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Rajan AV, Parameswaran R, Khan N, Balaguru S. Microleakage Under Orthodontic Brackets Bonded Using a Conventional Adhesive System, Nanocomposites, and Nanoionomers: A Comparative Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e52537. [PMID: 38371005 PMCID: PMC10874476 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Microleakage under orthodontic brackets has a role in early bracket debonding and white spot lesions due to the ingress of oral fluids in the bracket-adhesive-tooth interface. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare the microleakage under orthodontic brackets bonded with the conventional adhesive system, nanocomposites, and nanoionomers. Materials and methods Forty-five human premolars were extracted for therapeutic reasons and collected for this study. Teeth were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A: conventional etching with conventional adhesive, Group B: conventional etching with nanocomposite, and Group C: conventional etching with nanoionomer. Stainless steel premolar brackets were used for bonding. After thermocycling, the extracted teeth were submerged in a 0.5% solution of basic fuchsine for 24 hours. They were then cut longitudinally. A stereomicroscope was used to assess microleakage along the occlusal and gingival interfaces. Results To compare the microleakage scores between gingival and occlusal aspects within each group, the student's t-test was performed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post-hoc Tukey test were applied to the data for intergroup comparison of microleakage scores. On comparing the microleakage scores, the gingival side of interfaces depicted higher microleakage than the occlusal side gingival side across all groups, demonstrating statistically significant results (P <0.05).On intergroup comparison, the occlusal bracket adhesive interface and gingival tooth adhesive interface revealed significantly higher microleakage values for Group B followed by Group C with Group A the least. However, there was no significant difference in the microleakage scores between Group B and Group C on intergroup comparison of mean microleakage scores (P <0.05). Conclusion The gingival side showed higher microleakage scores than the occlusal side. Nanoionomers showed microleakage values higher than the Transbond XT but lower than nanocomposites. Based on the results of the present study, in terms of microleakage, Transbond XT demonstrated lower microleakage when compared to nanoionomers and nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali V Rajan
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
| | - Ratna Parameswaran
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
| | - Nayeemullah Khan
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
| | - Sumitra Balaguru
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
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Nano-cellulose Reinforced Glass Ionomer Restorations: An In Vitro study. Int Dent J 2023; 73:243-250. [PMID: 36085100 PMCID: PMC10023591 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various modifications in formulation of glass ionomer cements (GICs) have been made in order to improve the clinical performance of these restorations. The aim of this work was to evaluate the microleakage and microshear bond strength (μSBS) of bacterial cellulose nanocrystal (BCNC)-modified glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations in primary dentition. METHODS A total number of 60 freshly extracted primary molar teeth were selected. Half of the samples were used for μSBS testing (in 2 groups, n = 15). In group 1, conventional GIC (CGIC) of Fuji IX (GC) was placed in cylindrical molds on dentinal surfaces. In group 2, CGIC of Fuji IX containing 1% wt of BCNCs was used. μSBS was evaluated using a universal testing machine. In another part of the study, microleakage of class V restorations was assessed according to the mentioned groups (n = 15). The sectioned samples were observed under stereomicroscope, and microleakage scores were recorded. SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS), independent samples t test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis at a significance level of P < .05. RESULTS Results showed statistically significant differences between the μSBS of CGIC and modified GIC groups (P < .0001). The BCNC-modified GIC group recorded significantly higher bond strength values (3.51 ± 0.033 vs 1.38 ± 0.034 MPa). Also, microleakage scores of CGIC and BCNC-modified GIC restorations were not significantly different (P = .57). CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, it was concluded that incorporating BCNCs (1% wt) into the CGIC of Fuji IX significantly increased the μSBS to the dentin structure of the primary teeth.
