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Dhanapriyanka M, Kanthi RDFC, Jayasekara P, Ha DH. Tobacco chewing and associated factors among a vulnerable youth population in Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2209. [PMID: 36443802 PMCID: PMC9706888 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco in any form kills millions of people every year. Tobacco addiction among youth shows an increasing trend while smokeless type is becoming more common. This study aimed to describe the lifestyle of chewing smokeless tobacco among a group of high-risk youth population in Sri Lanka. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 1431 youths aged between 15 to 24 years residing in urban slums in Colombo Sri Lanka, using a cluster sampling technique combined with probability proportionate to size technique. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Chewing smokeless tobacco was assessed using betel quid chewing and commercially prepared tobacco and areca nut packet chewing. Current chewer was defined as who had the practice of chewing during past 30 days. RESULTS The mean age of the study sample was 17.53 (95% CI: 17.40-17.65). Of the 1431 respondents, 57% were males and 43% were females. The prevalence of current smokeless tobacco chewers was 44.9% and among them 90.8% were males and 9.8% were females. Around 31.3% did not have smokeless tobacco chewing practice (Male-5.9%, Female-64.9%). Among the current smokeless tobacco chewers 21.5% chew both types of smokeless tobacco products and all of them were males. Male gender (OR 17.9; 11.4 -27.9) and ever smoking lifestyle (OR 4.4; 2.9-6.6) were significant determinants of current smokeless tobacco chewing lifestyle. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study shows a high prevalence of smokeless tobacco use by youth aged between 15 to 24 years who were residing in urban slum areas in the district of Colombo, in Sri Lanka, highlighting this target group for early intervention to reduce the uptake and promote the quitting of this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diep Hong Ha
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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A qualitative study to understand drivers of psychoactive substance use among Nepalese youth. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259021. [PMID: 34739508 PMCID: PMC8570474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psychoactive substance use among youth is an emerging public health issue in Nepal. This exploratory study aimed to better understand the drivers of psychoactive substance use among Nepalese youth in Rupandehi district of Nepal. Materials and methods This study used a qualitative approach for data collection. Both in-depth interviews (IDI, seven participants) and focus group discussions (FGD, 13 participants) were conducted among study participants who self-reported as psychoactive substance users or had history of psychoactive substance use. Participants for IDI were aged between 11 and 24 years and between 18 and 35 years old for FGDs. Semi-structured interview guides were prepared separately for IDIs and FDGs. Interviews were conducted in Nepali language and were audio recorded, which were there transcribed and translated into English for coding and analyses. In addition, interviews notes were taken by two research assistants. An inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results This study identified a range of drivers of psychoactive substances use among Nepalese youths. Themes included (i) socio-cultural factors, (ii) individual factors, (iii) academic environment, (iv) physical environment and the (v) influence of media. The socio-cultural factors were categorized into sub-themes of family relationships, ethnic identity and psychoactive substance use and lack of social acceptance. Individual factors included peer pressure, stress relief and coping with financial challenges. Accessibility and availability of psychoactive substances in the surrounding environment and lack of monitoring and reinforcement of rules/ law and regulations were other drivers to psychoactive substance use among this Nepalese youth cohort. Conclusion Our study identified several important drivers of psychoactive substance use among youth in the Rupandehi district of Nepal. Future works are anticipated to further explore youth initiation and use of psychoactive substances and support the design of interventions that address these risk factors to reduce and prevent subsequent harms.
