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Baruah VJ, Paul R, Gogoi D, Mazumder N, Chakraborty S, Das A, Mondal TK, Sarmah B. Integrated computational approach toward discovery of multi-targeted natural products from Thumbai ( Leucas aspera) for attuning NKT cells. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:2893-2907. [PMID: 33179569 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1844056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A multi-omics-based approach targeting the plant-based natural products from Thumbai (Leucas aspera), an important yet untapped potential source of many therapeutic agents for myriads of immunological conditions and genetic disorders, was conceptualized to reconnoiter its potential biomedical application. A library of 79 compounds from this plant was created, out of which 9 compounds qualified the pharmacokinetics parameters. Reverse pharmacophore technique for target fishing of the screened compounds was executed through which renin receptor (ATP6AP2) and thymidylate kinase (DTYMK) were identified as potential targets. Network biology approaches were used to comprehend and validate the functional, biochemical and clinical relevance of the targets. The target-ligand interaction and subsequent stability parameters at molecular scale were investigated using multiple strategies including molecular modeling, pharmacophore approaches and molecular dynamics simulation. Herein, isololiolide and 4-hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamaldehyde were substantiated as the lead molecules exhibiting comparatively the best binding affinity against the two putative protein targets. These natural lead products from L. aspera and the combinatorial effects may have plausible medical applications in a wide variety of neurodegenerative, genetic and developmental disorders. The lead molecules also exhibit promising alternative in diagnostics and therapeutics through immuno-modulation targeting natural killer T-cell function in transplantation-related pathogenesis, autoimmune and other immunological disorders.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa Jyoti Baruah
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Rasana Paul
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Gogoi
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Aparoopa Das
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mondal
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, IARI Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhaswati Sarmah
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
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Antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of the phytochemicals of whole Leucas aspera extract. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 3:273-9. [PMID: 23620850 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of whole Leucas aspera (Labiatae) (L. aspera) alcoholic extract. METHODS Whole L. aspera powder was extracted by absolute ethanol (99.50%). The ethanolic extract was subjected to antioxidant, antibacterial and brine shrimp lethality assay. RESULTS The extract showed potent radical scavenging effect (antioxidant) with IC50 value of (99.58±1.22) µg/mL which was significant (P<0.01) in comparison to ascorbic acid with IC50 value of (1.25±0.95) µg/mL. In case of antibacterial screening, the extract showed notable antibacterial effect against the tested microbial strains. Significant (P<0.05) zone of inhibitions against Gram positive Bacillus subtilis [(12.00±1.32) mm] and Bacillus megaterium [(13.00±1.50) mm], Staphylococcus aureus [(8.00±0.50) mm] and Gram negative Salmonella typhi [(6.00±0.50) mm], Salmonella paratyphi [(8.00±1.00) mm], Shigella dysenteriae [(9.00±1.32) mm] and Vibrio cholerae [(9.00±0.66) mm] was observed. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the extract showed the LC50 value as (181.68±2.15) µg/mL which was statistically significant (P<0.01) compared to positive control vincristine sulfate [LC50=(0.76±0.04) µg/mL]. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the ethanolic extract of L. aspera could be used as antibacterial, pesticidal and various pharmacologic actives.
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Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different parts of Leucas aspera. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:176-80. [PMID: 23569893 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of different parts (root, flower, leaf and stem) of Leucas aspera (L. aspera) (Labiatae). METHODS Different parts of L. aspera were extracted with 80% (v/v) methanol. The methanol extracts were subjected to antioxidant, antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality assay. RESULTS All the extracts showed moderate to potent antioxidant activity, among which the root extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 6.552 µg/mL. Methanol extract of root possessed antioxidant activity near the range of vitamin E and thus could be a potential rich source of natural antioxidant. In case of antimicrobial screening, crude extracts of root, flower, leaf and stem showed notable antibacterial activity against tested microorganisms. The root extract showed the highest mean zone of inhibition ranging from 9.0-11.0 mm against tested microorganisms, at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, it was evident that the methanol root extract did not show significant toxicity. The LC50 value for 12 h and 24 h observation was 2.890 mg/mL and 1.417 mg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present finding suggests that the methanol root extract of L. aspera could be developed as pharmaceutical products.
