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Barbosa GM, Calixtre LB, Fonseca Fialho HR, Locks F, Kamonseki DH. Measurement properties of upper extremity physical performance tests in athletes: a systematic review. Braz J Phys Ther 2024; 28:100575. [PMID: 38232688 PMCID: PMC10803909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2023.100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper extremity Physical Performance Tests (PPTs) have been used in sports contexts to provide functional status of the athletes. However, whether these tests present appropriate measurement properties to be considered a valuable measurement is not clear. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the measurement properties of upper extremity PPTs in athletes. METHODS Databases (e.g., Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, CENTRAL) were searched in March 2021. Two reviewers independently rated the methodological quality using the 4-point Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. Quality of evidence was graded by measurement property for each test, considering the adequacy, the sample size, and the methodological quality of the studies. RESULTS Fifteen studies were included with a pooled sample of 684 athletes. The PPTs analyzed were Arm-Jump Board Test, Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), Finger Hang Test, Medicine Ball Explosive Power Test, One-Arm Hop Test, Posterior Shoulder Endurance Test, Pull-Up Shoulder Endurance Test, Repetition to Failure Assessment, Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test (SMBT), Seated Single-Arm Shot-Put Test (SSPT), Shoulder Endurance Test, Two-Arm Bent Hang Test, Unilateral Seated Shot-Put Test, and Upper Limb Rotation Test. Evidence synthesis provided moderate and high-quality evidence for sufficient inter-session and intra-session reliability of the CKCUEST, respectively. There was moderate evidence for sufficient inter-session reliability of the SSPT and for insufficient validity of the SMBT. CONCLUSION The CKCUEST and the SSPT are sufficiently reliable in athletes. More studies are needed to investigate other psychometric properties for these tests and other upper extremity PPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germanna Medeiros Barbosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil.
| | | | - Hilmaynne Renaly Fonseca Fialho
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil
| | - Francisco Locks
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Danilo Harudy Kamonseki
- Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Güzel N, Genç AS, Yılmaz AK, Kehribar L. The Relationship between Lower Extremity Functional Performance and Balance after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Results of Patients Treated with the Modified All-Inside Technique. J Pers Med 2023; 13:466. [PMID: 36983648 PMCID: PMC10052949 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are common injuries, and ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is among the most common surgical procedures in sports surgery. Our research aims to compare the 6-month post-operative results of the modified all-inside (MAI) ACLR technique, single leg hop tests (SLHT), and Y balance tests applied in different directions on the operated and non-operated sides. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort of 22 male recreational athletes who underwent MAI ACLR techniques performed by the same surgeon were evaluated. The functional knee strengths of the participants on the operated and non-operated sides were evaluated with five different tests of SLHTs: single hop for distance (SH), triple hop for distance (TH), crossover triple hop for distance (CH), medial side triple hop for distance (MSTH), and medial rotation (90°) with hop for distance (MRH). Their dynamic balance was evaluated with the Y balance Test. RESULTS Compared to pre-operative levels, there was a significant improvement in the mean Lysholm, Tegner, and IKDC scores during the post-operative period (p < 0.05). There was a difference between SH, THD, CHD, MSTH, and MRH on the operated and non-operative sides (p < 0.05). There was no difference between Y balance scores on the operated and non-operative sides, and there were no differences between LSI scores resulting from SLHTs (p > 0.05). There were no significant relationships between YBT (composite scores) and SH, TH, CH, MSTH, and MRH distances in the healthy leg (p > 0.05), but a significant correlation with only CH in the ACL leg (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our research shows that sixth-month post-operative SLHT findings were lower on the ACL side compared to the healthy side in patients tested with the MAI ACLR technique. However, when these scores are evaluated in terms of balance, it can be seen that both sides reveal similar findings. The similarity of LSIs in SLHTs applied in different directions, and balance scores of ACL and healthy sides revealed that the MAI technique is also an ACLR technique that can be used in athletes from a functional point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizamettin Güzel
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, 55090 Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Serhat Genç
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, 55090 Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Ali Kerim Yılmaz