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Ranadheer E, Shah UD, Neelakantappa KK, Fernandes S. Comparative Analysis of Microleakage of Zirconia-infused Glass Ionomer Cement with Miracle Mix and Amalgam: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2018; 10:e3672. [PMID: 30761225 PMCID: PMC6367111 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Various restorative materials are introduced in dentistry to achieve adequate strength and restore aesthetics. Dental amalgam is a versatile material with self-sealing property, but is unaesthetic. Other restorative materials like composites require conservative preparation, but exhibit polymerisation shrinkage resulting in microleakage. To overcome these drawbacks, a high strength restorative material reinforced with ceramic and zirconia fillers known as Zirconomer (Shofu Inc., Japan) has been introduced. Aims This in vitro study aims to evaluate and compare the microleakage of zirconia-infused glass ionomer cement (Zirconomer) with Miracle Mix (GC Fuji Miracle Mix, Japan) and amalgam. Materials and methods In this in vitro study, 30 non-carious premolar teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n=10) depending on the restorative material used—Silver Amalgam (DPI, India), Miracle Mix, and Zirconomer. Standard Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of 30 non-carious extracted premolars. The restored teeth were thermocycled and then immersed in 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. All teeth were bisected longitudinally in a buccolingual direction and observed under a stereo microscope at 40X magnification for the evidence of dye penetration. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Walis tests (p<0.01). Results Zirconomer showed the least microleakage in Class V cavity restoration with a statistically significant difference to amalgam and Miracle Mix. Conclusions Zirconomer has proven to be an excellent restorative material as it showed the least microleakage followed by Miracle Mix and amalgam. Zirconomer raises the bar for restorative reinforced glass ionomers by outperforming conventional glass ionomers and amalgam restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeraveni Ranadheer
- Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry, Mithila Minority Dental College & Hospital, Bihar, IND
| | - Utsav D Shah
- Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry, Utsav Paediatric & Multispeciality Dental Clinic, Surat, IND
| | | | - Shoba Fernandes
- Paediatric & Preventive Dentistry, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Ahmedabad, IND
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Dursun E, Güncü GN, Dursun CK, Kiremitçi A, Karabulut E, Akalın FA. Nanofilled and conventional resin-modified glass ionomer fillings combined with connective tissue grafts for treatment of gingival recessions with non-carious cervical lesions. J Oral Sci 2018; 60:344-351. [PMID: 30146534 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical root coverage results of subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTG) performed on teeth with gingival recessions and non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) that were restored with cervical fillings and compare the results of two different filling materials: resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGIC) and nano-ionomer cements (NIC). A total of 54 teeth with Miller Class I gingival recessions with or without NCCLs in 36 patients (28 females, 8 males) were treated with SCTGs. Cervical lesions were randomly treated with RMGIC or NIC restorations. Periodontal clinical parameters, height of gingival recession (HGR), width of gingival recession (WGR), height of keratinized tissue, and dentin sensitivity were measured at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. HGR and WGR values were statistically significantly reduced at all time points when compared to baseline values in all groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in any clinical periodontal parameter (P > 0.05). The percentage of root coverage at 12 months was 89.5%, 90.1%, and 96.2% in the RMGIC, NIC, and control groups, respectively. Successful root coverage with connective tissue grafts may be achieved on teeth restored with RMGIC or NIC cervical fillings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Dursun
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University
| | - Güliz N Güncü
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University
| | - Ceyda K Dursun
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University
| | - Arlin Kiremitçi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University
| | - Erdem Karabulut
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University
| | - Ferda A Akalın
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University
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Gupta R, Madan M, Dua P, Saini S, Mangla R, Kainthla T, Dupper A. Comparative Evaluation of Microhardness by Common Drinks on Esthetic Restorative Materials and Enamel: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018; 11:155-160. [PMID: 30131633 PMCID: PMC6102431 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study was aimed to evaluate effects of various beverages on microhardness of esthetic restorative materials. Materials and methods A total of 160 disk-like specimens were prepared with 40 specimens each using nanocomposite resin, nano-ionomer, compomer, and conventional composite resin as experimental groups. Forty primary teeth were prepared and mounted in acrylic to be used as control group. Microhardness of the restorative materials was measured using Vickers microhardness tester at baseline and after immersion in various beverages. The difference between the two readings was evaluated within different groups. Results In general, low pH beverages adversely affected the properties of the tested materials. Microhardness of tested materials was significantly decreased after immersion in various beverages with the exception of Yakult. After the immersion period, the enamel showed the maximum loss in microhardness followed by nano-ionomer. Conclusion Low pH beverages were the most aggressive media for enamel, nano-ionomer and compomer, but in contrast, composite resin was relatively less affected. Probiotic drink appeared relatively benign toward the tested materials. How to cite this article: Gupta R, Madan M, Dua P, Saini S, Mangla R, Kainthla T, Dupper A. Comparative Evaluation of Microhardness by Common Drinks on Esthetic Restorative Materials and Enamel: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(3):155-160.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roli Gupta
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Manish Madan
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Parminder Dua
- Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Sheeba Saini
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Ritu Mangla
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Trilok Kainthla
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Akash Dupper
- Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Yamuna Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Gadholi Haryana, India
