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Lee D, Seo J, Jeong HC, Lee H, Lee SB. The Perspectives of Early Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Through the Detection of Epigenomics-Based Biomarkers in iPSC-Derived Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:756613. [PMID: 34867186 PMCID: PMC8633873 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.756613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of early diagnostic biomarkers for schizophrenia greatly limits treatment options that deliver therapeutic agents to affected cells at a timely manner. While previous schizophrenia biomarker research has identified various biological signals that are correlated with certain diseases, their reliability and practicality as an early diagnostic tool remains unclear. In this article, we discuss the use of atypical epigenetic and/or consequent transcriptional alterations (ETAs) as biomarkers of early-stage schizophrenia. Furthermore, we review the viability of discovering and applying these biomarkers through the use of cutting-edge technologies such as human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons, brain models, and single-cell level analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jinsoo Seo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hae Chan Jeong
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyosang Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
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Duraković D, Silić A, Peitl V, Tadić R, Lončarić K, Glavina T, Šago D, Turk LP, Karlović D. THE USE OF ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY AND OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA. Acta Clin Croat 2020; 59:729-739. [PMID: 34285444 PMCID: PMC8253076 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2020.59.04.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) has currently expanded beyond ophthalmology alone. The aim of this review is to present the results and knowledge acquired by these two methods in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Reviewing the studies applying ERG and OCT methods in the field of psychiatry, one can conclude that results of the research imply morphological and functional changes of retina in patients with schizophrenia that are not consistent. However, in most studies there was reduction of the amplitude and changes in the implicit time related parameters on ERG and thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer on OCT. Neurons in the eye use the same neurotransmitters as neurons in the basal brain structures that are most affected in schizophrenia, according to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Unlike neurons in the basal brain structures, the neurons in the eye are in vivo available to ERG. Using the aforementioned tests together with clinical diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia, the subgroups with different prognostic and therapeutic specificities within schizophrenia as a group of diseases might be identified more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ante Silić
- 1Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vjekoslav Peitl
- 1Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rašeljka Tadić
- 1Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Lončarić
- 1Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Trpimir Glavina
- 1Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Šago
- 1Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Pačić Turk
- 1Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dalibor Karlović
- 1Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
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Shah SH, Byer LE, Appasani RK, Aggarwal NK. Impact of a community-based mental health awareness program on changing attitudes of the general population toward mental health in Gujarat, India - A study of 711 respondents. Ind Psychiatry J 2020; 29:97-104. [PMID: 33776283 PMCID: PMC7989450 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_24_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT In India, there is a large mental illness treatment gap, especially in rural areas. Contributors to this problem include stigma and a general lack of mental health knowledge. The State Health Department of Gujarat, India, released a video tool, in 2003, with the goal being to educate the community on topics related to mental health. AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the government-developed video tool to improve attitudes toward mental health in rural Gujarat. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Eight hundred and sixty-five individuals, in 17 villages in Gujarat, agreed to attend a mental health awareness workshop that used the government-developed video tool. One workshop was held in each village. A structured questionnaire evaluating attitudes was administered to the participants before and after the workshop. SUBJECTS AND METHODS government-developed video tool, standardized questionnaire for attitude evaluation. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED A McNemar's test was used to evaluate the difference between pre- and post-scores. RESULTS A total of 711 participants completed the pre- and post-questionnaire. Attitudes related to psychosis, suicidal ideation, postpartum depression, learning disability, general mental illness, and perceptions of dangerousness showed significantly favorable improvement (P <.005). Attitudes related to substance abuse worsened (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that a government-developed video tool can successfully improve short-term attitudes. Attitudes toward substance abuse may require a different approach than attitudes toward other types of mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip H Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | - Neil Krishan Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY, USA
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Prodromes and Preclinical Detection of Brain Diseases: Surveying the Ethical Landscape of Predicting Brain Health. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0439-18.2019. [PMID: 31221862 PMCID: PMC6658915 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0439-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The future of medicine lies not primarily in cures but in disease modification and prevention. While the science of preclinical detection is young, it is moving rapidly. Preclinical interventions offer hope to decrease the severity of a disease or delay the development of a disorder. With such promise, the research and practice of detecting brain disorders at a preclinical stage present unique ethical challenges that must be addressed to ensure the benefit of these technologies. Direct brain interventions have the potential to impact not just what a patient has but who they are and who they could become. Further, receiving an assessment for a preclinical or prodromal state has potential to impact perceptions about capacity, autonomy and personhood and could become entangled with stigma and discrimination. Exploring ethical issues alongside and integrated into the experimental design and research of these technologies is critical. This review will highlight ethical issues attendant to the current and near future states of preclinical detection across the life span, specifically as it relates to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease.
