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Christie JT, Bruce M, Pfitzer S, Laubscher L, Raath JP, Laurence M, Kellermann T. Validation of a LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify thiafentanil and naltrexone in plasma for pharmacokinetic studies in wildlife. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1233:123990. [PMID: 38190774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Thiafentanil is a popular opioid agonist that is fully reversed by administering naltrexone. This agonist-antagonist combination is administered to a wide variety of wildlife species for chemical immobilisation, however plasma concentrations for thiafentanil remain unreported. This report describes a method that was developed and validated using human plasma and cross-validated for the analysis of goat plasma. Samples were extracted using a simple protein precipitation and analysed using LC-MS/MS. The assay was validated over the calibration range 4.38 - 1120 ng/mL for thiafentanil and 15.63 - 4000 ng/mL for naltrexone. The mean inter-day accuracies for QCs prepared in human plasma (n = 18) ranged from 94.8 - 103.8 % for thiafentanil and 94.8 - 95.9 % for naltrexone with corresponding precisions of 3.4 - 7.9 % and 2.8 - 11.4 %, respectively. The mean accuracies for QCs prepared in goat plasma (n = 6) ranged from 89.0 - 100.5 % for thiafentanil and 89.0 - 98.0 % for naltrexone with the associated precisions ranging from 7.1 - 11.6 % and 4.8 - 12.3 %, respectively. Both analytes were stable on bench for six hours and for three freeze-thaw cycles. The impact of heat-inactivation, necessary for the inactivation of potential foot-and-mouth disease, on analyte stability, matrix effect and recovery were evaluated, and a correction factor was established to determine the original analyte concentrations. The method was applied to pharmacokinetic samples collected from goats. The use of goats as a model species provides the first insight into the plasma concentrations of thiafentanil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith T Christie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Silke Pfitzer
- Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Liesel Laubscher
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, Rocky Drift, White River, South Africa
| | - Jacobus P Raath
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, Rocky Drift, White River, South Africa
| | - Michael Laurence
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tracy Kellermann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Dittmer M, Haefele H, Swenson J, Heatley JJ. RETROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF FIVE DRUG PROTOCOLS FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF CAPTIVE SABLE ANTELOPE ( HIPPOTRAGUS NIGER). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:455-463. [PMID: 37817611 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), a large, dominant species, often require chemical immobilization for captive management. Despite several recorded protocols, limited objective or subjective data are available to guide chemical immobilization of this species. This study retrospectively compared immobilization drug combinations of carfentanil-xylazine (CX), thiafentanil-xylazine (TX), etorphine-xylazine (EX), carfentanil-acepromazine (CA), and butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) for healthy sable antelope at one institution. Clinically applicable physiologic measures, subjective ratings, and timing of anesthetic milestones of 161 events for 107 individuals revealed the following statistically significant findings (P < 0.05). Induction ratings were best for TX, highest degree of muscle relaxation occurred with BAM and TX, and anesthetic ratings were best for TX and EX. Time to recovery was longest and complications 2.56 times more likely with CX. Time to recumbency was shortest in TX. Heart rate was highest in CA and lowest in BAM. For immobilization procedures, this study suggests TX would be the preferred combination for H. niger. However, all drug combinations evaluated can be used successfully to immobilize H. niger, and certain combinations may be situationally preferred based on desired muscle relaxation, expected induction or recovery times, or anticipated procedure length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Dittmer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX 77843, USA,
| | - Holly Haefele
- Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, Glen Rose, TX 76043, USA
| | - Julie Swenson
- Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, Glen Rose, TX 76043, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX 77843, USA
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Lubbe C, Meyer LCR, Kohn TA, Harvey BH, Wolmarans DW. The pathophysiology of rhabdomyolysis in ungulates and rats: towards the development of a rodent model of capture myopathy. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:361-371. [PMID: 36334218 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Capture myopathy (CM), which is associated with the capture and translocation of wildlife, is a life-threatening condition that causes noteworthy morbidity and mortality in captured animals. Such wildlife deaths have a significant impact on nature conservation efforts and the socio-economic wellbeing of communities reliant on ecotourism. Several strategies are used to minimise the adverse consequences associated with wildlife capture, especially in ungulates, but no successful preventative or curative measures have yet been developed. The primary cause of death in wild animals diagnosed with CM stems from kidney or multiple organ failure as secondary complications to capture-induced rhabdomyolysis. Ergo, the development of accurate and robust model frameworks is vital to improve our understanding of CM. Still, since CM-related complications are borne from biological and behavioural factors that may be unique to wildlife, e.g. skeletal muscle architecture or flighty nature, certain differences between the physiology and stress responses of wildlife and rodents need consideration in such endeavours. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarise some of the major etiological and pathological mechanisms of the condition as it is observed in wildlife and what is currently known of CM-like syndromes, i.e. rhabdomyolysis, in laboratory rats. Additionally, we will highlight some key aspects for consideration in the development and application of potential future rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Lubbe
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Center for Veterinary Wildlife Research and Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tertius A Kohn
