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Chen HH, Lu HHS, Weng WH, Lin YH. Developing a Machine Learning Algorithm to Predict the Probability of Medical Staff Work Mode Using Human-Smartphone Interaction Patterns: Algorithm Development and Validation Study. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e48834. [PMID: 38157232 PMCID: PMC10787330 DOI: 10.2196/48834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional methods for investigating work hours rely on an employee's physical presence at the worksite. However, accurately identifying break times at the worksite and distinguishing remote work outside the worksite poses challenges in work hour estimations. Machine learning has the potential to differentiate between human-smartphone interactions at work and off work. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to develop a novel approach called "probability in work mode," which leverages human-smartphone interaction patterns and corresponding GPS location data to estimate work hours. METHODS To capture human-smartphone interactions and GPS locations, we used the "Staff Hours" app, developed by our team, to passively and continuously record participants' screen events, including timestamps of notifications, screen on or off occurrences, and app usage patterns. Extreme gradient boosted trees were used to transform these interaction patterns into a probability, while 1-dimensional convolutional neural networks generated successive probabilities based on previous sequence probabilities. The resulting probability in work mode allowed us to discern periods of office work, off-work, breaks at the worksite, and remote work. RESULTS Our study included 121 participants, contributing to a total of 5503 person-days (person-days represent the cumulative number of days across all participants on which data were collected and analyzed). The developed machine learning model exhibited an average prediction performance, measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, of 0.915 (SD 0.064). Work hours estimated using the probability in work mode (higher than 0.5) were significantly longer (mean 11.2, SD 2.8 hours per day) than the GPS-defined counterparts (mean 10.2, SD 2.3 hours per day; P<.001). This discrepancy was attributed to the higher remote work time of 111.6 (SD 106.4) minutes compared to the break time of 54.7 (SD 74.5) minutes. CONCLUSIONS Our novel approach, the probability in work mode, harnessed human-smartphone interaction patterns and machine learning models to enhance the precision and accuracy of work hour investigation. By integrating human-smartphone interactions and GPS data, our method provides valuable insights into work patterns, including remote work and breaks, offering potential applications in optimizing work productivity and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hsun Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Program of Artificial Intelligence & Information Security, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Henry Horng-Shing Lu
- Institute of Statistics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Wei-Hung Weng
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MN, United States
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Pressey A, Houghton D, Istanbulluoglu D. The problematic use of smartphones in public: the development and validation of a measure of smartphone “zombie” behaviour. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & PEOPLE 2023. [DOI: 10.1108/itp-06-2022-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
PurposeWe have witnessed an evolution in the use of smartphones in recent years. We have been aware for some time of the potentially deleterious impact of smartphones on users' lives and their propensity for user addiction, as reflected in the large and growing body of work on this topic. One modern phenomenon – the distracted mobile phone user in public, or “smartphone zombie” – has received limited research attention. The purpose of the present study is to develop a robust measure of smartphone zombie behaviour.Design/methodology/approachThe research deign comprises three studies: A round of focus groups (n = 5) and two online surveys (survey one n = 373, survey two n = 386), in order to develop and validate a three-factor, 15-item measure named the Smartphone Zombie Scale (SZS).FindingsFollowing the round of focus groups conducted, Exploratory Factor Analysis and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the SZS measure (Cronbach's α = .932) is demonstrated to be robust and comprises three factors: Attention Deficit (Cronbach's α = .922), Jeopardy (Cronbach's α = .817) and Preoccupation (Cronbach's α = .835), that is shown to be distinct to existing closely related measures (Smartphone Addiction scale and Obsessive Compulsive Use).Originality/valueThe present study represents the first extant attempt to produce a measure of smartphone zombie behaviour, and provides us with a reliable and valid measure with which we can study this growing phenomenon.