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Gone H, Abdul NS, Pisarla M, Kumar KP, Kulkarni G, Audurthi RK. A Cross-sectional Study to Assess Factors that Determine Tobacco Habit Initialization and Cessation and Oral Cancer Awareness among General Population of Vikarabad District, Telangana. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S1613-S1619. [PMID: 35018040 PMCID: PMC8686997 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_312_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to assess factors that determine tobacco habit initialization and cessation and oral cancer awareness among the general population of Vikarabad district, Telangana. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study was a cross-sectional study conducted among the general population of the Vikarabad district. All tobacco users satisfying inclusion criteria of age 18-40 years and at least 1 year of tobacco usage were included in the study. Multistage random sampling was followed to select tobacco users and structured, pretested questionnaires were distributed. The populations mean age was 30 years with majority being rural residents and men contributing the majority of the study population. RESULTS The mean age at which a person begins to smoke was 20.4 ± 5.7 years among the general population. Peer influence (77%) was reported as one of the major reasons, and habit formation was found to be the major factor (55.6%) for continuing tobacco and also work stress (17%) and relaxation (17%). The primary reason for quitting was fear or awareness of the adverse effects of tobacco. Self-abstinence was reported as a predominant method that they followed to quit tobacco habit during the past year, while 16.3% reported that they did not give it a try. About 58.6% of participants were advised by a health-care provider to quit tobacco, respectively. A major proportion of tobacco users (71%) knew that tobacco causes oral cancer. Half of the study population is unaware of oral cancer's early symptoms, noncontagious progression, lifestyle modification, and early treatment have a good prognosis. CONCLUSION Findings of the study highlight the factors to be considered in framing effective antitobacco policies applicable to the rural population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariprasad Gone
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nishath Sayed Abdul
- Department of OMFS and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Oral Pathology, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manish Pisarla
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Meghana Institute of Dental Sciences, Nizamabad, Telangana, India
| | - Karuparty Pavan Kumar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ganesh Kulkarni
- Department of Oral Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Scieces, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, Telangana, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ganesh Kulkarni, Department of Oral Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Scieces, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail:
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Ayyappa G, Kunte R, Yadav AK, Basannar DR. Is occupation the "driving force" for tobacco consumption? A cross-sectional study to assess prevalence, patterns, and attitude towards tobacco use among long-distance bus drivers and conductors in Western Maharashtra. Ind Psychiatry J 2019; 28:237-241. [PMID: 33223717 PMCID: PMC7660010 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_72_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use remains a major cause of preventable deaths worldwide. The recent Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2016-2017 has shown the prevalence of tobacco use among Indian population to be 28.6%. In Maharashtra, 35.5% of all adult males either smoke tobacco or use some form of smokeless tobacco. Not much data are available on tobacco use with respect to different occupations in India, though risk of tobacco use is known to be higher among individuals in certain occupations. METHODS This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 190 long-distance bus drivers and conductors of long route buses departing from one of the main bus stations of the State Transport Corporation in Pune city. Data were collected using a pretested, structured questionnaire by interview method. RESULTS Prevalence of tobacco consumption (TC) among the respondents was 55.8% (95% confidence interval; 48.4-63). Among the tobacco users, 54% reported initiation at age <18 years "peer pressure" and "curiosity" were the main reasons for initiation while "feeling alert" and "feeling mature" were reasons for continued use. A large proportion (74.5%) of the respondents expressed their intention to quit tobacco in the near future. CONCLUSION Long-distance bus drivers and conductors showed a high prevalence of TC which may be linked to certain occupation-related factors. Targeted tobacco cessation activities at workplaces may be considered as a strategy for better impact of tobacco control activities in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ayyappa
- Department of Community Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Renuka Kunte
- Department of Community Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arun Kumar Yadav
- Department of Community Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dashrath R Basannar
- Department of Community Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Karki S, Laukkanen E, Länsimies H, Tuomainen TP, Pietilä AM. Substance use and associated emotional and behavioral problems in Nepalese adolescents. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1562576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suyen Karki
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eila Laukkanen
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Helena Länsimies
- Administrative Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Pietilä