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Islam AKMM, Ohno O, Suenaga K, Kato-Noguchi H. Two novel phytotoxic substances from Leucas aspera. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:877-883. [PMID: 24913044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Leucas aspera (Lamiaceae), an aromatic herbaceous plant, is well known for many medicinal properties and a number of bioactive compounds against animal cells have been isolated. However, phytotoxic substances from L. aspera have not yet been documented in the literature. Therefore, current research was conducted to explore the phytotoxic properties and substances in L. aspera. Aqueous methanol extracts of L. aspera inhibited the germination and growth of garden cress (Lepidum sativum) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), and the inhibitory activities were concentration dependent. These results suggest that the plant may have phytotoxic substances. The extracts were then purified by several chromatographic runs. The final purification was achieved by reversed-phase HPLC to give an equilibrium (or inseparable) 3:2 mixture of two labdane type diterpenes (compounds 1 and 2). These compounds were characterized as (rel 5S,6R,8R,9R,10S,13S,15S,16R)-6-acetoxy-9,13;15,16-diepoxy-15-hydroxy-16-methoxylabdane (1) and (rel 5S,6R,8R,9R,10S,13S,15R,16R)-6-acetoxy-9,13;15,16-diepoxy-15-hydroxy-16-methoxylabdane (2) by spectroscopic analyses. A mixture of the two compounds inhibits the germination and seedling growth of garden cress and barnyard grass at concentrations greater than 30 and 3 μM, respectively. The concentration required for 50% growth inhibition (I50) of the test species ranges from 31 to 80 μM, which suggests that the mixture of these compounds, are responsible for the phytotoxic activity of L. aspera plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K M Mominul Islam
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
| | - Osamu Ohno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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Larvicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Leucas aspera leaf extracts against dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1673-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Suganya G, Karthi S, Shivakumar MS. Larvicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Leucas aspera leaf extracts against dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:875-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mothana RA, Al-Said MS, Al-Yahya MA, Al-Rehaily AJ, Khaled JM. GC and GC/MS analysis of essential oil composition of the endemic Soqotraen Leucas virgata Balf.f. and its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23129-39. [PMID: 24284402 PMCID: PMC3856109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141123129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucas virgata Balf.f. (Lamiaceae) was collected from the Island Soqotra (Yemen) and its essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the oil was investigated by GC and GC-MS. Moreover, the essential oil was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria, two Gram-negative bacteria, and one yeast species by using broth micro-dilution assay for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and antioxidant activity by measuring the scavenging activity of the DPPH radical. The investigation led to the identification of 43 constituents, representing 93.9% of the total oil. The essential oil of L. virgata was characterized by a high content of oxygenated monoterpenes (50.8%). Camphor (20.5%) exo-fenchol (3.4%), fenchon (5.4%), and borneol (3.1%) were identified as the main components. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were found as the second major group of compounds (21.0%). β-Eudesmol (6.1%) and caryophyllene oxide (5.1%) were the major compounds among oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The results of the antimicrobial assay showed that the oil exhibited a great antibacterial activity against the tested S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli. No activity was found against P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Moreover, the DPPH-radical scavenging assay exhibited only a moderate antioxidant activity (31%) for the oil at the highest concentration tested (1 mg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.J.A.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana’a-University, P.O. Box 33039, Sana’a, Yemen
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: or ; Tel.: +966-11-4677256; Fax: +966-11-4677245
| | - Mansour S. Al-Said
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Yahya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Adnan J. Al-Rehaily
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Jamal M. Khaled
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
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Kovendan K, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Mahesh Kumar P, Amerasan D, Subramaniam J, Vincent S, Barnard DR. Laboratory and field evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2011; 110:2105-15. [PMID: 22146997 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored the effects of Jatropha curcas, Hyptis suaveolens, Abutilon indicum, and Leucas aspera tested against third instar larvae of filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. The dried plant materials were powdered by an electrical blender. From each sample, 500 g powder was macerated with 1.5 L of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol 8h, using Soxhlet apparatus, and filtered. The extracts were concentrated at reduced temperature on a rotary evaporator and stored at a temperature of 4°C. The yield of crude extract was 11.4, 12.2, 