrimental to long-term upper extremity health in college baseball players.
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Abstract
Sport-related concussions are common in the United States. Concussion rates have increased over time, likely due to improved recognition and awareness. Concussion rates vary across level (high school vs college), sex, and sport. Concussion rates are the highest among men, particularly in football, wrestling, ice hockey, and lacrosse where collisions and contact are inherent to the sports, although girls'/women's soccer rates are high. In gender-comparable sports, women have higher concussion rates. Continued data collection will increase understanding of sport-related concussion and provide areas for targeted prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Pierpoint
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 100, Vail, CO 81657, USA.
| | - Christy Collins
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, 401 West Michigan Street, Suite 500, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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SHOULDER AND ELBOW INJURY RATES AND CHARACTERISTICS AMONG COLLEGIATE BASEBALL STUDENT-ATHLETES. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2020; 15:792-803. [PMID: 33110699 DOI: 10.26603/ijspt20200792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has focused on the epidemiology of shoulder and elbow injuries among high school and professional baseball players. Shoulder and elbow injury data has not been comprehensively reported among college baseball student-athletes. Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe shoulder and elbow injury rates and their characteristics among collegiate baseball student-athletes in order to improve injury prevention. Study Design Descriptive Epidemiology Study. Methods Shoulder and elbow injury data were obtained from the NCAA Injury Surveillance System for baseball from 2004-2014. Incidence rate ratios and descriptive analyses described injury characteristics for the shoulder and elbow, separately. Results The injury rate for the shoulder was 4.02/10,000 athlete-exposures and for the elbow was 2.44/10,000 athlete-exposures. During the ten-year period, the injury rate of the shoulder has approximately decreased by 75% and of the elbow by approximately 50%. Injury rates were higher during competitions compared to practice for the shoulder (rate ratio, 1.81;95% CI, 1.51, 2.18) and elbow (rate ratio, 2.19;95% CI, 1.73, 2.78). Freshmen and juniors were most likely to sustain shoulder (F=40.6%, J = 29%) and elbow (F=33%, J=33.7%) injuries. Regarding shoulder injuries, surgery was required for 7.1%, and the outcome was season ending for 14.5%. More elbow injuries (17.5%) ended in surgery, and a greater proportion (28.9%) had season-ending injuries. Conclusion In collegiate baseball, shoulder and elbow injury rates have decreased but still result in high morbidity. More granular analyses, especially during Division 1 competitions, are necessary for more specific interventions. While shoulder injuries are more common, elbow injuries result in a longer time to return to play and a higher proportion of surgical interventions. Level of Evidence Level 3.
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Ortega SL, Ibarra S, Pierce R, Levy S, Gombatto SP. Kinematic and kinetic factors associated with leg reach asymmetry during the Star Excursion Balance Test in division I athletes. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 45:63-70. [PMID: 32634730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore which balance and movement factors contribute most to reach distance asymmetry during the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) in Division I athletes. DESIGN Cross-Sectional Study. SETTING Rehabilitation Biomechanics Laboratory, NCAA Division I Athletics Program. PARTICIPANTS 36 Division I athletes (20 Male; 16 Female). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Center of Pressure, Kinematic and Kinetic variables were measured during performance of anterior, Posterior-Medial (PM), and Posterior-Lateral (PL) directions of the SEBT in order to determine which factors predict reach distance asymmetry. RESULTS COP variables approached significance in predicting asymmetry for the anterior direction (p <0.08), kinematic variables approached significance in predicting asymmetry in the PL direction (p < 0.06), and kinetic variables were significant in predicting asymmetry in the PM direction (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that different strategies could be used to improve leg reach asymmetry based on specific direction of the asymmetry. Improving ability to control COP area seems to be important for the anterior direction, while control of limb movement seems to be most important for leg reach asymmetry in the PM and PL directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago L Ortega
- Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, USA; School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, USA.
| | - Sergio Ibarra
- Athletics Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, USA.
| | - Rebecca Pierce
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, USA.
| | - Susan Levy
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, USA.
| | - Sara P Gombatto
- Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, USA; School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, USA.
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