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Davalbhakta RN, Gokhale NS, Hugar SM, Badakar CM, Gowtham A, Soneta SP. Comparative evaluation of root ZX Mini® apex locator and radiovisiography in determining the working length of primary molars: An In Vivo study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2021; 11:257-262. [PMID: 33680750 PMCID: PMC7918273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Working length determination is a crucial step for success of pulpectomy. Various new modalities have been developed. The newest technology includes EAL. Electronic apex locators require less chair side time, do not produce pain and avoid unnecessary radiation which makes it more superior in paediatric endodontic procedures. AIM To evaluate and compare Root ZX mini apex locator and Radiovisiography (RVG) for determining working length in primary molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of 30 primary molar teeth was subjected to working length determination by Root ZX mini and RVG. The data was collected and then tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS On comparison among two groups, it was found there was no difference between the efficiency of modalities. A positive correlation was seen among Root ZX mini and RVG (ICC = 0.99). CONCLUSION Root ZX mini and radiovisiography are seen to be precise in determination of working length in primary molars. It can be said that Root ZX mini i. e the electronic apex locators can be used as an adjunct to Radiovisiography and conventional radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha N. Davalbhakta
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, India
| | - Niraj S. Gokhale
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, India
| | - Shivayogi M. Hugar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, India
| | - Chandrashekhar M. Badakar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, India
| | - A. Gowtham
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, India
| | - Sanjana P. Soneta
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, India
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Sahni A, Kapoor R, Gandhi K, Kumar D, Datta G, Malhotra R. A Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Electronic Apex Locator, Digital Radiography, and Conventional Radiographic Method for Root Canal Working Length Determination in Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021; 13:523-528. [PMID: 33623342 PMCID: PMC7887167 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Pulpectomy in the primary tooth has unique challenges due to morphological variations in root pattern and physiological root resorption. The electronic apex locator (EAL) is one of the recent methods to determine the estimation of working length without much radiation exposure to the patient as well as the operator. The present study was undertaken for evaluating and comparing the efficacy of EAL, conventional radiography, digital radiography, and actual visual method for the estimation of in the root canal working length (RCL) in extracted primary teeth. Materials and methods Ninety extracted, single-rooted primary teeth were selected. Working length estimation was done with an EAL, conventional, and digital radiographic method, and compared it with an actual visual method. Results Accuracy of EAL was observed to be 99.7% followed by digital radiograph (98.1%) and conventional radiograph (96.1%). Both EAL and digital radiographic methods showed a high correlation as compared to conventional. The comparative efficacy of an EAL with a visual method was found to be statistically non-significant (p > 0.005). Conclusion Root canal working length determined through the electronic method was found to be an accurate and effective tool in single-rooted primary teeth and can be indicated for clinical implementation in endodontic treatment of primary teeth. How to cite this article Sahni A, Kapoor R, Gandhi K, et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Electronic Apex Locator, Digital Radiography, and Conventional Radiographic Method for Root Canal Working Length Determination in Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(5):523–528.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Sahni
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabh Kapoor
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kapil Gandhi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipanshu Kumar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Geetika Datta
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritika Malhotra
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kayabasi M, Oznurhan F. Evaluation of the accuracy of electronic apex locators, cone-beam computed tomography, and radiovisiography in primary teeth: An in vitro study. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:1330-1335. [PMID: 32589353 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electronic apex locators (EALs), cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and radiovisiography (RVG) claim to determine of working length (WL) in primary molar teeth. To evaluate the accuracy of WL determination by using three EALs, RVG, and CBCT imaging in extracted human primary molar teeth with/without root resorption. Twenty extracted primary molar teeth with resorption and 20 extracted primary molar teeth without resorption were used. After measuring actual lengths (AL) (Group 1), the electronic WL measurements were performed by using three different EALs [COXO C Smart-1 Pro (Group 2), iPex (Group 3), and Apex ID (Group 4)]. Two different image sets were obtained as follows: CBCT imaging (Group 5) and RVG (Group 6). AL measurements performed with an endodontic measuring ruler and compared with the EAL, CBCT, and RVG image measurements. For all groups, there were no significant differences between the teeth with resorption and without. There were no significant differences in measuring methods from AL and between the methods used (p > .05). When electronic and radiographic method were compared in different frequency ranges, there was no statistically significant difference (p > .05). This study showed that EALs, CBCT, and RVG have high accuracy in primary molar teeth both with resorption and without root resorption and can be used for determining WL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevlut Kayabasi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Fatih Oznurhan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Nellamakkada K, Patil SS, Kakanur M, Kumar RS, Thakur R. A clinical evaluation of two electronic apex locators and conventional radiography in working length determination in primary molar and its influence on children's behavioral responses. