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Schröder A. [Pediatric urology-common issues of the external genitalia in boys]. UROLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2025:10.1007/s00120-025-02599-1. [PMID: 40418325 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-025-02599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025]
Abstract
In infant and young boys there are numerous (sometimes only assumed) abnormalities of the external genitalia, which may lead to a consultation in a urologists' office. Some are perfectly harmless and require only explanation and reassurance while others require careful consideration and complex reconstruction. Knowledge of the contemporary approaches to these issues, which may have changed considerably over the last decades, are equally important as careful avoidance of generalized statements regarding potential threats to fertility or risks of cancer in future life. The current article aims to give an overview of the most common complaints of the external genitalia in young and adolescent boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Schröder
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland.
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Huang WC, Huang CP, Lai CM, Ku FY, Hsu HN, Yang CT, Wang YY, Laih CY. Increased intraoperative vein ligation in microsurgical varicocelectomy is associated with pain improvement. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35170. [PMID: 37746984 PMCID: PMC10519527 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicocele is a major cause of male infertility. However, few studies have discussed the potential associations between the pain caused by varicocele and preoperative and intraoperative factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors potentially associated with changes in pain score after microsurgical varicocelectomy. This retrospective study was conducted between August 2020 and August 2022 at China Medical University Hospital in Taichung, Taiwan. Patient characteristics including age, body mass index, semen analysis, testicular volume, and the number of veins ligated were collected. Preoperative and intraoperative factors were analyzed to determine if they were correlated with changes in numeric rating scale (NRS) after microsurgical varicocelectomy. A total of 44 patients with clinical varicocele underwent subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy and were analyzed. The overall pain resolution rate was 91%, and the average satisfaction score after surgery was 9.2 according to their subjective feelings. Multivariate analysis revealed that severe varicocele grade (odds ratio [OR] 16.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.01-90.47; P = .018) and the number of veins ligated (OR 6, 95% CI 1.6-22.48; P = .013), were significantly associated with changes in NRS after surgery. In addition, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for changes in NRS and the total number of veins ligated was 0.869. Microsurgical varicocelectomy had a high success rate for scrotal pain and satisfaction. Severe varicocele grade and the number of veins ligated in microsurgical varicocelectomy were associated with postoperative pain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Huang
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ping Huang
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Lai
- Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsu-Ning Hsu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Tung Yang
- Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yi Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yo Laih
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Alkhayal A, Aljumaiah S, Alhagbani A, Alnahdi M, Abumelha S, Alrabeeah K. Varicocelectomy for scrotal pain: Is it effective? Urol Ann 2023; 15:311-314. [PMID: 37664099 PMCID: PMC10471819 DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_64_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Varicocelectomy is the prevailing management of scrotal pain secondary to varicocele. However, the literature is controversial on this topic. Some data showed that pain may persist after the surgery even if the varicocele is not detected postoperatively. Objectives The objectives of the study were to identify the effect of varicocelectomy in patients with chronic scrotal pain, to report the association between the clinical grade and postoperative pain resolution, and to identify the need for a secondary procedure after varicocelectomy to control the pain. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of 47 patients who underwent varicocelectomy between March 2016 and December 2018. Results Postoperatively, the pain totally resolved after surgery in 64.3% of patients with scrotal pain; it improved in 21.4%, 11.9% have persistent pain, and the pain got worse in only 2.4%. Our study showed 100% complete resolution or improvement with Grade I, 85.7% in Grade II, and 81.3% in Grade III. In addition, all patients who underwent bilateral varicocelectomy had pain that either completely resolved or improved postoperatively. On the other hand, all patients who had persistent pain or pain worsening postoperatively had unilateral varicocelectomy. An additional intervention for postoperative pain control was needed in only 14% of patients, 7% of them underwent embolization, 4.7% had a cord block, and 2.3% were sent to a pain clinic. Conclusion Varicocelectomy offers good outcomes in most patients with varicocele-related scrotal pain. The most significant predictor for success was low grade and bilaterality. However, there is a subset of patients whose symptoms will not improve postoperatively. Careful preoperative counseling and expectation management are crucial when discussing surgical options for those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alkhayal