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Mall ASK, Bhagyalaxmi A. An Informal School-based, Peer-led Intervention for Prevention of Tobacco Consumption in Adolescence: A Cluster Randomized Trial in Rural Gandhinagar. Indian J Community Med 2017; 42:143-146. [PMID: 28852276 PMCID: PMC5561690 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_25_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tobacco use among adolescence is one of the important preventable causes of death as well as a leading public health problem all over the world. The present study was conducted with the objective of studying the effect of peer-led interventions on tobacco use among adolescents. Materials and Methods: Twenty schools were randomly selected and ten schools each were identified as cluster for intervention and control groups. A total of 402 students in intervention group and 422 in control group were studied. Results: About 48% and 41% of adolescents were consuming smokeless tobacco in any form in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Prevalence of consumption of smokeless tobacco was significantly high among boys as compared to girls. Pan masala was the most common form of consumption. After conducting A Stop Smoking in School Trial-like peer-led intervention, a significant reduction in tobacco consumption of any form was observed in the intervention group (48%–36%) during the follow-up (Z = 3.2, P < 0.01). A significant reduction in exposure to passive smoking in the intervention group (32%–29%) was also observed. All the students smoking initially had stopped smoking at the end of the follow-up in both the groups. Conclusion: It was found that peer-led intervention was effective in reducing the consumption of smokeless tobacco in any form. The rate of reduction was more in the first follow-up as compared to the end of the intervention. Sustained intervention in the form of retraining is needed for the long-term effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aroor Bhagyalaxmi
- Department of Community Medicine, B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Azam MN, Shahjahan M, Yeasmin M, Ahmed NU. Prevalence of Smokeless Tobacco among Low Socioeconomic Populations: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156887. [PMID: 27275870 PMCID: PMC4898710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cost, social acceptability and non-stringent regulations pertaining to smokeless tobacco (SLT) product sales have made people choose and continue using SLT. If disaggregated data on smokeless forms and smoked practices of tobacco are reviewed, the incidence of SLT remains static. There is a strong positive correlation of SLT intake with the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular disease, particularly in the low socioeconomic populations. Aims To investigate the prevalence of smokeless tobacco, its initiation influence and risk factors associated with the practice among lower socioeconomic populations of Bangladesh. In this study, we explore the utilization of SLT among lower socioeconomic populations in industrialized zone of Bangladesh. Methods A cross-sectional analysis using both quantitative and categorical approaches was employed. Using systematic random sampling method, four focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted and 459 participants were interviewed. Multiple logistic regression model was applied to distinguish the significant factors among the SLT users. Results Almost fifty percent of the respondents initiated SLT usage at the age of 15–24 years and another 22 percent respondents were smoking and using SLT concurrently. The bulk of the women respondents used SLT during their pregnancy. Nearly twenty five percent of the respondents tried to quit the practice of SLT and one-quarter had a plan to quit SLT in the future. More than twenty percent respondents were suffering from dental decay. A noteworthy correlation was found by gender (p<0.01), sufferings from SLT related disease (p<0.05). The multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that, males were 2.7 times more knowledgeable than that of females (p<0.01) about the adversative health condition of SLT usage. The respondents suffering from SLT related diseases were 3.7 times as more knowledgeable about the effect of the practice of SLT than the respondents without diseases (p<0.01). Regarding the knowledge about the health consequences of the practice of SLT, one participant in the FGD session commented that “although the mouth is the gateway to health, we infected our mouth by using Zarda and Gul”. Again, informants opined that peer, family, curiosity and hospitality, culture are influencing factors for SLT initiation. Conclusion counselling on tobacco, including SLT, health hazards have to be emphasized through mass media and it is essential for development of relevant policies and communication messages to make people aware of serious health consequences of SLT usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nurul Azam
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Mohammad Shahjahan
- Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nasar U. Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, United States of America