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Zhong Y, Ma H, Liang YF, Liao CJ, Zhang CC, Jiang WJ. Prevalence of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students: A meta-analysis of multinational observational studies. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:1171-1183. [PMID: 35422151 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221089535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High prevalence of smartphone addiction among medical students may contribute to adverse physical and mental health outcomes. AIM To estimate the prevalence of smartphone addiction, and explore the influencing factors and related mental health symptoms of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed (MEDLINE), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE were searched for relevant literature from the inception to September 10, 2021. Using Stata software 11.0, the meta-analysis of prevalence and the influencing factors of smartphone addiction were determined with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Nineteen articles, published between 2014 and 2019, were included, producing medical student studies from seven different Asian countries. The included studies were conducted in India (n = 11) and Malaysia (n = 3), with China, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Nepal, and Iran each contributing one study. Among a total of 5,497 medical students, the participants included 3,214 females, of whom 2,181 were medical students with smartphone addiction. The prevalence of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students was 41.93% (95% CI [36.24%, 47.72%]). The influencing factors of smartphone addiction among medical students included gender, duration of smartphone use, smartphone function, and marital status. Ten studies (52.63%) explored related mental health symptoms of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students. Smartphone addiction was positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = .17-.31), stress (r = .30-.40), anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and general health among Asian medical students. CONCLUSION Smartphone addiction is highly prevalent among Asian medical students. Smartphone addiction may adversely affect mental health, resulting in sleep disturbance, stress, anxiety, depression, and neuroticism. It is necessary to take appropriate precautionary actions and interventions to prevent smartphone overuse among medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Nursing Department, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Fen Liang
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Chang-Ju Liao
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Cui-Cui Zhang
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Jiang
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
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Chen IM, Chen YY, Liao SC, Lin YH. Development of Digital Biomarkers of Mental Illness via Mobile Apps for Personalized Treatment and Diagnosis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060936. [PMID: 35743722 PMCID: PMC9225607 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of precision psychiatry is largely based on multi-module measurements from the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels, which are integrated to assess neurocognitive performances and clinically observed psychopathology. Nevertheless, quantifying mental activities and functions accurately and continuously has been a major difficulty within this field. This article reviews the latest efforts that utilize mobile apps to collect human–smartphone interaction data and contribute towards digital biomarkers of mental illnesses. The fundamental principles underlying a behavioral analysis with mobile apps were introduced, such as ways to monitor smartphone use under different circumstances and construct long-term patterns and trend changes. Examples were also provided to illustrate the potential applications of mobile apps that gain further insights into traditional research topics in occupational health and sleep medicine. We suggest that, with an optimized study design and analytical approach that accounts for technical challenges and ethical considerations, mobile apps will enhance the systemic understanding of mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ming Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (I.-M.C.); (Y.-Y.C.); (S.-C.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (I.-M.C.); (Y.-Y.C.); (S.-C.L.)
| | - Shih-Cheng Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (I.-M.C.); (Y.-Y.C.); (S.-C.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (I.-M.C.); (Y.-Y.C.); (S.-C.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-37-246-166 (ext. 36383)
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Psychometric Properties of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI-BR) in Brazilian Adolescents. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Wu YL, Lin SH, Lin YH. Two-dimensional taxonomy of internet addiction and assessment of smartphone addiction with diagnostic criteria and mobile apps. J Behav Addict 2021; 9:928-933. [PMID: 33410771 PMCID: PMC8969724 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent review by Montag et al. raised a taxonomical argument about internet addiction. We propose a two-dimensional taxonomy of internet addiction by both the device and the content as the solution. For the assessment of smartphone addiction, measurements should be based on functional impairment and validated by diagnostic criteria rather than solely on self-reported questionnaires. We detail the potential of mobile applications (apps) to improve the assessment of smartphone addiction. App-generated indicators could fulfill the unmet need of assessment of smartphone addiction and facilitate future assessment and treatment planning of smartphone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lun Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Statistics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Corresponding author.