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Aljumaiah
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alhagbani
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhannad Alnahdi
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Abumelha
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alrabeeah
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Persad E, O'Loughlin CA, Kaur S, Wagner G, Matyas N, Hassler-Di Fratta MR, Nussbaumer-Streit B. Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 4:CD000479. [PMID: 33890288 PMCID: PMC8408310 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd000479.pub6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicoceles are associated with male subfertility; however, the mechanisms by which varicoceles affect fertility have yet to be satisfactorily explained. Several treatment options exist, including surgical or radiological treatment, however the safest and most efficient treatment remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of surgical and radiological treatment of varicoceles on live birth rate, adverse events, pregnancy rate, varicocele recurrence, and quality of life amongst couples where the adult male has a varicocele, and the female partner of childbearing age has no fertility problems. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases on 4 April 2020: the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. We also searched the trial registries and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) if they were relevant to the clinical question posed and compared different forms of surgical ligation, different forms of radiological treatments, surgical treatment compared to radiological treatment, or one of these aforementioned treatment forms compared to non-surgical methods, delayed treatment, or no treatment. We extracted data if the studies reported on live birth, adverse events, pregnancy, varicocele recurrence, and quality of life. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Screening of abstracts and full-text publications, alongside data extraction and 'Risk of bias' assessment, were done dually using the Covidence software. When we had sufficient data, we calculated random-effects (Mantel-Haenszel) meta-analyses; otherwise, we reported results narratively. We used the I2 statistic to analyse statistical heterogeneity. We planned to use funnel plots to assess publication bias in meta-analyses with at least 10 included studies. We dually rated the risk of bias of studies using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool, and the certainty of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We identified 1897 citations after de-duplicating the search results. We excluded 1773 during title and abstract screening. From the 113 new full texts assessed in addition to the 10 studies (11 references) included in the previous version of this review, we included 38 new studies, resulting in a total of 48 studies (59 references) in the review providing data for 5384 participants. Two studies (three references) are ongoing studies and two studies are awaiting classification. Treatment versus non-surgical, non-radiological, delayed, or no treatment Two studies comparing surgical or radiological treatment versus no treatment reported on live birth with differing directions of effect. As a result, we are uncertain whether surgical or radiological treatment improves live birth rates when compared to no treatment (risk ratio (RR) 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19 to 26.93; 2 RCTs, N = 204; I2 = 74%, very low-certainty evidence). Treatment may improve pregnancy rates compared to delayed or no treatment (RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.26; 13 RCTs, N = 1193; I2 = 65%, low-certainty evidence). This suggests that couples with no or delayed treatment have a 21% chance of pregnancy, whilst the pregnancy rate after surgical or radiological treatment is between 22% and 48%. We identified no evidence on adverse events, varicocele recurrence, or quality of life for this comparison. Surgical versus radiological treatment We are uncertain about the effect of surgical versus radiological treatment on live birth and on the following adverse events: hydrocele formation, pain, epididymitis, haematoma, and suture granuloma. We are uncertain about the effect of surgical versus radiological treatment on pregnancy rate (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.70; 5 RCTs, N = 456, low-certainty evidence) and varicocele recurrence (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.82 to 2.08; 3 RCTs, N = 380, low-certainty evidence). We identified no evidence on quality of life for this comparison. Surgery versus other surgical treatment We identified 19 studies comparing microscopic subinguinal surgical treatment to any other surgical treatment. Microscopic subinguinal surgical treatment probably improves pregnancy rates slightly compared to other surgical treatments (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.36; 