Mind, brain and psychotherapy

[Psychiatry of the future: an overview of foreign scientists opinions of the position of psychiatry in the modern world]

First part of this review (Chapter 1) demonstrates an ambiguous attitude toward psychiatry among professionals and in society in recent decades. The articles of supporters and opponents of psychiatry are also quoted. The authors describe the dynamics of the reflection of psychopathology in the main widely accepted classifications and manuals. Critical and negative opinions regarding the DSM-5, due to its role in the 'medicalization' processes, for the movement 'World Mental Health', are mentioned. The history of antipsychiatry movement and its results for psychiatry and society are analyzed as well. An analysis of the articles on the scientific basis of psychiatry and its intersections with other sciences is presented. Several examples of studies on brain networks in correlation with clinical data, which may have possible implications for the future, are quoted. The authors call for the 'cure for dichotomy' between mind and brain before treatment of the patient. According to the analysis of available data, this problem seems too hard to be solved, as it requires theological knowledge, of which we probably have not enough knowledge.

The Task before Psychiatry Today Redux: STSPIR*

This paper outlines six important tasks for psychiatry today, which can be put in short as:

Spread and scale up services;

Talk;

Science,

Psychotherapy;

Integrate; and

Research excellence.

As an acronym, STSPIR.

Spread and scale up services: Spreading mental health services to uncovered areas, and increasing facilities in covered areas:

Mental disorders are leading cause of ill health but bottom of health agenda;

Patients face widespread discrimination, human rights violations and lack of facilities;

Need to stem the brain drain from developing countries;

At any given point, 10% of the adult population report having some mental or behavioural disorder;

In India, serious mental disorders affect nearly 80 million people, i.e. combined population of the northern top of India, including Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh;

Combating imbalance between burden of demand and supply of efficient psychiatric services in all countries, especially in developing ones like India, is the first task before psychiatry today. If ever a greater role for activism were needed, this is the field;

The need is to scale up effective and cost-effective treatments and preventive interventions for mental disorders.

Talk: Speaking to a wider audience about positive contributions of psychiatry:

Being aware of, understanding, and countering, the massive anti-psychiatry propaganda online and elsewhere;

Giving a firm answer to anti-psychiatry even while understanding its transformation into mental health consumerism and opposition to reckless medicalisation;

Defining normality and abnormality;

Bringing about greater precision in diagnosis and care;

Motivating those helped by psychiatry to speak up;

Setting up informative websites and organising programmes to reduce stigma and spread mental health awareness;

Setting up regular columns in psychiatry journals around the globe, called ‘Patients Speak’, or something similar, wherein those who have been helped get a chance to voice their stories.

Science: Shrugging ambivalence and disagreement and searching for commonalities in psychiatric phenomena;

An idiographic orientation which stresses individuality cannot, and should not, preclude the nomothetic or norm laying thrust that is the crux of scientific progress.

The major contribution of science has been to recognize such commonalities so they can be researched, categorized and used for human welfare.

It is a mistake to stress individuality so much that commonalities are obliterated.

While the purpose and approach of psychiatry, as of all medicine, has to be humane and caring, therapeutic advancements and aetiologic understandings are going to result only from a scientific methodology.

Just caring is not enough, if you have not mastered the methods of care, which only science can supply.

Psychotherapy: Psychiatrists continuing to do psychotherapy:

Psychotherapy must be clearly defined, its parameters and methods firmly delineated, its proof of effectiveness convincingly demonstrated by evidence based and controlled trials;

Psychotherapy research suffers from neglect by the mainstream at present, because of the ascendancy of biological psychiatry;

It suffers resource constraints as major sponsors like pharma not interested;

Needs funding from some sincere researcher organisations and altruistic sponsors, as also professional societies and governments;

Psychotherapy research will have to provide enough irrefutable evidence that it works, with replicable studies that prove it across geographical areas;

It will not do for psychiatrists to hand over psychotherapy to clinical psychologists and others.

Integrate approaches: Welcoming biological breakthroughs, while supplying psychosocial insights:

Experimental breakthroughs, both in aetiology and therapeutics, will come mainly from biology, but the insights and leads can hopefully come from many other fields, especially the psychosocial and philosophical;

The biological and the psychological are not exclusive but complementary approaches;

Both integration and reductionism are valid. Integration is necessary as an attitude, reductionism is necessary as an approach. Both the biological and the psychosocial must co-exist in the individual psychiatrist, as much as the branch itself.

Research excellence: Promoting genuine research alone, and working towards an Indian Nobel Laureate in psychiatry by 2020:

To stop promoting poor quality research and researchers, and to stop encouraging sycophants and ladder climbers. To pick up and hone genuine research talent from among faculty and students;

Developing consistent quality environs in departments and having Heads of Units who recognize, hone and nurture talent. And who never give in to pessimism and cynicism;

Stop being satisfied with the money, power and prestige that comes by wheeling-dealing, groupism and politicking;

Infinite vistas of opportunity wait in the wings to unfold and offer opportunities for unravelling the mysteries of the ‘mind’ to the earnest seeker. Provided he is ready to seek the valuable. Provided he stops holding on to the artificial and the superfluous.