- Departments of Recreation, Faculty of Yaşar Doğu Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55100 Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Lokman Kehribar
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Samsun University, 55090 Samsun, Türkiye
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Almansoof HS, Nuhmani S, Muaidi Q. Correlation of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion with lower-limb kinetic chain function and hop test performance in healthy male recreational athletes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14877. [PMID: 36846443 PMCID: PMC9951801 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study aims to identify the correlation of ankle dorsiflexion range-of-motion (ADROM) (with its related gastrocnemius and soleus extensibility) with lower-limb kinetic chain function and hop test performance in young healthy recreational athletes. Methods Twenty-one young male healthy recreational athletes were tested for ADROM, gastrocnemius and soleus extensibility, lower-limb kinetic chain function with the closed kinetic chain lower extremity stability test (CKCLEST) and hop test performance with the single-leg hop for distance test (SHDT) and side hop test (SHT). Results There was a positive significant (rho = 0.514, 95% CI [0.092-0.779], P < 0.01) correlation between the dominant lower-limb weight-bearing/closed-chain ADROM (that represented the soleus extensibility) and the CKCLEST. There were no significant correlations between the study performance-based tests and open-chain ADROM (P > 0.05). Conclusion The CKCLEST is positively and significantly correlated with SHT and weight-bearing ADROM with knee flexion (and its related soleus extensibility) which suggests comparability among them. Open-chain ADROM has a negligible and non-significant correlation with the readings of this study performance-based tests suggesting that it is probably not an essential construct of their execution. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate these correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Saleh Almansoof
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shibili Nuhmani
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qassim Muaidi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
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Kohei T. Postoperative Rehabilitation for Thoracic Disc Herniation in a Professional Rugby Player: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e30423. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Kehribar L, Yılmaz AK, Karaduman E, Kabadayı M, Bostancı Ö, Sürücü S, Aydın M, Mahiroğulları M. Post-Operative Results of ACL Reconstruction Techniques on Single-Leg Hop Tests in Athletes: Hamstring Autograft vs. Hamstring Grafts Fixed Using Adjustable Cortical Suspension in Both the Femur and Tibia. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58030435. [PMID: 35334611 PMCID: PMC8950666 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common injuries in the athletic population, and accordingly, ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is among the most common orthopedic surgical procedures performed in sports medicine. This study aims to compare the semitendinosus/gracilis (ST/G) and ACL hamstring grafts fixed using adjustable cortical suspension in both the femur and tibia (MAI) ACLR techniques. We aimed to compare the results of single-leg hop tests (SLHT) applied in different directions and limb symmetry indices (LSI) in athletes with a 6-month post-operative ACLR history. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort of 39 athletes from various sports branches who underwent MAI (n = 16) and ST/G (n = 23) ACLR techniques by the same surgeon were evaluated. The knee strength of the participants on the operated and non-operated sides was evaluated with five different SLHTs. The SLHT included the single hop for distance (SH), triple hop for distance (TH), crossover triple hop for distance (CH), medial side triple hop for distance (MSTH), and medial rotation (90°) hop for distance (MRH). Results: There was a significant improvement in the mean Lysholm, Tegner, and IKDC scores in the post-operative leg for both techniques (p < 0.05) compared to the pre-operative levels. When there was a difference between the SH of the operative and the non-operative legs in the ST/G technique (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference in the other hop distance for both ST/G and MAI (p > 0.05). There was no difference between the techniques regarding the LSI scores. Conclusions: The fact that our research revealed similar LSI rates of the SLHTs applied in different directions in the ST/G and MAI techniques assumes that the MAI technique can be an ACLR technique which can be functionally used in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Kehribar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Samsun University, Samsun 55090, Turkey;
| | - Ali Kerim Yılmaz
- Faculty of Yaşar Doğu Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55270, Turkey; (E.K.); (M.K.); (Ö.B.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +90-542-495-3737
| | - Emre Karaduman
- Faculty of Yaşar Doğu Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55270, Turkey; (E.K.); (M.K.); (Ö.B.)
| | - Menderes Kabadayı
- Faculty of Yaşar Doğu Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55270, Turkey; (E.K.); (M.K.); (Ö.B.)
| | - Özgür Bostancı
- Faculty of Yaşar Doğu Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55270, Turkey; (E.K.); (M.K.); (Ö.B.)
