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Bolcato V, Bassetti M, Basile G, Bianco Prevot L, Speziale G, Tremoli E, Maffessanti F, Tronconi LP. The State-of-the-Art of Mycobacterium chimaera Infections and the Causal Link with Health Settings: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1788. [PMID: 39273812 PMCID: PMC11395465 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12171788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. A definition of healthcare-associated infections is essential also for the attribution of the restorative burden to healthcare facilities in case of harm and for clinical risk management strategies. Regarding M. chimaera infections, there remains several issues on the ecosystem and pathogenesis. We aim to review the scientific evidence on M. chimaera beyond cardiac surgery, and thus discuss its relationship with healthcare facilities. (2) Methods. A systematic review was conducted on PubMed and Web of Science on 7 May 2024 according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines for reporting systematic reviews, including databases searches with the keyword "Mycobacterium chimaera". Article screening was conducted by tree authors independently. The criterion for inclusion was cases that were not, or were improperly, consistent with the in-situ deposition of aerosolised M. chimaera. (3) Results. The search yielded 290 eligible articles. After screening, 34 articles (377 patients) were included. In five articles, patients had undergone cardiac surgery and showed musculoskeletal involvement or disseminated infection without cardiac manifestations. In 11 articles, respiratory specimen reanalyses showed M. chimaera. Moreover, 10 articles reported lung involvement, 1 reported meninges involvement, 1 reported skin involvement, 1 reported kidney involvement after transplantation, 1 reported tendon involvement, and 1 reported the involvement of a central venous catheter; 3 articles reported disseminated cases with one concomitant spinal osteomyelitis. (4) Conclusions. The scarce data on environmental prevalence, the recent studies on M. chimaera ecology, and the medicalised sample selection bias, as well as the infrequent use of robust ascertainment of sub-species, need to be weighed up. The in-house aerosolization, inhalation, and haematogenous spread deserve experimental study, as M. chimaera cardiac localisation could depend to transient bacteraemia. Each case deserves specific ascertainment before tracing back to the facility, even if M. chimaera represents a core area for healthcare facilities within a framework of infection prevention and control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basile
- IRCCS Orthopaedic Institute Galeazzi, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Section of Legal and Forensic Medicine Clinical Institute San Siro, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Bianco Prevot
- IRCCS Orthopaedic Institute Galeazzi, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Residency Program in Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Tremoli
- GVM Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 49033 Cotignola, Italy
| | | | - Livio Pietro Tronconi
- GVM Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 49033 Cotignola, Italy
- Department of Human Science, European University of Rome, 00163 Rome, Italy
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Cannas A, Campanale A, Minella D, Messina F, Butera O, Nisii C, Mazzarelli A, Fontana C, Lispi L, Maraglino F, Di Caro A, Sabbatucci M. Epidemiological and Molecular Investigation of the Heater-Cooler Unit (HCU)-Related Outbreak of Invasive Mycobacterium chimaera Infection Occurred in Italy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2251. [PMID: 37764096 PMCID: PMC10536513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 2013 onwards, a large outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera (MC) invasive infection, which was correlated with the use of contaminated heater-cooler units (HCUs) during open chest surgery, was reported from all over the world. Here, we report the results of the epidemiological and molecular investigations conducted in Italy after the alarm raised about this epidemic event. METHODS MC strains isolated from patients or from HCU devices were characterized by genomic sequencing and molecular epidemiological analysis. RESULTS Through retrospective epidemiological analysis conducted between January 2010 and December 2022, 40 possible cases of patients infected with MC were identified. Thirty-six strains isolated from these patients were analysed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and were found to belong to the genotypes 1.1 or 1.8, which are the genotypes correlated with the outbreak. Most of the cases presented with prosthetic valve endocarditis, vascular graft infection or disseminated infection. Among the cases found, there were 21 deaths. The same analysis was carried out on HCU devices. A total of 251 HCUs were found to be contaminated by MC; genotypes 1.1 or 1.8 were identified in 28 of those HCUs. CONCLUSIONS To ensure patients' safety and adequate follow-up, clinicians and general practitioners were made aware of the results and public health measures, and recommendations were issued to prevent further cases in the healthcare settings. The Italian Society of Cardiac Surgery performed a national survey to assess the incidence of HCU-related MC prosthetic infections in cardiac surgery. No cases were reported after HCU replacement or structural modification and disinfection and possibly safe allocation outside surgical rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cannas
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (F.M.); (O.B.); (A.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Antonella Campanale
- Unit 5, Directorate General of Medical Devices and Pharmaceutical Service, Ministry of Health, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (D.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Daniela Minella
- Unit 5, Directorate General of Medical Devices and Pharmaceutical Service, Ministry of Health, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (D.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Francesco Messina
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (F.M.); (O.B.); (A.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Ornella Butera
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (F.M.); (O.B.); (A.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Carla Nisii
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (F.M.); (O.B.); (A.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Antonio Mazzarelli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (F.M.); (O.B.); (A.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Carla Fontana
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (F.M.); (O.B.); (A.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Lucia Lispi
- Unit 5, Directorate General of Medical Devices and Pharmaceutical Service, Ministry of Health, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (D.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Francesco Maraglino
- Unit 5, Directorate General Health Prevention Communicable Diseases and International Prophylaxis, Ministry of Health, 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- Department of Microbiology, Unicamillus International University of Medicine, 00131 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michela Sabbatucci
- Unit 5, Directorate General Health Prevention Communicable Diseases and International Prophylaxis, Ministry of Health, 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (M.S.)