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Lin YH, Chen SY, Lin PH, Tai AS, Pan YC, Hsieh CE, Lin SH. Assessing User Retention of a Mobile App: Survival Analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e16309. [PMID: 33242023 PMCID: PMC7728530 DOI: 10.2196/16309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mobile app generates passive data, such as GPS data traces, without any direct involvement from the user. These passive data have transformed the manner of traditional assessments that require active participation from the user. Passive data collection is one of the most important core techniques for mobile health development because it may promote user retention, which is a unique characteristic of a software medical device. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to quantify user retention for the "Staff Hours" app using survival analysis. The secondary aim was to compare user retention between passive data and active data, as well as factors associated with the survival rates of user retention. METHODS We developed an app called "Staff Hours" to automatically calculate users' work hours through GPS data (passive data). "Staff Hours" not only continuously collects these passive data but also sends an 11-item mental health survey to users monthly (active data). We applied survival analysis to compare user retention in the collection of passive and active data among 342 office workers from the "Staff Hours" database. We also compared user retention on Android and iOS platforms and examined the moderators of user retention. RESULTS A total of 342 volunteers (224 men; mean age 33.8 years, SD 7.0 years) were included in this study. Passive data had higher user retention than active data (P=.011). In addition, user retention for passive data collected via Android devices was higher than that for iOS devices (P=.015). Trainee physicians had higher user retention for the collection of active data than trainees from other occupations, whereas no significant differences between these two groups were observed for the collection of passive data (P=.700). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that passive data collected via Android devices had the best user retention for this app that records GPS-based work hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Statistics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - An-Shun Tai
- Institute of Statistics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chien Pan
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chang-En Hsieh
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Statistics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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8
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Passive objective measures in the assessment of problematic smartphone use: A systematic review. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 11:100257. [PMID: 32467846 PMCID: PMC7244920 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research focussing on problematic smartphone use has predominantly employed psychometric tests which cannot capture the automatic processes and behaviours associated with problematic use. The present review aimed to identify passive objective measures that have been used or developed to assess problematic smartphone use. A systematic search was conducted using Web of Science, Scopus, PsychInfo and PubMed databases to identify passive objective measures that have been employed to assess problematic smartphone use, resulting in 18 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Objective data that were monitored predominantly focussed on general screen usage time and checking patterns. Findings demonstrate that passive monitoring can enable smartphone usage patterns to be inferred within a relatively short timeframe and provide ecologically valid data on smartphone behaviour. Challenges and recommendations of employing passive objective measures in smartphone-based research are discussed.
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Hanyuda A, Sawada N, Uchino M, Kawashima M, Yuki K, Tsubota K, Yamagishi K, Iso H, Yasuda N, Saito I, Kato T, Abe Y, Arima K, Tanno K, Sakata K, Shimazu T, Yamaji T, Goto A, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Tsugane S. Physical inactivity, prolonged sedentary behaviors, and use of visual display terminals as potential risk factors for dry eye disease: JPHC-NEXT study. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Loid K, Täht K, Rozgonjuk D. Do pop-up notifications regarding smartphone use decrease screen time, phone checking behavior, and self-reported problematic smartphone use? Evidence from a two-month experimental study. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Lin YH, Wong BY, Pan YC, Chiu YC, Lee YH. Validation of the Mobile App-Recorded Circadian Rhythm by a Digital Footprint. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e13421. [PMID: 31099340 PMCID: PMC6542252 DOI: 10.2196/13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Modern smartphone use is pervasive and could be an accessible method of evaluating the circadian rhythm and social jet lag via a mobile app. Objective This study aimed to validate the app-recorded sleep time with daily self-reports by examining the consistency of total sleep time (TST), as well as the timing of sleep onset and wake time, and to validate the app-recorded circadian rhythm with the corresponding 30-day self-reported midpoint of sleep and the consistency of social jetlag. Methods The mobile app, Rhythm, recorded parameters and these parameters were hypothesized to be used to infer a relative long-term pattern of the circadian rhythm. In total, 28 volunteers downloaded the app, and 30 days of automatically recorded data along with self-reported sleep measures were collected. Results No significant difference was noted between app-recorded and self-reported midpoint of sleep time and between app-recorded and self-reported social jetlag. The overall correlation coefficient of app-recorded and self-reported midpoint of sleep time was .87. Conclusions The circadian rhythm for 1 month, daily TST, and timing of sleep onset could be automatically calculated by the app and algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yu Wong
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chien Pan
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Han Lee
