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Muzumdar D, Bansal P, Rai S, Bhatia K. Surgery for Central Nervous System Tuberculosis in Children. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2024; 49:255-289. [PMID: 38700688 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42398-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the second most common cause of death due to a single infectious agent worldwide after COVID-19. Central nervous system tuberculosis is widely prevalent in the world, especially in the developing countries and continues to be a socioeconomic problem. It is highly devastating form of tuberculosis leading to unacceptable levels of morbidity and mortality despite appropriate antitubercular therapy. The clinical symptoms are varied and nonspecific. They can be easily overlooked. Tuberculous meningitis is the most common presentation and its sequelae viz. vasculitis, infarction and hydrocephalus can be devastating. The ensuing cognitive, intellectual, and endocrinological outcome can be a significant source of morbidity and mortality, especially in resource constrained countries. Early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous meningitis and institution of treatment is helpful in limiting the course of disease process. The diagnosis of CNS tuberculosis remains a formidable diagnostic challenge. The microbiological methods alone cannot be relied upon. CSF diversion procedures need to be performed at the appropriate time in order to achieve good outcomes. Tuberculous pachymeningitis and arachnoiditis are morbid sequelae of tuberculous meningitis. Tuberculomas present as mass lesions in the craniospinal axis. Tuberculous abscess can mimic pyogenic abscess and requires high index of suspicion. Calvarial tuberculosis is seen in children and responds well to antituberculous chemotherapy. Tuberculosis of the spinal cord is seen similar to intracranial tuberculosis in pathogenesis but with its own unique clinical manifestations and management. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is a formidable problem, and alternate chemotherapy should be promptly instituted. The pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of central nervous system tuberculosis in children are summarized. Heightened clinical suspicion is paramount to ensure prompt investigation. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to a gratifying outcome and prevent complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatraya Muzumdar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Puru Bansal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Survender Rai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Kushal Bhatia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Swamy SBG, Jaikumar V, Nagaraj NM, Khandelwal S. Intracranial giant tuberculoma: A 7-year institutional experience and literature review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 225:107593. [PMID: 36701938 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial tuberculomas are infrequent with a lower morbidity and mortality compared to tubercular meningitis. Giant intracranial tuberculomas are rarer but important differentials for intracranial space-occupying lesions causing focal neurological deficits depending on anatomical location and size. METHODS Histopathologically confirmed giant intracranial tuberculomas selected based on institutional size criteria (<12 Years-old: ≥25 mm; 12-18 Years-old: ≥35 mm; ≥18 Years-old: ≥40 mm) were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed for clinical features, radiology, surgical management, and outcomes in patients admitted from 2015 to 2022. RESULTS Ten patients were included (Males:Females = 3:7; Age: 8-68 Years, Average: 30.1 Years). Mean duration of symptoms was 2.84 months. Two patients demonstrated active systemic tuberculosis. Previous tubercular infections included pulmonary involvement in four, meningeal in three, and a cerebellar tuberculoma in one patient. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in five patients demonstrated no tubercle bacilli. Seven lesions were supratentorial and three infratentorial. Giant tuberculomas demonstrated profound T2 hypointensity, sub-marginal T2 hyperintense crescents, and significant perilesional vasogenic edema. Craniotomy and excision were mainstay except in one case treated only with ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Three additional patients underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunting for hydrocephalus. One patient died from aspiration pneumonia and sepsis following a postoperative seizure. Anti-Tubercular Therapy (ATT) was advised for 18 months. Follow up ranged from 4 to 18 months. One patient was medically managed for ATT-induced hepatitis, hepatic encephalopathy, and coincidental paradoxical reaction. Remainder of patients showed complete resolution of symptomatology and absence of new symptoms till latest follow up. CONCLUSION Clinical course of giant tuberculomas differ from non-giant variants in characteristic radiology, more intensive ATT, and possibility for partial debulking/excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari Bangalore Gangadhar Swamy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, KR Road, Near Fort, Bengaluru, Karnataka State, India.
| | - Vinay Jaikumar
- Affiliated with Department of Neurosurgery, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, KR Road, Near Fort, Bengaluru, Karnataka State, India.
| | - Nagarjun Maulyavantham Nagaraj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, KR Road, Near Fort, Bengaluru, Karnataka State, India.
| | - Sandesh Khandelwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, KR Road, Near Fort, Bengaluru, Karnataka State, India.
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Boruah D, Sarma K, Gogoi P, Singh B, Gogoi B, Hazarika K, Sharma B, Phukan P. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Appearance of Giant Intracerebral Tuberculoma: A Retrospective Analysis. Acta Med Litu 2022. [DOI: 10.15388/amed.2022.29.2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Giant intracerebral tuberculomas are rare lesions but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracranial space-occupying lesion in an endemic region.Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the clinical data and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of giant intracerebral tuberculomas to improve the diagnostic precision.Material and Methods: The clinical and MRI findings of 22 patients of giant intracerebral tuberculoma were analyzed retrospectively. For the statistical analysis independent sample Student t-test was used.Results: For 22 patients included in this sample the giant intracerebral tuberculoma was of size more than 2.5cm. The majority of the giant tuberculomas (19 patients (86.4%))was located in the supratentorial area.T2-weighted hypointense core of giant tuberculoma was observed in 12 patients (54.5%) and T1 hyperintensities were observed in peripheral (wall) of the giant tuberculoma in 14 patients (63.6%). The mean ADC value of the peripheral (wall) of the giant tuberculoma was 1.034± 0.466[SD] x 10-3mm2/s and the core was 0.994± 0.455[SD] x 10-3mm2/s with a statistically significant difference (p-value <0.0005) in between. MR spectroscopy showed raised lipid peak at 0.9 to 1.33 ppm in 10 patients (45.5%),raised lipid-lactate peak in 12 patients (54.5%),raised Choline/Cr ratio more than 1.2 in 14 patients(63.6%) and Choline/Cr ratio less than 1.2 in 5 patients (22.7%). Associated involvement of lung was observed in the 6patients (27.3%), cervical lymph node in 1 patient (4.5%) and spine in 1patient (4.5%).Conclusions: MRI plays a vital role in distinguishing giant intracerebral tuberculomas from other intracranial space-occupying lesions, thereby allows the early institution of anti-tubercular treatment (ATT), decreased patient morbidity, mortality, and prevents unnecessary neurosurgical excision.