- Center for Veterinary Wildlife Research and Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit On Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - De Wet Wolmarans
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Marshal JP, Tshabalala T, Parrini F. Selection of Vegetation Greenness by Nyala Antelopes on a Resource Productivity Gradient. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3957/056.051.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Marshal
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa
| | - Thulani Tshabalala
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa
| | - Francesca Parrini
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa
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EVALUATION OF TWO ANESTHETIC COMBINATIONS IN LOWLAND NYALA (TRAGELAPHUS ANGASII). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:290-296. [DOI: 10.1638/2019-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Barros DS, Evans AL, Arnemo JM, Stenbacka F, Ericsson G. Effective thiafentanil immobilization and physiological responses of free-ranging moose (Alces alces) in northern Sweden. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:502-509. [PMID: 29891211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical and physiological responses in moose to thiafentanil administration for immobilization. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional clinical study. ANIMALS Eleven (six males and five females) free-ranging adult moose (Alces alces). METHODS Each moose was darted from a helicopter with 7.5 mg thiafentanil during March 2014 in northern Sweden. Physiological evaluation included vital signs and blood gases. Arterial blood was collected after induction and again after 10 minutes of intranasal oxygen administration and analyzed immediately with an i-STAT analyzer. A total of 10 mg naltrexone per milligram of thiafentanil was administered to all animals for reversal. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS All moose were sufficiently immobilized with a single dart injection. Induction occurred within 3 minutes in 10 of 11 moose. One individual became recumbent while crossing a river and naltrexone was immediately administered. Animals maintained sternal recumbency with their head raised and vital signs were stable. Nine of 10 moose were hypoxemic before oxygen administration, with seven becoming markedly hypoxemic [partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) between 40 and 59 mmHg (5.3-7.9 kPa)]. The PaO2 increased significantly between samples, but six moose remained hypoxemic despite therapy. Hypercapnia was seen in all moose, with eight having marked hypercapnia [partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) > 60 mmHg (>8.0 kPa)]. All moose were acidemic, with nine showing marked acidemia (pH < 7.20). The pH increased significantly with time and lactate decreased. Recoveries were rapid and uneventful, and all moose were living 6 months after capture. CONCLUSIONS Thiafentanil provided rapid and sufficient immobilization of moose and its effects were rapidly reversed with naltrexone. As with other opioids, moose showed hypoxemia and varying degrees of respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Arterial oxygenation of moose improved following intranasal oxygen, but hypoxemia was not fully resolved despite therapy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Thiafentanil (7.5 mg per adult) is effective for immobilization of free-ranging moose. Supplemental oxygen may be of benefit when using this regimen; however, further investigation is required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sb Barros
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway.
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway; Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Stenbacka
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Ericsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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CONTINUOUS INTRAVENOUS INFUSION ANESTHESIA WITH MEDETOMIDINE, KETAMINE, AND MIDAZOLAM AFTER INDUCTION WITH A COMBINATION OF ETORPHINE, MEDETOMIDINE, AND MIDAZOLAM OR WITH MEDETOMIDINE, KETAMINE, AND BUTORPHANOL IN IMPALA (AEPYCEROS MELAMPUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:62-71. [DOI: 10.1638/2016-0010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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COMPARISON OF ETORPHINE–ACEPROMAZINE AND MEDETOMIDINE–KETAMINE ANESTHESIA IN CAPTIVE IMPALA (AEPYCEROS MELAMPUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:870-9. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0114.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Szabó Z, Venter D, Luyt E, Raath C. The use of thiafentanil oxalate and azaperone for reversible immobilisation of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) within a nature reserve - Short communication. Acta Vet Hung 2015; 63:11-5. [PMID: 25655411 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2015.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although thiafentanil oxalate has been widely used for wildlife immobilisation on different species, no report has been published about its usefulness on African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Thirty-four African buffaloes were successfully immobilised at Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, South Africa in July 2013. The animals were kept in bomas of the nature reserve. The purpose of the immobilisation was to provide opportunity for microchip implantation, ear tag placement, intradermal tuberculin test and blood sampling. All animals were immobilised with thiafentanil oxalate 6 mg/animal (0.007-0.01 mg/kg) and azaperone 40 mg/animal (0.07-0.04 mg/kg) using Dan-inject darts and gun. The opioid reversal agent naltrexone hydrochloride 60 mg/animal (0.07-0.1 mg/kg) was given intravenously to the ear vein. The mean induction time was 3.9 ± 0.2 min, the recovery time was 1.65 ± 0.87 min. The results of the present study indicate that thiafentanil oxalate, this low-volume, high-potency, reversible drug combined with azaperone provides fast induction and smooth recovery. The authors recommend this drug combination as a reliable immobilising regimen for African buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szabó
- 1 Tai Wai Small Animal and Exotic Hospital 75 Chik Shun Street, Tai Wai, Shatin New Territories Hong Kong
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Use of Thiafentanil–Medetomidine for the Induction of Anesthesia in Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) Within a Wild Animal Park. J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 41:234-41. [DOI: 10.1638/2009-0143r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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