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2020; 38:158-163. [PMID: 32611862 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_28_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate root canal length determination, simplicity of the procedure, and patient's cooperation are important determinants in the success of endodontic treatment in primary teeth. AIM The aim of the study was to clinically compare the accuracy of Propex Pixi and Formatron D10 apex locators with conventional radiography in determining working length in mandibular primary second molars with and without varying degrees of physiological root resorption. DESIGN A nonrandomized clinical trial was conducted in 115 mandibular primary second molars indicated for pulpectomy in 90 pediatric dental patients. A single calibrated examiner determined the working length by conventional radiographic method and electronic apex locator (EAL) methods in a total of 376 canals. Behavior of the children during execution of each method in each tooth was recorded using the Frankl's behavior rating scale. The data obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS Significant correlation (intraclass correlation = 0.80 and 0.81, P < 0.001) could be detected between working length measurements obtained using Propex Pixi and Formatron D10 and measurements obtained using conventional radiography. Higher percentage of negative behaviors (negative and definitely negative) was observed during the conventional radiographic method (68.6%) as opposed to the Propex Pixi (16.5%) and Formatron D10 (20.8%) methods. CONCLUSIONS Both the apex locators were as accurate as conventional radiography in determining working length in primary teeth; Formatron D10 being more accurate than Propex Pixi. The EALs were far better accepted by children than conventional radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithi Nellamakkada
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandya S Patil
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhu Kakanur
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi S Kumar
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rachna Thakur
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Brum ICS, Maia CA, Diniz MVT, Fernandes AM, Fernandes MLDMF. Agreement Between Working Length Measurements in Primary Teeth Obtained by Radiographs or Apical Locators. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abdullah A, Singh N, Rathore MS, Tandon S, Rajkumar B. Comparative Evaluation of Electronic Apex Locators and Radiovisiography for Working Length Determination in Primary Teeth in vivo. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016; 9:118-23. [PMID: 27365931 PMCID: PMC4921879 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different varieties of electronic apex locators and radiovisiography (RVG) for working length determination in primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 primary teeth indicated for pulpectomy in children aged 3 to 8 years were randomly selected and subjected to working length determination using two varieties of electronic apex locators and RVG separately. The data were then subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS A very strong correlation between electronic measurement methods and RVG length was observed. CONCLUSION Radiovisiography and apex locators are equally effective in determining working length in primary teeth. How to cite this article: Abdullah A, Singh N, Rathore MS, Tandon S, Rajkumar B. Comparative Evaluation of Electronic Apex Locators and Radiovisiography for Working Length Determination in Primary Teeth in vivo. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):118-123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Abdullah
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neerja Singh
- Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monika S Rathore
- Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shobha Tandon
- Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balakrishnan Rajkumar
- Professor, Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Oznurhan F, Ünal M, Kapdan A, Ozturk C, Aksoy S. Clinical evaluation of apex locator and radiography in primary teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent 2015; 25:199-203. [PMID: 25073636 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of electronic apex locater and radiographic determination of root canal length in primary teeth. METHODOLOGY A total of 32 human primary molar teeth (96 roots) were selected. After endodontic access preparation, root canals were irrigated with physiological saline solution. The access cavities were dried with cotton pellets and, the roots were dried with paper points before performing the electronic measurement. The root canal length measurements were first taken with an apex locater (EndoMaster), and then, a size ♯ 15 K-file was inserted into the root canal, and radiography was taken to determine the working length measurements. The measurement data were recorded and compared by one-way anova and Kruskal-Wallis tests. P < 0.05 was accepted for the significance. RESULTS The mean values for radiography were 13.23 ± 1.92 mm and for EndoMaster were 13.08 ± 1.77 mm. The accuracy of EndoMaster was 80.2% in correct measurements ±1 mm (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The electronic apex locators could be useful in determining working length and thereby decreasing the need for radiographs and exposure to ionizing radiation in pediatric dental patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Oznurhan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Ahmad IA, Pani SC. Accuracy of electronic apex locators in primary teeth: a meta-analysis. Int Endod J 2014; 48:298-307. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. A. Ahmad