- Department and Graduate School of Electrical Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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12
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Lin YH, Wong BY, Lin SH, Chiu YC, Pan YC, Lee YH. Development of a mobile application (App) to delineate "digital chronotype" and the effects of delayed chronotype by bedtime smartphone use. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 110:9-15. [PMID: 30611008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use and deep reach of smartphones motivate the use of mobile applications to continuously monitor the relationship between circadian system, individual sleep patterns, and environmental effects. We selected 61 adults with 14-day data from the "Know Addiction" database. We developed an algorithm to identify the "sleep time" based on the smartphone behaviors. The total daily smartphone use duration and smartphone use duration prior to sleep onset were identified respectively. We applied mediation analysis to investigate the effects of total daily smartphone use on sleep through pre-sleep use (PS). The results showed participants' averaged pre-sleep episodes within 1 h prior to sleep are 2.58. The duration of three pre-sleep uses (PS1∼3) maybe a more representative index for smartphone use before sleep. Both total daily duration and the duration of the last three uses prior to sleep of smartphone use significantly delayed sleep onset, midpoint of sleep and reduced total sleep time. One hour of increased smartphone use daily, delays the circadian rhythm by 3.5 min, and reduced 5.5 min of total sleep time (TST). One hour of increased pre-sleep smartphone use delayed circadian rhythm by 1.7 min, and reduced 39 s of TST. The mediation effects of PS1∼3 significantly impacted on these three sleep indicators. PS1∼3 accounted for 14.3% of total daily duration, but the proportion mediated of delayed circadian rhythm was 44.0%. We presented "digital chronotype" with an automatic system that can collect high temporal resolution data from naturalistic settings with high ecological validity. Smartphone screen time, mainly mediated by pre-sleep use, delayed the circadian rhythm and reduced the total sleep time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Yu Wong
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Statistics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chuan Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Chien Pan
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yang-Han Lee
- Department and Graduate School of Electrical Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Tateno M, Kim DJ, Teo AR, Skokauskas N, Guerrero APS, Kato TA. Smartphone Addiction in Japanese College Students: Usefulness of the Japanese Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale as a Screening Tool for a New Form of Internet Addiction. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:115-120. [PMID: 30808117 PMCID: PMC6393743 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.12.25.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smartphone use is pervasive among youth in Japan, as with many other countries, and is associated with spending time online and on social media anywhere at any time. This study aimed to test a Japanese version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) among Japanese college students. METHODS The subjects of this study were 602 college students in Japan. The study questionnaire consisted of questions about demographics (age, gender etc.), possession of a smartphone, internet use [length of internet use on weekdays and weekend, favorite social networking service (SNS) etc.], Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) translated into Japanese. RESULTS There was a total of 573 respondents (180 male, 393 female) who completed the questionnaire (mean 19.3±1.3 years). LINE was the most popular social media platform (52.0%) followed by Twitter (36.3%). The overall Internet Addiction Test (IAT) score was 45.3±13.2, with 4.5% classified as having severe addiction (IAT ≥70). The mean SAS-SV scores were 24.4±10.0 for males and 26.8±9.9 for females. Based on proposed cutoff scores, 22.8% of males and 28.0% of females screened positive for smartphone addiction. The total scores of the SAS-SV and the IAT was correlated significantly. CONCLUSION As the number of smartphone users becomes higher, problems related to smartphone use also become more serious. Our. RESULTS suggest that the Japanese version of SAS-SV may assist in early detection of problematic use of smartphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tateno
- Tokiwa Child Development Center, Tokiwa Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Alan R Teo
- Mental Health and Neurosciences Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Norbert Skokauskas
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Child Protection Faculty of Medicine, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anthony P S Guerrero
- Department of Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, USA
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Studying Psychopathology in Relation to Smartphone Use. STUDIES IN NEUROSCIENCE, PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31620-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Mobile ubiquity: Understanding the relationship between cognitive absorption, smartphone addiction and social network services. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Lee SJ, Choi MJ, Rho MJ, Kim DJ, Choi IY. Factors Affecting User Acceptance in Overuse of Smartphones in Mobile Health Services: An Empirical Study Testing a Modified Integrated Model in South Korea. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:658. [PMID: 30631283 PMCID: PMC6315168 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphones have become crucial in people's everyday lives, including in the medical field. However, as people become close to their smartphones, this leads easily to overuse. Overuse leads to fatigue due to lack of sleep, depressive symptoms, and social relationship failure, and in the case of adolescents, it hinders academic achievement. Self-control solutions are needed, and effective tools can be developed through behavioral analysis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the determinants of users' intentions to use m-Health for smartphone overuse interventions. A research model was based on TAM and UTAUT, which were modified to be applied to the case of smartphone overuse. The studied population consisted of 400 randomly selected smartphone users aged from 19 to 60 years in South Korea. Structural equation modeling was conducted between variables to test the hypotheses using a 95% confidence interval. Perceived ease of use had a very strong direct positive association with perceived usefulness, and perceived usefulness had a very strong direct positive association with behavioral intention to use. Resistance to change had a direct positive association with behavioral intention to use and, lastly, social norm had a very strong direct positive association with behavioral intention to use. The findings that perceived ease of use influenced perceived usefulness, that perceived usefulness influenced behavioral intention to use, and social norm influenced behavioral intention to use were in accordance with prior related research. Other results that were not consistent with previous research imply that these are unique behavioral findings regarding smartphone overuse. This research identifies the critical factors that need to be considered when implementing systems or solutions in the future for tackling the issue of smartphone overuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Joon Lee
- Research Institute of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mun Joo Choi
- Department of Medical Informatics, The Catholic University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Jung Rho
- Department of Medical Informatics, The Catholic University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
- Catholic Institute for Healthcare Management and Graduate School of Healthcare Management and Policy, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Young Choi
- Department of Medical Informatics, The Catholic University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Catholic Institute for Healthcare Management and Graduate School of Healthcare Management and Policy, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Thomée S. Mobile Phone Use and Mental Health. A Review of the Research That Takes a Psychological Perspective on Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2692. [PMID: 30501032 PMCID: PMC6314044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to carry out a review of observational studies that consider links between mobile phone use and mental health from a psychological or behavioral perspective. Systematic literature searches in PubMed and PsycINFO for articles published until 2017 were done. Exclusion criteria included: papers that considered radiofrequency fields, attention, safety, relational consequences, sexual behavior, cyberbullying, and reviews, qualitative, and case or experimental studies. A total of 4738 papers were screened by title and abstract, 404 were retrieved in full text, and 290 were included. Only 5% had any longitudinal design. Self-reporting was the dominating method of measurement. One third of the studies included children or youth. A majority of adult populations consisted of university students and/or self-selected participants. The main research results included associations between frequent mobile phone use and mental health outcomes, such as depressive symptoms and sleep problems. Mobile phone use at bedtime was associated with, e.g., shorter sleep duration and lower sleep quality. "Problematic use" (dependency) was associated with several negative outcomes. In conclusion, associations between mobile phone use and adverse mental health outcomes are found in studies that take a psychological or behavioral perspective on the exposure. However, more studies of high quality are needed in order to draw valid conclusions about the mechanisms and causal directions of associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Thomée
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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18
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van Velthoven MH, Powell J, Powell G. Problematic smartphone use: Digital approaches to an emerging public health problem. Digit Health 2018; 4:2055207618759167. [PMID: 31463071 PMCID: PMC6034350 DOI: 10.1177/2055207618759167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Problematic smartphone use is an emerging public health problem since the launch of the first smartphone 10 years ago. In this article, pathways to problematic use of smartphones, approaches to deal with this issue and their limitations are discussed. This includes problematic use of smartphones by people who self-identify that they or their family members use mobile devices in a problematic way. Extreme problematic use (e.g. relating to online gambling or heavy gaming) that severely disrupts people’s lives is a form of digital addiction is excluded from this discussion. Smartphone use can be problematic for some people due to the availability of constant connection, the addictiveness of applications (apps) combined with personal psychological factors. This is facilitated by characteristics of the technology, including easy access, the possibility of escaping daily life, being able to remain anonymous online, and the frequency of alerts and messages. While various non-technical interventions, such as digital detoxes, and digital interventions, including apps to limit use, have been developed to help people control their smartphone use, none of these has proven to work yet. An overview of currently available apps for problematic smartphone use is provided. Further work is needed on various aspects of problematic smartphone use, including the understanding of how smartphone use impacts on people’s lives, strengthening the definition of problematic smartphone use, and validation of its measurement, and more rigorous development and assessment of tools. We hope that these efforts will help people to use their smartphones in a healthy and effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H van Velthoven
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.,Healthcare Translation Research Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Powell
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
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19