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Kavarodi AM, Thomas M, Kannampilly J. Prevalence of oral pre-malignant lesions and its risk factors in an Indian subcontinent low income migrant group in Qatar. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:4325-9. [PMID: 24935392 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.10.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expatriate population in Qatar largely comprises workers from the Indian subcontinent which has a very high rate of oral malignancy. Social and cultural habits and as well premalignant risk factors in this population remain prevalent even after migration. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross sectional study assessed the prevalence of risk factors and occurrence of oral precancerous lesions in a low income group expatriate community from the Indian subcontinent residing in Qatar. RESULTS Among the 3,946 participants screened for oral premalignant lesions 24.3% (958) were smokers and 4.3 % (169) were pan chewers while 6.3% (248) were users of both smoked and smokeless forms of tobacco. Significantly higher proportion of industrial laborers (49.9%) followed by drivers (24.1%) were found to be smokers (p=0.001). The prevalence of white lesions was higher in smokers versus non-smokers 3.5% versus 2.3% (p=0.111), however this difference was statistically non-significant. Red and white lesions were highly significant (i.e. 1.2 % and 10.9% respectively) in the subjects with pan chewing and smoking habits (p=0.001). A significant proportion (8.9%) of the subjects with pan chewing habit showed evidence of oral precancerous lesions (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Even though smoking and pan chewing were two significant risk factors detected in this population, their prevalence and occurrence of premalignant lesions are low as compared to the studies conducted in their home countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Majeed Kavarodi
- Maxillofacial Surgery King Fahd Military Medical Complex, 2Periodontology, Hamad Medical Corporation, 3Orthodontology, Dr. Johnny's Dental Clinic, Doha, Qatar E-mail :
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Karki S, Länsimies H, Laukkanen E, Pirskanen M, Pietilä AM. Substance use by adolescents in the Western Developmental Region of Nepal. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2015.1005182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suyen Karki
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,
| | | | - Eila Laukkanen
- Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland,
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, and
| | | | - Anna-Maija Pietilä
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,
- Kuopio Social and Health Care Services, Kuopio, Finland
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Mohanan P, Swain S, Sanah N, Sharma V, Ghosh D. A Study on the Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption, Tobacco Use and Sexual Behaviour among Adolescents in Urban Areas of the Udupi District, Karnataka, India. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2014; 14:e104-12. [PMID: 24516739 DOI: 10.12816/0003343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of alcohol consumption, tobacco use and risky sexual behaviour among adolescents, and to evaluate the socioeconomic factors potentially influencing these behaviours. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2011 among 376 adolescents (15-19 years old) studying in different schools and colleges in Udupi, India. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire and guidelines were followed for data collection. Participants' alcohol consumption, smoking habits and sexual behaviour patterns were explored. Univariate analysis followed by multivariate logistic regression was done. RESULTS The prevalence of alcohol consumption, tobacco use and sexual activity was found to occur in 5.7%, 7.2% and 5.5% of participants, respectively. The mean age of the participants' first sexual activity, consumption of alcohol and tobacco use was reported to be approximately 16.8 years. Multivariate analysis showed that males were more likely to have used alcohol and tobacco. Other factors, such as religion and tobacco use among family members, were found to be influential. CONCLUSION The potential coexistence of multiple risk behaviours in a student demands an integrated approach. Emphasis should be placed on health education in schools and an increased awareness among parents in order to prevent adolescents' behaviours from becoming a risk to their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Mohanan
- Department of Public Health, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Subhashisa Swain
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Odisha, India
| | - Noore Sanah
- District Surveillance Unit, Udupi District, Karnataka, India
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Shrestha R, Nepal AK, Lal Das BK, Gelal B, Lamsal M. Non-enzymatic antioxidant status and biochemical parameters in the consumers of Pan Masala containing tobacco. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:4353-6. [PMID: 23167342 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco consumption is one of the leading causes of oral submucous fibrosis, oral cancer and even premature death. The present study was designed to compare the biochemical parameters and non- enzymatic antioxidant status and the lipid peroxidation products in pan masala tobacco users as compared with age-matched non-user controls. METHODS Pan masala and tobacco users of age 33.2±9.94 years and age-matched controls (31.2±4.73 years) were enrolled for the study. Plasma levels of vitamin E, vitamin C, albumin, bilirubin, uric acid, glucose, urea, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) were measured by standard methods. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were estimated as a measure of lipid peroxidation. RESULTS In the pan masala tobacco users, as compared to the controls, the level of vitamin C (68.5±5.9 vs 97.9±9.03 μmol/L, p≤0.05) vitamin E (18.4±5.3 vs 97.9±9.03 μmol/L, p≤0.001), albumin (37.5±7.01 vs 44.3±9.99 g/L, p≤0.001), and malondialdehyde (10.8±1.29 vs 1.72±1.15 nmol/ml, p≤0.001 ) were found to be significantly altered. Malondialdehyde was significantly correlated with vitamin E (r=1.00, p<0.001) and vitamin C (r =1.00, p<0.001) in pan masala tobacco users. Serum levels of AST (31.0±16.77 IU) and ALT (36.7±31.3 IU) in the pan masala tobacco users were significantly raised as compared to the controls (AST, 25.2±9.51 IU, p=0.038; ALT, 26.2±17.9 IU, p=0.038). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that pan masala tobacco users are in a state of oxidative stress promoting cellular damage. Non-enzymatic antioxidants are depleted in pan masala tobacco users with subsequent alteration in the biochemical parameters. Supplementation of antioxidants may prevent oxidative damage in pan masala tobacco users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Nepal