- Restorative Dentistry Department; College of Dentistry; Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - S. C. Pani
- Preventive Dentistry Department; College of Dentistry; Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Kim YJA, Chandler NP. Determination of working length for teeth with wide or immature apices: a review. Int Endod J 2012; 46:483-91. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.-J. A. Kim
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin; New Zealand
| | - N. P. Chandler
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin; New Zealand
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Clinical evaluation of Root ZX II electronic apex locator in primary teeth. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2012; 13:32-5. [PMID: 22293103 DOI: 10.1007/bf03262838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the accuracy of Root ZX II electronic apex locator (EAL) for root canal working length determination in primary teeth. METHODS Forty primary maxillary incisor teeth were included in the study. Root ZX II EAL was used to determine the electronic working length (EL). The working length obtained with EAL was evaluated using digital radiography with the measuring file set to EL. The samples were categorised into three groups. Group 1 (acceptable): file tip 0-1mm short of the radiographic apex; Group 2 (short): file tip > 1mm short of the apex and Group 3 (long): file tip beyond the apex. Digital radiographic working length (RL) was derived by adjusting EL to the radiographic apex. The assigned calibrations were tabulated and statistically analysed. RESULTS Group 1 included 28 out of 40 teeth indicating a clinical accuracy of 70%. Group 2 contained 10 (25%) teeth whereas group 3 had only 2 (5%) teeth. STATISTICS Pearson correlation coefficient statistical analysis showed a high correlation (r = +0.82; p<0.001) among the groups. CONCLUSION Root ZX II EAL can be used as a reliable device for obtaining root canal length in primary maxillary incisor teeth.
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Beltrame APCA, Triches TC, Sartori N, Bolan M. Electronic determination of root canal working length in primary molar teeth: an in vivo and ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2011; 44:402-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nelson-Filho P, Romualdo PC, Bonifácio KC, Leonardo MR, Silva RAB, Silva LAB. Accuracy of the iPex multi-frequency electronic apex locator in primary molars: an ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2010; 44:303-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nelson-Filho P, Lucisano MP, Leonardo MR, Da Silva RAB, Da Silva LAB. Electronic working length determination in primary teeth by Propex and Digital Signal Processing. AUST ENDOD J 2010; 36:105-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2009.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mello-Moura ACV, Moura-Netto C, Araki AT, Guedes-Pinto AC, Mendes FM. Ex vivoperformance of five methods for root canal length determination in primary anterior teeth. Int Endod J 2010; 43:142-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Evaluating the paper point technique for locating the apical foramen after canal preparation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 108:e101-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Goodarzi Pour D, Razmi H, Jabedar Maralani S, Zeighami S. New software: comparison between three software programs for root canal length measurement. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2008; 37:228-31. [PMID: 18460577 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/16010494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to design a software program to estimate the curved root canal working length by using curved line software and comparing its accuracy with Trophy and Cygnus software programs. METHODS 120 simulated curved canals were divided into 12 groups based on the radius and the angle of the curvature. The true canal length was measured from the orifice to the terminus. Canals were filled with urographin and were imaged by a digital radiographic system. Canal length was measured with newly developed software that uses a curved line, as well as with Cygnus and Trophy software, both of which use a sequence of straight lines, and their accuracies were compared. RESULTS The proposed software was significantly more accurate than other software with respect to the gold standard (P < 0.001). However, the error was less than 0.5 mm in over 99% of the cases with all software with three clicks, and over 96% of the cases with six clicks in Trophy, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS The studied software programs were not significantly different and their statistically significant difference compared with the gold standard is not clinically significant. The suggested software has to be studied more regarding its capabilities in the utilization of curved lines in measuring curved canals and calibration of the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Goodarzi Pour
- Dental School, Tehran University of Medical Science and Health Service, Iran.
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