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Lin YH, Pan YC, Lin SH, Chen SH. Development of short-form and screening cutoff point of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI-SF). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2017; 26:e1525. [PMID: 27658956 PMCID: PMC6877212 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphone addiction is considered a form of technological addiction that has attracted increasing attention. The present study developed and validated the short-form Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI-SF) and established cutoff point for screening smartphone addiction based on diagnostic criteria established by psychiatric interview. A total of 268 participants completed an online survey that collected demographic data, smartphone use behaviours, and responses to the 26-item SPAI. Each participant also completed a psychiatric interview. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed that the 10-item SPAI-SF replicated the structure of original 26-item SPAI accurately, yielding a four-factor model consisting of compulsive behaviour, functional impairment, withdrawal, and tolerance. For maximal diagnostic accuracy, a cutoff point of 24/25 best discriminated cases of smartphone addiction from diagnostic negatives. The present findings suggest that both the 26-item SPAI and SPAI-SF manifest the four constructs of behavioural addiction and the characteristics of smartphone addiction. The cutoff point determined by psychiatrists' diagnostic interview will be useful for clinical screening and epidemiologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chien Pan
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Sue-Huei Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Lin YH, Lin YC, Lin SH, Lee YH, Lin PH, Chiang CL, Chang LR, Yang CCH, Kuo TBJ. To use or not to use? Compulsive behavior and its role in smartphone addiction. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1030. [PMID: 28195570 PMCID: PMC5438030 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Global smartphone penetration has led to unprecedented addictive behaviors. To develop a smartphone use/non-use pattern by mobile application (App) in order to identify problematic smartphone use, a total of 79 college students were monitored by the App for 1 month. The App-generated parameters included the daily use/non-use frequency, the total duration and the daily median of the duration per epoch. We introduced two other parameters, the root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) and the Similarity Index, in order to explore the similarity in use and non-use between participants. The non-use frequency, non-use duration and non-use-median parameters were able to significantly predict problematic smartphone use. A lower value for the RMSSD and Similarity Index, which represent a higher use/non-use similarity, were also associated with the problematic smartphone use. The use/non-use similarity is able to predict problematic smartphone use and reach beyond just determining whether a person shows excessive use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-H Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y-H Lee
- Department and Graduate School of Electrical Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - P-H Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - C-L Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Division of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - L-R Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C C H Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T B J Kuo
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,National Yang-Ming University, Institute of Brain Science, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, 112 Taiwan (ROC), Taipei 11221, Taiwan. E-mail:
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21
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Lin YH, Chiang CL, Lin PH, Chang LR, Ko CH, Lee YH, Lin SH. Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Smartphone Addiction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163010. [PMID: 27846211 PMCID: PMC5112893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Global smartphone penetration has led to unprecedented addictive behaviors. The aims of this study are to develop diagnostic criteria of smartphone addiction and to examine the discriminative ability and the validity of the diagnostic criteria. Methods We developed twelve candidate criteria for characteristic symptoms of smartphone addiction and four criteria for functional impairment caused by excessive smartphone use. The participants consisted of 281 college students. Each participant was systematically assessed for smartphone-using behaviors by psychiatrist’s structured diagnostic interview. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the candidate symptom criteria were analyzed with reference to the psychiatrists’ clinical global impression. The optimal model selection with its cutoff point of the diagnostic criteria differentiating the smartphone addicted subjects from non-addicted subjects was then determined by the best diagnostic accuracy. Results Six symptom criteria model with optimal cutoff point were determined based on the maximal diagnostic accuracy. The proposed smartphone addiction diagnostic criteria consisted of (1) six symptom criteria, (2) four functional impairment criteria and (3) exclusion criteria. Setting three symptom criteria as the cutoff point resulted in the highest diagnostic accuracy (84.3%), while the sensitivity and specificity were 79.4% and 87.5%, respectively. We suggested determining the functional impairment by two or more of the four domains considering the high accessibility and penetration of smartphone use. Conclusion The diagnostic criteria of smartphone addiction demonstrated the core symptoms “impaired control” paralleled with substance related and addictive disorders. The functional impairment involved multiple domains provide a strict standard for clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lin Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsien Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ren Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Ko
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Han Lee
- Department and Graduate School of Electrical Engineering, Tamkang University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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