12 RCTs, N = 1473, moderate-certainty evidence). This suggests that couples with microscopic subinguinal surgical treatment have a 10% to 14% chance of pregnancy after treatment, whilst the pregnancy rate in couples after other surgical treatments is 10%. This procedure also probably reduces the risk of varicocele recurrence (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29, 0.79; 14 RCTs, N = 1565, moderate-certainty evidence). This suggests that 0.4% to 1.1% of men undergoing microscopic subinguinal surgical treatment experience recurrent varicocele, whilst 1.4% of men undergoing other surgical treatments do. Results for the following adverse events were inconclusive: hydrocele formation, haematoma, abdominal distension, testicular atrophy, wound infection, scrotal pain, and oedema. We identified no evidence on live birth or quality of life for this comparison. Nine studies compared open inguinal surgical treatment to retroperitoneal surgical treatment. Due to small sample sizes and methodological limitations, we identified neither treatment type as superior or inferior to the other regarding adverse events, pregnancy rates, or varicocele recurrence. We identified no evidence on live birth or quality of life for this comparison. Radiological versus other radiological treatment One study compared two types of radiological treatment (sclerotherapy versus embolisation) and reported 13% varicocele recurrence in both groups. Due to the broad confidence interval, no valid conclusion could be drawn (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.16 to 6.20; 1 RCT, N = 30, very low-certainty evidence). We identified no evidence on live birth, adverse events, pregnancy, or quality of life for this comparison. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on the limited evidence, it remains uncertain whether any treatment (surgical or radiological) compared to no treatment in subfertile men may be of benefit on live birth rates; however, treatment may improve the chances for pregnancy. The evidence was also insufficient to determine whether surgical treatment was superior to radiological treatment. However, microscopic subinguinal surgical treatment probably improves pregnancy rates and reduces the risk of varicocele recurrence compared to other surgical treatments. High-quality, head-to-head comparative RCTs focusing on live birth rate and also assessing adverse events and quality of life are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Persad
- Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Clare Aa O'Loughlin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Wellington Hospital, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Simi Kaur
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gernot Wagner
- Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Nina Matyas
- Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Nussbaumer-Streit
- Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
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Park JH, Pak K, Park NC, Park HJ. How Can We Predict a Successful Outcome after Varicocelectomy in Painful Varicocele Patients? An Updated Meta-Analysis. World J Mens Health 2019; 39:645-653. [PMID: 32009313 PMCID: PMC8443985 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.190112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study evaluated the relationships of varicocele characteristics and surgical methods with the pain resolution rate post-varicocelectomy. Materials and Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed (MEDLINE) and Embase (1980 to December 2018). The keywords used for the search were “varicocele,” “varicocelectomy OR ligation OR repair,” and “pain OR painful.” Two authors independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles. Studies were evaluated for eligibility, and those that fulfilled all of the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria were selected for full-text review. Results Fourteen studies were included in the analysis. There were no significant differences in the postoperative pain resolution rate with respect to varicocele grades I, II, and III. The resolution rate was significantly higher for dull pain than for dragging and sharp pain (odds ratio [OR], 5.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78–18.41; p=0.003 and OR, 8.72; 95% CI, 2.91–26.08; p=0.0001, respectively). In terms of the surgical approach, subinguinal ligation was significantly more effective in terms of pain resolution than high ligation (OR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.54–4.85; p=0.0006). Microsurgical varicocelectomy showed a significantly higher likelihood of pain resolution than laparoscopic varicocelectomy (OR, 7.12; 95% CI, 3.78–13.44; p<0.0001). Conclusions Patients with varicocele complaining of dull pain preoperatively had a higher likelihood of postoperative pain resolution than those complaining of dragging or sharp pain. Furthermore, subinguinal ligation was more effective for pain resolution than high ligation, and microsurgical varicocelectomy showed better surgical outcomes than laparoscopic varicocelectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih Hoon Park
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyoungjune Pak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Nam Cheol Park
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Park
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan, Korea.