| | - Serkan Sürücü
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Mahmud Aydın
- Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul 34096, Turkey;
| | - Mahir Mahiroğulları
- Memorial Sisli Hospital, Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul 34384, Turkey;
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Guiotto A, Ciniglio A, Spolaor F, Pavan D, Cibin F, Scaldaferro A, Sawacha Z. Reliability and Repeatability of ACL Quick Check ®: A Methodology for on Field Lower Limb Joint Kinematics and Kinetics Assessment in Sport Applications. SENSORS 2021; 22:s22010259. [PMID: 35009800 PMCID: PMC8749888 DOI: 10.3390/s22010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesion represents one of the most dramatic sport injuries. Even though clinical screenings aiming at identifying subjects at risk of injuries are gaining popularity, the use of sophisticated equipment still represents a barrier towards their widespread use. This study aimed to test both reliability and repeatability of a new methodology to assess lower limb joints kinematics and kinetics directly on field with the aid of video cameras and plantar pressure insoles. Ten athletes and one case study (post ACL surgery) were assessed in a gait laboratory, while performing double leg squats, through the simultaneous acquisition of stereophotogrammetry, force plates, commercial video cameras and plantar pressure insoles. Different sources of errors were investigated and both reliability and repeatability analysis performed. Minimum and maximum RMSE values of 0.74% (right knee joint center trajectory) and 64.51%, respectively (ankle dorsi-plantarflexion moment), were detected. Excellent to good correlation was found for the majority of the measures, even though very poor and inverse between-trials correlation was found on a restricted number of trials especially for the ankle dorsi-plantarflexion moment. These findings could be used in combination with already available screening tools in order to provide more repeatable results.
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Functional performance and interlimb asymmetries of young football players during single-leg jump tests. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-021-00739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Jumps are predominant components in football (soccer). Interlimb functional difference in single-leg jump performance is a risk factor for lower extremities injuries. Screening uninjured athletes is essential to design prevention strategies and implement individual training interventions. The aims of this cross-sectional study were (1) to provide age-specific mean values and limb symmetry index (LSI) in young football players, (2) to detect age effect on LSI and interlimb functional differences and (3) to investigate the association of age with single-leg functional performance and LSI.
Methods
A total of 146 male football players (age 14.2 ± 2.3) performed the countermovement jump, jump for distance, side hop and speedy jump tests. Descriptive statistics, mean values (dominant/non-dominant) and LSI were provided according to age groups (U11–U19). Two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation were used for the statistical analysis.
Results
Participants showed on average perfect LSI (103.8 ± 14.2%) amongst all tests and age groups. Interlimb functional differences occurred in three out of four tests (p < 0.05), without age interaction (p > 0.05). Age effect was positively associated with single-leg functional performance (p < 0.05), but not with LSI (p > 0.05), in all tests and age groups.
Conclusion
An LSI ≥100% in single-leg jump tests is proposed as a benchmark in young football players, but interlimb performance differences may occur without age interaction. Nevertheless, the growth process plays a crucial role in the development of functional capacities: older players may show a higher single-leg jump performance, but not a higher LSI, than younger players. In football practice, preventive intervention is advisable to counteract interlimb performance differences, for which unilateral strength, power and plyometric training is recommended.
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Batty LM, Feller JA, Damasena I, Behrens G, Devitt BM, Hartwig T, McClelland JA, Webster KE. Single-Leg Squat After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: An Analysis of the Knee Valgus Angle at 6 and 12 Months. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120946328. [PMID: 32923508 PMCID: PMC7453457 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120946328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Deficits in neuromuscular control are common after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and may be associated with further knee injury. The knee valgus angle during a single-leg squat (SLS) is one measure of neuromuscular performance. Purpose: To determine whether the knee valgus angle during SLS changes between 6 and 12 months after ACL reconstruction and to assess how the operative knee valgus angle compares with that of the contralateral side. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A cohort of 100 patients with uninjured contralateral knees were assessed at 6 and 12 months after primary hamstring autograft ACL reconstruction. Participants performed the SLS on each leg, and the knee valgus angle was measured via frame-by-frame video analysis at 30° of flexion and at each patient’s maximum knee flexion angle. Results: For the operative limb at 30° of flexion, a small but statistically significant reduction was noted in the valgus angle between 6 and 12 months (5.46° vs 4.44°; P = .002; effect size = 0.24). At 6 months, a slightly higher valgus angle was seen in the operative limb compared with the nonoperative limb (5.46° vs 4.29°; P = .008; effect size = 0.27). At maximum flexion, no difference was seen between limbs in the valgus angle at either 6 or 12 months, and no change was seen in the operative limb between 6 and 12 months. At 6 months and 30° of knee flexion, 13 patients had a valgus angle greater than 10°. This group also had a higher mean valgus angle in the contralateral limb compared with the contralateral limb in the other 87 patients (8.5° vs 3.65°; P < .001). Conclusion: During a controlled SLS, the knee valgus angle remained essentially constant, and minimal limb asymmetries were present over the 6- to 12-month postoperative period, a time when athletes typically increase their activity levels. Whether changes or asymmetries will be seen with more dynamically challenging tasks remains to be determined. When present, high valgus angles were commonly bilateral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan M Batty
