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Tan WJ, Wang MM, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Chan ASY, Lim TS. Cytologic and Molecular Diagnostics for Vitreoretinal Lymphoma: Current Approaches and Emerging Single-Cell Analyses. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:611017. [PMID: 33505989 PMCID: PMC7832476 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.611017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is a rare ocular malignancy that manifests as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential to prevent mistreatment and to reduce the high morbidity and mortality associated with VRL. The disease can be diagnosed using various methods, including cytology, immunohistochemistry, cytokine analysis, flow cytometry, and molecular analysis of bulk vitreous aspirates. Despite these options, VRL diagnosis remains challenging, as samples are often confounded by low cellularity, the presence of debris and non-target immunoreactive cells, and poor cytological preservation. As such, VRL diagnostic accuracy is limited by both false-positive and false-negative outcomes. Missed or inappropriate diagnosis may cause delays in treatment, which can have life-threatening consequences for patients with VRL. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and the diagnostic modalities used for VRL diagnosis. We also highlight several emerging molecular techniques, including high-resolution single cell-based analyses, which may enable more comprehensive and precise VRL diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jian Tan
- A. Menarini Biomarkers Singapore Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mona Meng Wang
- Translational Ophthalmic Pathology Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Anita Sook Yee Chan
- Translational Ophthalmic Pathology Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Seng Lim
- A. Menarini Biomarkers Singapore Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
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Lodhi N, Tun M, Nagpal P, Inamdar AA, Ayoub NM, Siyam N, Oton-Gonzalez L, Gerona A, Morris D, Sandhu R, Suh KS. Biomarkers and novel therapeutic approaches for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the era of precision medicine. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4045-4073. [PMID: 33216822 PMCID: PMC7646825 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great efforts for better treatment options for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (most common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, NHL) to treat and prevent relapse, it continues to be a challenge. Here, we present an overview of DLBCL and address the diagnostic assays and molecular techniques used in its diagnosis, role of biomarkers in detection, treatment of early and advanced stage DLBCL, and novel drug regimens. We discuss the significant biomarkers that have emerged as essential tools for stratifying patients according to risk factors and for providing insights into the use of more targeted and individualized therapeutics. We discuss techniques such as gene expression studies, including next-generation sequencing, which have enabled a more understanding of the complex pathogenesis of DLBCL and have helped determine molecular targets for novel therapeutic agents. We examine current treatment approaches, outline the findings of completed clinical trials, and provide updates for ongoing clinical trials. We highlight clinical trials relevant to the significant fraction of DLBCL patients who present with complex cases marked by high relapse rates. Supported by an increased understanding of targetable pathways in DLBCL, clinical trials involving specialized combination therapies are bringing us within reach the promise of an effective cure to DLBCL using precision medicine. Optimization of therapy remains a crucial objective, with the end goal being a balance between high survival rates through targeted and personalized treatment while reducing adverse effects in DLBCL patients of all subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Lodhi
- Department of Immunotherapeutic and Biotechnology, Texas Tech Health Science Center, Abilene, TX, USA.,Formerly: The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, David Jurist Research Building, Hackensack, NJ, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Moe Tun
- Formerly: The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, David Jurist Research Building, Hackensack, NJ, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Poonam Nagpal
- Formerly: The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, David Jurist Research Building, Hackensack, NJ, USA.,College of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
| | - Arati A Inamdar
- Formerly: The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, David Jurist Research Building, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Nehad M Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Noor Siyam
- Formerly: The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, David Jurist Research Building, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | | | - Angela Gerona
- Formerly: The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, David Jurist Research Building, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Dainelle Morris
- Formerly: The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, David Jurist Research Building, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Rana Sandhu
- Formerly: The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, David Jurist Research Building, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Kwangsun Stephen Suh
- Formerly: The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, David Jurist Research Building, Hackensack, NJ, USA.,DiagnoCine, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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Li L, Aruna, Luo D, Jin A. Clinical significance and functional validation of inorganic pyrophosphatase in diffuse large B cell lymphoma in humans. Cytotechnology 2017; 70:641-649. [PMID: 29234945 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, displays marked heterogeneity. Although it is usually curable, 30-40% of patients die within 1-2 years due to refractory treatment or cancer relapse. In different types of cancer in humans, inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPA1) is deregulated, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis by supplying the tumor with an enormous energy source. However, the role of PPA1 in DLBCL is still unclear. Here, we analized PPA1 in 65 patients with DLBCL and 20 patients with reactive hyperplasia of the lymph nodes (control). The PPA1 level was significantly higher in patients with DLBCL than in control subjects (p < 0.05), and it is closely associated with B symptoms (i.e., fever, night sweats, and weight loss) and the IPI score (p < 0.05). Furthermore, PPA1 mRNA and protein levels were higher in most DLBCL cell lines than in the control HMy2.CIR cell line. Lastly, we investigated the effects of PPA1 knockdown on the proliferation and survival of the DLBCL cell line. We found that p53 and p21 expression decreased in PPA1-silenced DLBCL cells. In addition, cell proliferation decreased and cell apoptosis increased. In conclusion, PPA1 is a novel molecule that may be useful in the development and prognosis of DLBCL in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010020, China.
| | - Aruna
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010020, China
| | - Dehong Luo
- The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, 563002, China
| | - Arong Jin
- Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010020, China
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