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Pradhan PMS, Niraula SR, Ghimire A, Singh SB, Pokharel PK. Tobacco use and associated factors among adolescent students in Dharan, Eastern Nepal: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2012-002123. [PMID: 23418297 PMCID: PMC3585970 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tobacco use among the youth, in both smoking and smokeless forms, is quite high in the South East Asian region. Tobacco use is a major proven risk factor and contributes substantially to the rising epidemic of non-communicable diseases. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of tobacco use and determine associated factors among adolescent students of Dharan municipality. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Secondary and higher secondary schools of Dharan municipality in Sunsari district of Nepal. PARTICIPANTS Students in middle (14-15 years) and late adolescence (16-19 years) from grades 9, 10, 11 and 12 were included. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Ever tobacco use which was defined as one who had not used any form of tobacco in the past 1 month but had tried in the past. METHODOLOGY Self-administered questionnaire adapted from Global Youth Tobacco Survey was used to assess tobacco use among the representative sample of 1312 adolescent students selected by stratified random sampling from July 2011 to July 2012. RESULTS Out of 1454 students, 1312 students completed the questionnaires with a response rate of 90.23%. Prevalence of ever use of any tobacco product was 19.7% (95% CI 17.7 to 21.6). More than half of the tobacco users (51.9%) consumed tobacco in public places whereas almost a third (75.6%) of the consumers purchased tobacco from shops. Multivariate analysis showed that tobacco use was associated with late adolescence (OR: 1.64; 95% CI 1.17 to 2.28), male gender (OR: 12.20; 95% CI 7.78 to 19.14), type of school (OR=1.72; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.94), Janajati ethnicity (OR: 2.05; 95% CI 1.39 to 3.01) and receiving pocket money ≥Nepalese rupees 500/month (OR: 1.45; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.03). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco-focused interventions are required for school/college going students to promote cessation among users and prevent initiation, focussing on late adolescence, male gender, government schools, Janajati ethnicity and higher amount of pocket money.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranil Man Singh Pradhan
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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Sreeramareddy CT, Ramakrishnareddy N, Harsha Kumar H, Sathian B, Arokiasamy JT. Prevalence, distribution and correlates of tobacco smoking and chewing in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey-2006. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2011; 6:33. [PMID: 22185233 PMCID: PMC3266635 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597x-6-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Nearly four-fifths of estimated 1.1 million smokers live in low or middle-income countries. We aimed to provide national estimates for Nepal on tobacco use prevalence, its distribution across demographic, socio-economic and spatial variables and correlates of tobacco use. Methods A secondary data analysis of 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was done. A representative sample of 9,036 households was selected by two-stage stratified, probability proportional to size (PPS) technique. We constructed three outcome variables 'tobacco smoke', 'tobacco chewer' and 'any tobacco use' based on four questions about tobacco use that were asked in DHS questionnaires. Socio-economic, demographic and spatial predictor variables were used. We computed overall prevalence for 'tobacco smoking', 'tobacco chewing' and 'any tobacco use' i.e. point estimates of prevalence rates, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjustment for strata and clustering at primary sampling unit (PSU) level. For correlates of tobacco use, we used multivariate analysis to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and their 95% CIs. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results Total number of households, eligible women and men interviewed was 8707, 10793 and 4397 respectively. The overall prevalence for 'any tobacco use', 'tobacco smoking' and 'tobacco chewing' were 30.3% (95% CI 28.9, 31.7), 20.7% (95% CI 19.5, 22.0) and 14.6% (95% CI 13.5, 15.7) respectively. Prevalence among men was significantly higher than women for 'any tobacco use' (56.5% versus 19.6%), 'tobacco smoking' (32.8% versus 15.8%) and 'tobacco chewing' (38.0% versus 5.0%). By multivariate analysis, older adults, men, lesser educated and those with lower wealth quintiles were more likely to be using all forms of tobacco. Divorced, separated, and widowed were more likely to smoke (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14, 1.94) and chew tobacco (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.97, 1.93) as compared to those who were currently married. Prevalence of 'tobacco chewing' was higher in eastern region (19.7%) and terai/plains (16.2%). 'Tobacco smoking' and 'any tobacco use' were higher in rural areas, mid-western and far western and mountainous areas. Conclusions Prevalence of tobacco use is considerably high among Nepalese people. Demographic and socioeconomic determinants and spatial distribution should be considered while planning tobacco control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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