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6
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Çift A, Yucel MO. Outcomes of microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy to treat painful recurrent varicocele. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13105. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Çift
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine; Adiyaman University; Adiyaman Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozgur Yucel
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine; Adiyaman University; Adiyaman Turkey
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7
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Wang NN, Dallas K, Li S, Baker L, Eisenberg ML. The association between varicocoeles and vascular disease: an analysis of U.S. claims data. Andrology 2017; 6:99-103. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Wang
- Department of Urology; Stanford Hospital and Clinics; Stanford CA USA
| | - K. Dallas
- Department of Urology; Stanford Hospital and Clinics; Stanford CA USA
| | - S. Li
- Department of Urology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Palo Alto CA USA
| | - L. Baker
- Department of Health Research and Policy; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA USA
| | - M. L. Eisenberg
- Department of Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA USA
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8
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Keene DJB, Cervellione RM. Antegrade sclerotherapy in adolescent varicocele patients. J Pediatr Urol 2017; 13:305.e1-305.e6. [PMID: 28215837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the 1970s, Tauber described the antegrade sclerotherapy technique to treat varicoceles, and reported a 10% recurrence rate. The present study aimed to evaluate paediatric success rates and the effect of modifications to the surgical technique. METHODS A prospective study was performed of all adolescent patients undergoing antegrade sclerotherapy surgery. Each patient had an idiopathic varicocele with spontaneous venous reflux on Doppler examination, and underwent cannulation of a pampiniform plexus vein via a scrotal incision under general anaesthetic. Aethoxysklerol® 3% (2 ml/kg) maximum 3 ml was injected into the pampiniform plexus vein under fluoroscopic monitoring. Success was assessed by clinical examination and Doppler ultrasound 3, 6 and 9 months after surgery. Data were presented as median (interquartile range). Patients were split into three groups: Group A - liquid sclerotherapy with Y connector; Group B - liquid sclerotherapy direct to cannula; and Group C - foam sclerotherapy direct to cannula. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the success rates in each group. RESULTS A total of 91 patients underwent antegrade sclerotherapy. The median age was 14.8 years (range 13.7-15.5). Eleven persistent varicoceles occurred and were diagnosed by Doppler ultrasound. The success rate of surgery was 58% in Group A, 90% in Group B and 96% in Group C. Success was significantly higher in Group B and Group C compared with Group A. No testicular atrophy occurred; two wound infections, two haematomas and one hydrocele were recorded (Table). CONCLUSION Introduction of antegrade sclerotherapy in the adolescent population resulted in a safe and cost-effective method for the management of adolescent varicocele. Several modifications to the technique have been introduced to achieve a high success rate (96%) with minimal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J B Keene
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - R M Cervellione
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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Kavoussi P, Calixte N, Brahmbhatt J, Parekattil S. Robot-assisted microsurgery for chronic orchialgia. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:S6-S9. [PMID: 28725611 PMCID: PMC5503925 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.03.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic orchialgia is one of the most common complaints seen in the urologists office and has traditionally been considered a very difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the clinician. First line management of chronic orchialgia is conservative treatment; however, in men who fail conservative therapy, surgical intervention may be indicated. Microsurgery has been the mainstay for surgical treatment of chronic orchialgia, but the implementation of robotics to microsurgery lends itself particularly to surgical treatment of chronic orchialgia. PubMed was used to perform a current literature search on chronic orchialgia with robotic microsurgery, robotic spermatic cord denervation, robotic varicocelectomy, and robotic vasectomy reversal. Although conservative therapy is considered the first line treatment for chronic orchialgia, reported outcomes are moderate to poor, with the need to proceed to surgical intervention in select cases. Current surgical therapies in which robot assistance have been applied to microsurgery include microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord, varicocelectomy, and vasectomy reversal. As further studies have assisted in the understanding of surgical treatment of chronic orchialgia, the application of robot assistance to this level of microsurgery has been shown to be feasible and safe with comparable outcomes to traditional microsurgery and may provide potential advantages.
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10
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Tatem A, Kovac JR. Chronic scrotal pain and microsurgical spermatic cord denervation: tricks of the trade. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:S30-S36. [PMID: 28725615 PMCID: PMC5503921 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.05.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Every practicing urologist encounters patients complaining of chronic scrotal content pain (CSCP). This condition can be equally frustrating for both patients and clinicians as there are no clear treatment guidelines, or pathways, for urologists to follow. As a result, most patients typically seek out multiple providers without improvements in their symptoms. Fortunately, microsurgical spermatic cord denervation (MSCD) is becoming an accepted, reliable and reproducible technique for definitively addressing CSCP in select patients. This manuscript reviews the background, effectiveness and current practice guidelines for scrotal pain in general, and MSCD in particular. Technical insights into how this technique can be performed both safely, and efficaciously, are provided. Finally, the manuscript presents a simple, yet detailed, easy to follow treatment algorithm to aid all urologists in the management of patients presenting with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Tatem
- Department of Urology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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11