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Sahu C, Bhargava N, Singh V, Dwivedi P. Giant Tuberculomas of Brain: Rare Neoplastic Mimic. J Pediatr Neurosci 2021; 15:204-213. [PMID: 33531933 PMCID: PMC7847125 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_78_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tuberculosis continues to be a major infectious disease in developing parts of the world. Primarily central nervous system tuberculosis manifests as meningitis, tuberculoma, or a brain abscess; however, rarely it may manifest as a large neoplastic mass such as lesion known as giant tuberculoma. Especially in central parts of India, the incidence of giant tuberculoma is quite high in pediatric population that too in posterior fossa of brain. Often, they are wrongly reported as neoplastic masses on imaging. The objective of this study was to evaluate different imaging appearances of a giant tuberculoma. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, all cases of giant tuberculoma presenting to a large tertiary care center in central India for 2 years (duration 2016-2018) were imaged and followed up. A total of nine patients, six females and three males, aged 4-16 years were studied on a 3-Tesla Siemens magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Results In total, nine patients were included with 11 giant tuberculomas. Of 11, eight were infratentorial and three were supratentorial in location. On T2-weighted image sequence, these lesions showed central hypointensity with a peripheral hyperintense rim. Most observed finding on T1-weighted image sequence was central isointensity with peripheral hyperintense rim. Advanced imaging sequences such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetization transfer were also applied. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest series of giant tuberculoma in the pediatric population reported so far in any part of the world. We have described the various MRI imaging findings of this lesion in great details. Management of such rare cases and pertinent literature is reviewed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandradev Sahu
- Department of Neuroradiology, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College (PT JNMC), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Nishant Bhargava
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Singh
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pranav Dwivedi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sharifi G, Mousavinejad SA, Moradian K, Ebrahimzadeh K, Samadian M, Zerehpoosh FB, Rezaei O. Pineal Region Tuberculoma Caused by Mycobacterium bovis as a Complication of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine: Case Report and Review of the Literature. World Neurosurg 2019; 133:416-418. [PMID: 31181358 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain tuberculoma is a rare manifestation of tuberculosis especially in immunosuppressed patients. The definitive diagnosis may be difficult owing to mimicking brain tumors and the absence of the common presentation. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is used for protection against tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease, more so in children, and also for the treatment of bladder cancer. CASE DESCRIPTION The following case of brain tuberculoma is a boy aged 6 months who was presented to our hospital with poor feeding, nausea and vomiting, and confusion lasting 1 month. A brain magnetic resonance imaging scan showed a large mass lesion in the pineal region with generalized hydrocephaly in which polymerase chain reaction assays of the tissue was positive for Mycobacterium bovis and had a good response to antituberculosis drugs and surgery. CONCLUSIONS We present a case of brain tuberculoma as the complication of BCG vaccine. To our knowledge, this case is the first case of brain tuberculoma after BCG vaccination. We should consider brain tuberculoma that presents with a similar presentation in any infants with a history of BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guive Sharifi
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mousavinejad
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Karim Moradian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kaveh Ebrahimzadeh
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samadian
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Omidvar Rezaei
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Muzumdar D, Vedantam R, Chandrashekhar D. Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in children. Childs Nerv Syst 2018; 34:1925-1935. [PMID: 29978252 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-3884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB) in children is still a socioeconomic problem in developing countries. It has varied manifestations, symptoms are nonspecific, diagnosis can be challenging, and treatment may be difficult. It is often missed or overlooked. Among the various pathological entities, tuberculous meningitis is the most common and devastating manifestation. The resultant vasculitis, infarction, and hydrocephalus can be life-threatening. It can have grave cognitive, intellectual, and endocrine sequelae if not treated in time resulting in handicap, especially in resource constraint countries. Early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous meningitis is the single most important factor determining outcome. Tuberculous hydrocephalus needs to be recognized early, and cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedure needs to be performed in adequate time to prevent morbidity or mortality in some cases. Tuberculous pachymeningitis and arachnoiditis are rare in children. Tuberculous abscess can mimic pyogenic abscess and requires high index of suspicion. Calvarial tuberculosis is seen in children and responds well to antituberculous chemotherapy. Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a formidable problem, and alternate chemotherapy should be promptly instituted. AIM The pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of central nervous system tuberculosis in children are summarized. CONCLUSION Heightened clinical suspicion, early diagnosis, appropriate antituberculous treatment, and surgery in relevant situation are essential for a gratifying outcome and preventing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatraya Muzumdar
- Department of Neurosurgery, King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
| | - Rajshekhar Vedantam
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Deopujari Chandrashekhar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Marine Lines, Mumbai, India
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Patnaik A, Mishra SS, Senapati SB. Surgical management of double giant tuberculomas of brain involving both supratentorial and infratentorial compartments. J Pediatr Neurosci 2013; 8:84-5. [PMID: 23772259 PMCID: PMC3680911 DOI: 10.4103/1817-1745.111441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Patnaik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Scb Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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Santosh V, Mahadevan A, T. Chickabasaviah Y, Bharath RD, S. Krishna S. Infectious lesions mimicking central nervous system neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol 2010; 27:122-35. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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