- OrthoSport Victoria Research Unit, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian A Feller
- OrthoSport Victoria Research Unit, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iswadi Damasena
- OrthoSport Victoria Research Unit, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerrit Behrens
- OrthoSport Victoria Research Unit, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Praxisklinik Rennbahn AG, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Brian M Devitt
- OrthoSport Victoria Research Unit, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Taylor Hartwig
- OrthoSport Victoria Research Unit, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jodie A McClelland
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate E Webster
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Vereijken A, Aerts I, Jetten J, Tassignon B, Verschueren J, Meeusen R, van Trijffel E. Association between Functional Performance and Return to Performance in High-Impact Sports after Lower Extremity Injury: A Systematic Review. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19:564-576. [PMID: 32874110 PMCID: PMC7429422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
After lower extremity injury, only half of the injured athletes return to their pre-injury sports level. Even though functional performance tests are often used to make return to sport decisions, it is unknown whether functional performance is associated with return to performance after such injuries. The aim of this systematic review was to identify, critically appraise, and analyze studies that investigated the association of functional performance tests with return to performance after lower extremity injuries in athletes participating in high-impact sports. MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL were systematically searched for relevant studies. Articles were independently screened by two authors and data were obtained from each included study using a data extraction form. Two authors independently scored methodological quality using the Quality In Prognosis Studies tool. A qualitative best evidence synthesis was conducted. Eight studies reported the association of functional performance with return to performance after lower extremity injuries, involving 1,246 athletes after anterior or posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. No studies were found on the association of functional performance with return to performance for lower extremity injuries other than after anterior or posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. All included studies had a high risk of bias. Two studies found significant but small associations for selected hop tests after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Low evidence of association between functional performance and return to performance was present after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction for the triple hop for distance, the 6-meter timed hop, the side hop in female athletes, and for the combination of the single and crossover hop for distance. In athletes after posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, the vertical jump showed a significant but small association with return to performance. There is no high-quality evidence that functional performance is associated with return to performance after lower extremity injuries in athletes practicing high-impact sports. Low quality evidence suggests small associations after anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. No evidence exists for lower extremity injuries other than after anterior or posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Therefore, research on functional performance associated with return to performance is recommended in high-quality prospective cohort studies including athletes with any type of lower extremity injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Vereijken
- SOMT University of Physiotherapy, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy research group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Annatommie MC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inne Aerts
- SOMT University of Physiotherapy, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Jorrit Jetten
- SOMT University of Physiotherapy, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
- Annatommie MC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Tassignon
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy research group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo Verschueren
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy research group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- SOMT University of Physiotherapy, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy research group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Strategic Research Program 'Exercise and the Brain in Health & Disease: the added value of Human-Centered Robotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emiel van Trijffel
- SOMT University of Physiotherapy, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
- Experimental Anatomy research department, Department of Physiotherapy, Human physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Lentz TA, Magill J, Myers H, Pietrosimone LS, Reinke EK, Messer M, Riboh JC. Development of Concise Physical Performance Test Batteries in Young Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:2581-2589. [PMID: 32555020 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed 1) to define the principal components of physical function assessed by 10 common lower extremity physical performance tests and 2) to derive a reduced-item set of physical performance tests that efficiently and accurately measures raw performance and limb symmetry on each underlying component in pediatric and adolescent athletes. METHODS This study included healthy, uninjured volunteers (n = 100) between the ages 6 and 18 yr (mean age = 11.7 ± 3.6 yr; 52 females). Subjects performed the stork balance, stork balance on BOSU® Balance Trainer, single leg squat (SLS), SLS on BOSU, clockwise and counterclockwise quadrant single leg hop (SLH), forward SLH, timed SLH, triple crossover SLH, and lower quarter Y-Balance Test™. Item reduction was performed using principal components analysis (PCA). We developed separate principal components analysis for average raw performance and side-to-side limb symmetry, with secondary analyses to evaluate consistency of results by age and sex. RESULTS We identified two components for average raw performance (accounting for 65.2% of the variance in total test battery) with a reduced-item set composed of five tests, and four components for limb symmetry (accounting for 62.9% of the variance in total test battery) with a reduced-item set of seven tests. The most parsimonious test suitable for screening both average raw performance and limb symmetry would consist of five tests (stork balance on BOSU, SLS on BOSU, forward SLH, timed SLH, and lower quarter Y-Balance Test™). Age- and sex-specific test batteries may be warranted. CONCLUSION Comprehensive screening for lower extremity average raw performance and limb symmetry is possible with short physical performance test batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A Lentz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - John Magill
- Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
| | - Heather Myers
- Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
| | - Laura S Pietrosimone
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Emily K Reinke
- Duke Sports Science Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Michael Messer
- Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
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11
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Dingenen B, Truijen J, Bellemans J, Gokeler A. Test-retest reliability and discriminative ability of forward, medial and rotational single-leg hop tests. Knee 2019; 26:978-987. [PMID: 31431339 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-leg hop tests are commonly performed in the forward direction to evaluate functional performance. However, athletes move in multiple directions during pivoting sports. The first aim of this study was to examine test-retest reliability of single-leg hop tests in the forward, medial and rotational direction in non-injured athletes. Second, the discriminative ability to detect leg asymmetries with these hop tests in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructed athletes was determined. METHODS Sixteen recreational non-injured participants (eight females, eight males; 22.4 ± 1.9 years) were tested twice (one-week interval) and performed the single hop for distance (SH), triple hop for distance (TH), medial side triple hop for distance (MSTH) and 90° medial rotation hop for distance (MRH). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard errors of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable differences (SDD) were calculated. Discriminative ability was determined in 32 ACL-reconstructed participants (four females, 28 males; 24.4 ± 4.6 years; six months postoperative) who performed the same hop tests once. RESULTS The ICCs ranged between 0.93 and 0.98. The SEM and SDD were respectively 2.6-4.1% and 7.2-11.3% of the mean hop distance of the group. The proportion (%) of ACL-reconstructed participants passing the ≥90% limb symmetry cut-off was 62.5 (SH), 59.4 (TH), 40.6 (MSTH) and 46.9 (MRH). CONCLUSION Excellent test-retest reliability of forward, medial and rotational hop tests was found. This allows clinicians to make informed interpretations of changes in hop test distances when retesting athletes. Medial and rotational hop tests are more likely to show limb asymmetries in ACL-reconstructed participants compared to forward hop tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Dingenen
- Reval Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Jan Truijen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan D, 3500 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Johan Bellemans
- Department Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan D, 3500 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Alli Gokeler
- Exercise Science & Neuroscience Unit, Department Exercise & Health, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Street 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science (LIROMS), 76 rue d'Eich, L-1460, Luxembourg.
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Verschueren J, Tassignon B, Pluym B, Van Cutsem J, Verhagen E, Meeusen R. Bringing context to balance: development of a reactive balance test within the injury prevention and return to sport domain. Arch Physiother 2019; 9:6. [PMID: 31019737 PMCID: PMC6469097 DOI: 10.1186/s40945-019-0057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Balance tests are commonly used in clinical practice with applicability in injury prevention and return to sport decisions. While most sports injuries occur in a changing environment where reacting to a non-planned stimulus is of great importance, these balance tests only evaluate pre-planned movements without taking these dynamics environmental aspects into account. Therefore, the goal of this paper was to develop a clinician-friendly test that respects these contextual interactions and to describe the test protocol of an adapted Y-balance test that includes environmental perception and decision-making. Methods Within the theoretical construct of balance and adaptability, balance errors were selected as outcome measures for balance ability and, visuomotor reaction time and accuracy are selected as outcome measures for adaptability. A reactive balance task was developed and described using the Y-balance test for the balance component, while the FitLight training systemTM was chosen for the environmental perception and decision-making component of the test. Results This paper describes the test protocol of a reactive balance test as an adapted Y-balance test. The LED-lights of the FitLight training systemTM are placed at 80% of the maximal reach distance for each axis along the Y-Balance test kitTM. To induce cognitive load within the visuomotor task, colours were fixed to a corresponding axis, and both the order of the visual stimuli as the interstimulus time were randomised to integrate environmental perception and decision-making. Conclusion The reactive balance test is a functional test that allows clinicians to score balance ability and athlete adaptability easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Verschueren
- 1Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Tassignon
- 1Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bert Pluym
- 1Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Cutsem
- 1Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evert Verhagen
- 2Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romain Meeusen
- 1Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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