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Sack BS, Schäfer M, Kurtz MP. The Dilemma of Adolescent Varicoceles: Do They Really Have to Be Repaired? Curr Urol Rep 2017; 18:38. [PMID: 28315171 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-017-0686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary indication for varicocele repair in adults, that of failed paternity, must be substituted in the adolescent population with surrogate parameters of testicular size differential and semen analysis. Making recommendations based on these two parameters is incredibly difficult because studies often have contradictory findings, different patient populations, and lack of long-term follow up of the key endpoint, paternity. Therefore, it is not a surprise that recommendations for adolescent varicocele repair are general (with some exceptions) and necessarily so because of limitations in quality of evidence. Apart from pain, all indications for varicocele repair in adolescence remain controversial. This highlights the most important task for future studies: to prevent pediatric urologists from allowing a potentially damaging process to go untreated, while at the same time avoiding unnecessary intervention on a highly prevalent condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Sack
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Mattias Schäfer
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, Cnopf'sche Kinderklinik, St. Johannis-Muehlgasse 19, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Michael P Kurtz
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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12
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Elbardisi H, Agarwal A, Majzoub A, Al Said S, Alnawasra H, Khalafalla K, Al Rumaihi K, Al Ansari A, Durairaganayagam D, Arafa M. Does the number of veins ligated during microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy impact improvement in pain post-surgery? Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:264-270. [PMID: 28540234 PMCID: PMC5422682 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.03.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the impact of the number of veins ligated during varicocelectomy on post-surgical improvement of pain in a group of men presenting with clinical varicocele and pain as an indication for surgery. Methods This is a retrospective study of patients presenting with clinical left varicocele to the male infertility unit at a teaching hospital in Qatar. Files of all patients who underwent sub-inguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy were retrieved and categorized into three groups indicating the number of spermatic veins ligated during varicocelectomy. The presence of pain was assessed during pre- and post-operation (at 3 and 6 months). Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test (K) and Chi-square test (C). Results Out of 675 records, 207 (30.7%) patients did left varicocelectomy for pain. Their mean age was 35.3±9.2 years. Pain was assessed in 106/207 (51.2%) patients post operatively, of whom 89 (84%) reported complete resolution of symptoms. This improvement was maintained irrespective of the number of veins ligated during surgery (<5 veins: 90.0%, 5–10 veins: 81.5%, and >10 veins: 85.7%). Conclusions Microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy is a valid treatment method for patients with a symptomatic clinical varicocele. While a significant post-surgical (at 6 months) reduction of pain was detected, the number of veins ligated intraoperatively was not predictive of post-operative improvement of pain in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ahmad Majzoub
- Department of Urology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sami Al Said
- Department of Urology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohamed Arafa
- Department of Urology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Andrology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Majzoub A, Sabanegh E. Symptomatic male with subclinical varicocele found on ultrasound evaluation. Asian J Androl 2016; 18:313-4. [PMID: 26696438 PMCID: PMC4770506 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.170864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Majzoub
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Tojuola B, Layman J, Kartal I, Gudelogul A, Brahmbhatt J, Parekattil S. Chronic orchialgia: Review of treatments old and new. Indian J Urol 2016; 32:21-6. [PMID: 26941490 PMCID: PMC4756545 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.173110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic orchialgia is historically and currently a challenging disease to treat. It is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for physicians. Conservative therapy has served as the first line of treatment. For those who fail conservative therapy, surgical intervention may be required. We aim to provide a review of currently available surgical options and novel surgical treatment options. Methods: A review of current literature was performed using PubMed. Literature discussing treatment options for chronic orchialgia were identified. The following search terms were used to identify literature that was relevant to this review: Chronic orchialgia, testicular pain, scrotal content pain, and microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord (MDSC). Results: The incidence of chronic orchialgia has been increasing over time. In the USA, it affects up to 100,000 men per year due to varying etiologies. The etiology of chronic orchialgia can be a confounding problem. Conservative therapy should be viewed as the first line therapy. Studies have reported poor success rates. Current surgical options for those who fail conservative options include varicocelectomy, MDSC, epididymectomy, and orchiectomy. Novel treatment options include microcryoablation of the peri-spermatic cord, botox injection, and amniofix injection. Conclusion: Chronic orchialgia has been and will continue to be a challenging disease to treat due to its multiple etiologies and variable treatment outcomes. Further studies are needed to better understand the problem. Treatment options for patients with chronic orchialgia are improving. Additional studies are warranted to better understand the long-term durability of this treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayo Tojuola
- Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA
| | - Jeffrey Layman
- Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA
| | - Ibrahim Kartal
- Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA
| | - Ahmet Gudelogul
- Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA
| | - Jamin Brahmbhatt
- Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA
| | - Sijo Parekattil
- Department of Urology, South Lake Hospital, Clermont, FL 34711, USA
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