10.6, and 13.5 g in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. The hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract of J. curcas with LC(50) values of 230.32, 212.85, 192.07, and 113.23 ppm; H. suaveolens with LC(50) values of 213.09, 217.64, 167.59, and 86.93 ppm; A. indicum with LC(50) values of 204.18, 155.53, 166.32, and 111.58 ppm; and L. aspera with LC(50) values of 152.18, 118.29, 111.43, and 107.73 ppm, respectively, against third instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. Maximum larvicidal activity was observed in the methanolic extract followed by ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane extract. No mortality was observed in the control. The observed mortality were statistically significant at P < 0.05 level. L. aspera showed the highest mortality rate against the mosquito larvae in laboratory and field. The larval density was decreased after the treatment of plant extracts at the breeding sites (sewage water), and hence, these plant extracts of the suitable alternatives of synthetic insecticides for the mosquito vector management. The present results suggest that the medicinal plants extract was an excellent potential for controlling filarial vector, C. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalimuthu Kovendan
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Eclosion blocking effect of ethanolic extract of Leucas aspera (Lamiaceae) on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Vet Parasitol 2011; 179:287-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kovendan K, Murugan K, Vincent S, Barnard DR. Studies on larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Leucas aspera Willd. (Lamiaceae) and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus sphaericus, against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2011; 110:195-203. [PMID: 21626422 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of whole plant extracts of Leucas aspera and Bacillus sphaericus has been proven against larvicidal and pupicidal activities of the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi. The present study investigated the larvicidal and pupicidal activity against the first to fourth instar lavae and pupae of the laboratory-reared mosquitoes, A. stephensi. The medicinal plants were collected from the area around Maruthamalai hills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. L. aspera whole plant was washed with tap water and shade dried at room temperature. The dried plant materials were powdered by an electric blender. From the powder, 100 g of the plant materials was extracted with 300 ml of organic solvents of ethanol for 8 h using a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were filtered through a Buchner funnel with Whatman number 1 filter paper. The crude plant extracts were evaporated to dryness in a rotary vacuum evaporator. The plant extract showed larvicidal and pupicidal effects after 24 h of exposure. All larval instars and pupae have considerably moderate mortality; however, the highest larval mortality was the ethanolic extract of whole plant L. aspera against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae values of LC(50) = I instar was 9.695%, II instar was 10.272%, III instar was 10.823%, and IV instar was 11.303%, and pupae was 12.732%. B. spaericus against the first to fouth instar larvae and pupae had the following values: I instar was 0.051%, II instar was 0.057%, III instar was 0.062%, IV instar was 0.066%, and for the pupae was 0.073%. No mortality was observed in the control. The present results suggest that the ethanolic extracts of L. aspera and B. sphaericus provided an excellent potential for controlling of malarial vector, A. stephensi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalimuthu Kovendan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kripa KG, Chamundeeswari D, Thanka J, Uma Maheswara Reddy C. Modulation of inflammatory markers by the ethanolic extract of Leucas aspera in adjuvant arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:1024-1027. [PMID: 21251972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Leucas aspera (EELA) in adjuvant arthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Complete Freund's adjuvant served to induce arthritis. EELA was administered in two doses along with vehicle control (0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose) and positive control (Diclofenac). Levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-)-α, C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Cathepsin D, activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were estimated in plasma/hemolysate and tissue. HPLC analysis of EELA was also performed. RESULTS EELA exhibited significant anti-inflammatory (p<0.001) and antioxidant activity (p<0.001). It did not show mortality up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. Histopathological studies confirmed complete cartilage regeneration and near normal joint in EELA2 treated arthritic rats. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of Leucas aspera. Three major families of compounds present in EELA may explain these activities: catechins (epicatechin, beta epicatechin), flavonoids (procyanidin), phytosterols (beta-sitosterol) apart from glycosides, phenolic compounds and tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Kripa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Vels University, Pallavaram, Chennai 600117, India
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Agrawal S, Rajagopal K. Nicotine contents in various toothpowders (dant manjans): Measurement and safety evaluation. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:511-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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