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Hilt EE, Ferrieri P. Next Generation and Other Sequencing Technologies in Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091566. [PMID: 36140733 PMCID: PMC9498426 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have become increasingly available for use in the clinical microbiology diagnostic environment. There are three main applications of these technologies in the clinical microbiology laboratory: whole genome sequencing (WGS), targeted metagenomics sequencing and shotgun metagenomics sequencing. These applications are being utilized for initial identification of pathogenic organisms, the detection of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and for epidemiologic tracking of organisms within and outside hospital systems. In this review, we analyze these three applications and provide a comprehensive summary of how these applications are currently being used in public health, basic research, and clinical microbiology laboratory environments. In the public health arena, WGS is being used to identify and epidemiologically track food borne outbreaks and disease surveillance. In clinical hospital systems, WGS is used to identify multi-drug-resistant nosocomial infections and track the transmission of these organisms. In addition, we examine how metagenomics sequencing approaches (targeted and shotgun) are being used to circumvent the traditional and biased microbiology culture methods to identify potential pathogens directly from specimens. We also expand on the important factors to consider when implementing these technologies, and what is possible for these technologies in infectious disease diagnosis in the next 5 years.
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Łyżwa E, Siemion-Szcześniak I, Sobiecka M, Lewandowska K, Zimna K, Bartosiewicz M, Jakubowska L, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Tomkowski W. An Unfavorable Outcome of M. chimaera Infection in Patient with Silicosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081826. [PMID: 36010177 PMCID: PMC9406696 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium chimaera is a slow-growing, nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) belonging to the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). It was identified as a unique species in 2004. Since 2013 it has been reported as a cause of disseminated infection in patients after cardiac surgeries. Only a few cases associated with underlying lung diseases have been noted. M. chimaera infection is characterized by ambiguous symptoms. There is no treatment with proven effectiveness, and it has a poor prognosis. Silicosis is a disease that can predispose to mycobacterial infection. Silica damages pulmonary macrophages, inhibiting their ability to kill mycobacteria. We present a case of M. chimaera infection in a patient with silicosis and without other comorbidities. To our knowledge, it is the first case of silicosis associated with M. chimaera disease. A 45-year-old man presented with a persistent low-grade fever. Based on the clinical and radiological picture, positive cultures, and histological examination, the nontuberculous mycobacterial disease was diagnosed. First, multidrug therapy according to the treatment guidelines for MAC was implemented, then antibiotics were administrated, based on drug sensitivity. Despite the treatment, eradication was not achieved and the patient died. The analysis of M. chimaera infection cases could contribute to developing recommendations and thus improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Łyżwa
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (K.Z.); (M.B.); (W.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Izabela Siemion-Szcześniak
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (K.Z.); (M.B.); (W.T.)
| | - Małgorzata Sobiecka
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (K.Z.); (M.B.); (W.T.)
| | - Katarzyna Lewandowska
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (K.Z.); (M.B.); (W.T.)
| | - Katarzyna Zimna
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (K.Z.); (M.B.); (W.T.)
| | - Małgorzata Bartosiewicz
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (K.Z.); (M.B.); (W.T.)
| | - Lilia Jakubowska
- Department of Radiology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Witold Tomkowski
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (I.S.-S.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (K.Z.); (M.B.); (W.T.)
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