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George M, Maheshwari S, Chandran S, Manohar JS, Sathyanarayana Rao TS. Understanding the schizophrenia prodrome. Indian J Psychiatry 2017; 59:505-509. [PMID: 29497198 PMCID: PMC5806335 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_464_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder and its course is said to have an onset much before the presentation with psychotic symptoms. Even though the concept of prodrome in schizophrenia has been accepted, there is still an existence of a diagnostic dilemma. Various imaging studies and biomarkers have also been studied for confirmation of this diagnosis. The critical period of intervention when identified clarifies the doubts about faster and better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju George
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shreemit Maheshwari
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Suhas Chandran
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - J. Shivananda Manohar
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - T. S. Sathyanarayana Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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A Neurophysiological Perspective on a Preventive Treatment against Schizophrenia Using Transcranial Electric Stimulation of the Corticothalamic Pathway. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7040034. [PMID: 28350371 PMCID: PMC5406691 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients are waiting for a treatment free of detrimental effects. Psychotic disorders are devastating mental illnesses associated with dysfunctional brain networks. Ongoing brain network gamma frequency (30–80 Hz) oscillations, naturally implicated in integrative function, are excessively amplified during hallucinations, in at-risk mental states for psychosis and first-episode psychosis. So, gamma oscillations represent a bioelectrical marker for cerebral network disorders with prognostic and therapeutic potential. They accompany sensorimotor and cognitive deficits already present in prodromal schizophrenia. Abnormally amplified gamma oscillations are reproduced in the corticothalamic systems of healthy humans and rodents after a single systemic administration, at a psychotomimetic dose, of the glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine. These translational ketamine models of prodromal schizophrenia are thus promising to work out a preventive noninvasive treatment against first-episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia. In the present essay, transcranial electric stimulation (TES) is considered an appropriate preventive therapeutic modality because it can influence cognitive performance and neural oscillations. Here, I highlight clinical and experimental findings showing that, together, the corticothalamic pathway, the thalamus, and the glutamatergic synaptic transmission form an etiopathophysiological backbone for schizophrenia and represent a potential therapeutic target for preventive TES of dysfunctional brain networks in at-risk mental state patients against psychotic disorders.
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Braham A, Bannour AS, Ben Romdhane A, Nelson B, Bougmiza I, Ben Nasr S, Elkissi Y, Ben Hadj Ali B, Ben Hadj Ali B. Validation of the Arabic version of the Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States (CAARMS) in Tunisian adolescents and young adults. Early Interv Psychiatry 2014; 8:147-54. [PMID: 23347425 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The study aimed to examine whether the Arabic version of the Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States (CAARMS) has good construct validity, concurrent validity and reliability. METHODS Validity was established on a sample of 58 Tunisian adolescents and young adults aged between 16 and 30 years. These subjects were divided into three groups according to the CAARMS scores: ultra-high risk positive subjects (UHR (+) ) (n = 22), ultra-high risk negative subjects (UHR (-) ) (n = 25) and subjects meeting the criteria of a first-episode psychosis (FEP) (n = 11). For construct validity, we used the convergent validity. We used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) concomitantly with the CAARMS. For concurrent validity, we studied the correlation between symptoms of the CAARMS and their equivalents in the PANSS. The CAARMS reliability was conducted by the study of interrater reliability. RESULTS The UHR (+) group was shown with intermediate scores of PANSS between the two groups UHR (-) and FEP. That confirms a good construct validity of the Arabic version of the CAARMS. We noted a correlation between the scores in positive and negative sections measured by the CAARMS and their corresponding level of the PANSS. These results show that the CAARMS has a good concurrent validity with the PANSS. For the reliability study, we noted a good correlation between the two raters with a Pearson coefficient ranging from 0.55 to 0.90. CONCLUSION Analysis of the results of construct validity, concurrent validity and reliability of the CAARMS indicates that this version translated into Arabic is valid and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Braham
- Department of Psychiatry, Farhat Hached Hospital
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Yoshii H, Watanabe Y, Mazumder AH, Kitamura H, Akazawa K. Stigma toward schizophrenia among parents of high school students. Glob J Health Sci 2013; 5:46-53. [PMID: 24171873 PMCID: PMC4776848 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v5n6p46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stigma toward schizophrenia is an important area of research as it is frequently a barrier to early intervention. This study attempted to identify factors underlying stigma in Japan. Because even adolescents can develop schizophrenia, 357 Japanese parents of high school students were enrolled. All parents lived outside the areas affected by the Tohoku earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011 (ie, parts of Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures). Factor analysis using the Link Devaluation-Discrimination Measure identified two factors: comparison with an able-bodied person and non-comparison with an able-bodied person. Regression analysis revealed that family structure had independent effects on factor 2 (p <0.05), and ANOVA showed that education had independent effects on factor 2 (p<0.05). These results suggest that education programs that seek to counteract stigma should target curricula in high schools and vocational schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsumi Yoshii
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University.
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Shrivastava A. Prodromal research: Public health initiatives for prevention of schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry 2010; 52:13-6. [PMID: 20174512 PMCID: PMC2824974 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.58889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amresh Shrivastava
- Mental Health Foundation of India, Prerana Charitable Trust, 209 Shivkripa Complex, Gokhale Road, Thane, Mumbai - 400 602; Maharashtra, India, Early Intervention of Psychosis Program, Regional Mental Health Care. St. Thomas, The University of Western Ontario, and Associate Scientist, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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