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Chen P, Wang H, Tao Z, Xu A, Lin X, Zhou N, Wang P, Wang Q. Multiple transmission chains of coxsackievirus A4 co-circulating in China and neighboring countries in recent years: Phylogenetic and spatiotemporal analyses based on virological surveillance. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 118:23-31. [PMID: 28942015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A4 (CV-A4) has been reported frequently in association with many infectious diseases and cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease potentially associated with CV-A4 infection are also identified. This study summarized the Shandong CV-A4 strains isolated from 25years acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, with an emphasis on exploring the phylogenetic analyses and spatiotemporal dynamics of CV-A4 at the global scale. We sampled 43 CV-A4 isolates and utilized VP1 gene to construct phylogenetic trees. Further extensive Bayesian phylogeographic analysis was carried out to investigate the evolution of CV-A4 and understand the spatiotemporal diffusion around the world using BEAST and SPREAD software. Phylogenetic trees showed that CV-A4 emerged to be more active in recent decades and multiple transmission chains were co-circulating. The molecular clock analysis estimated a mean evolutionary rate of 6.4×10-3 substitutions/site/year, and the estimated origin of CV-A4 around 1944. The phylogeographic analyses suggested the origin of CV-A4 could be in the USA, however regional dissemination was mainly located around the Asia-Europe region. The spatiotemporal dynamics of CV-A4 exhibited frequent viral traffic among localities, and virus from Shandong province seemed to have played a central role in spreading around China and neighboring countries. Our phylogenetic description and phylogeographic analyses indicate the importance of large spatial- and temporal-scale studies in understanding epidemiological dynamics of CV-A4, particularly the diffusion routes will be of great importance to global control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zexin Tao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojuan Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
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