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Bollu IP, Hari A, Thumu J, Velagula LD, Bolla N, Varri S, Kasaraneni S, Nalli SVM. Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage Between Nano-Ionomer, Giomer and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement in Class V Cavities- CLSM Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC66-70. [PMID: 27437363 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/18730.7798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Marginal integrity of adhesive restorative materials provides better sealing ability for enamel and dentin and plays an important role in success of restoration in Class V cavities. Restorative material with good marginal adaptation improves the longevity of restorations. AIM Aim of this study was to evaluate microleakage in Class V cavities which were restored with Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC), Giomer and Nano-Ionomer. MATERIALS AND METHODS This in-vitro study was performed on 60 human maxillary and mandibular premolars which were extracted for orthodontic reasons. A standard wedge shaped defect was prepared on the buccal surfaces of teeth with the gingival margin placed near Cemento Enamel Junction (CEJ). Teeth were divided into three groups of 20 each and restored with RMGIC, Giomer and Nano-Ionomer and were subjected to thermocycling. Teeth were then immersed in 0.5% Rhodamine B dye for 48 hours. They were sectioned longitudinally from the middle of cavity into mesial and distal parts. The sections were observed under Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) to evaluate microleakage. Depth of dye penetration was measured in millimeters. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data was analysed using the Kruskal Wallis test. Pair wise comparison was done with Mann Whitney U Test. A p-value<0.05 is taken as statistically significant. RESULTS Nano-Ionomer showed less microleakage which was statistically significant when compared to Giomer (p=0.0050). Statistically no significant difference was found between Nano Ionomer and RMGIC (p=0.3550). There was statistically significant difference between RMGIC and Giomer (p=0.0450). CONCLUSION Nano-Ionomer and RMGIC showed significantly less leakage and better adaptation than Giomer and there was no statistically significant difference between Nano-Ionomer and RMGIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Priyadarshini Bollu
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, St. Joseph Dental College & Hospital , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Hari
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, St. Joseph Dental College & Hospital , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Jayaprakash Thumu
- Professor and Head of Department, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, St. Joseph Dental College & Hospital , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lakshmi Deepa Velagula
- Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences , Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nagesh Bolla
- Professor and Head of Department, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences , Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sujana Varri
- Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences , Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanth Kasaraneni
- Consultant, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon, Global Multispecialty Dental Care , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Siva Venkata Malathi Nalli
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, St. Joseph Dental College & Hospital , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Eronat N, Yilmaz E, Kara N, Ak AT. Comparative evaluation of microleakage of nano-filled resin-modified glass ionomer: An in vitro study. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:450-455. [PMID: 25512723 PMCID: PMC4253098 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.143615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This in vitro study evaluated the microleakage of a nano-filled resin-modified glass ionomer and a high viscosity glass-ionomer restorations in class V cavities. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two class V cavities prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 16 sound, third molar teeth were randomly assigned into two groups and restored by one of the glass ionomer material; Group A: A high viscosity (Ketac Molar, 3M ESPE) Group B: A nano-filled resin-modified (Ketac N100, 3M ESPE) glass ionomer. One clinician prepared all the cavities. The materials were used according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. The restored teeth were then stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h, thermocycled at 5-55°C for 1000 cycles. The specimens were immersed in aqueous solution of Indian ink dye for 48 h at room temperature. They were embedded in resin polyester and sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction. Microleakage was assessed according to the depth of dye penetration along the restoration. The extent of dye penetration at the occlusal and gingival margins was assessed using a stereo microscope. Randomly selected samples from each group were prepared for scanning electron microscope evaluation. The data were statistically analyzed with Friedman and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the microleakage scores of the two groups for both occlusal and gingival scores (P = 0.001). Occlusal and gingival scores for high viscosity glass ionomer (P = 0.024) and nanoionomer (P = 0.021) using Wilcoxon signed ranks tests showed statistically significant differences. High viscosity glass ionomer showed significantly less microleakage compared to the nano-filled resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGIs) at occlusal margin (P = 0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups at gingival margin (P = 0.0317). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, nano-filled RMGIs restorations did not perform better than high viscosity glass ionomer in class V cavities in terms of microleakage assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Eronat
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Emir Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Nazan Kara
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Asli Topaloglu Ak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
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Diwanji A, Dhar V, Arora R, Madhusudan A, Rathore AS. Comparative evaluation of microleakage of three restorative glass ionomer cements: An in vitro study. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2014; 5:373-7. [PMID: 25097418 PMCID: PMC4121918 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.136193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the microleakage of glass ionomers (conventional and resin modified) with that of recently introduced nanoionomers. Materials and Methods: Standardized class I and class V cavities were prepared on 120 young permanent teeth. Samples were equally divided into group I (class I restorations) and group II (class V restorations), and further divided into subgroups. The subgroups were restored with Fuji IX, Fuji II LC, and newly introduced Ketac™ N 100 (KN 100). Samples were thermocycled and submerged in Acridine dye for 24 h. Samples were sectioned to view under fluorescent microscope and marginal leakage was evaluated by Chi-square and Kruskal — Wallis test. Results: Fuji IX showed the maximum leakage, followed by LC II and the least was observed in KN 100. In class I restorations, there was significant difference while comparing Fuji IX with Fuji LC II and KN 100 and nonsignificant difference between LC II and KN100. In class V restorations, Fuji IX and KN100, KN 100 and LC II showed significant difference. Fuji IX and LC II showed nonsignificant difference. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, Fuji IX showed the maximum microleakage. KN 100 showed minimum leakage, better sealing ability, and was more consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amish Diwanji
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Vineet Dhar
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ruchi Arora
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Darshan Dental College, Udaipur, India
| | - A Madhusudan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Pacific Dental College, Udaipur, India
| | - Ambika Singh Rathore
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Govt. Dental College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Antimicrobial effects of dental luting glass ionomer cements on Streptococcus mutans. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:807086. [PMID: 24795539 PMCID: PMC3982267 DOI: 10.1155/2014/807086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reduce secondary caries, glass ionomer luting cements are often used for cementing of indirect restorations. This is because of their well-known antimicrobial potential through the release of fluoride ions. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of five dental luting cements which were based on glass ionomer cement technology. METHODS Five different glass ionomer based luting cements were tested for their antimicrobial effects on Streptococcus mutans in two different experimental setups: (i) determination of colony-forming units (CFUs) in a plate-counting assay; (ii) live/dead staining (LDS) and fluorescence microscopy. All experiments were conducted with or without prior treatment of the materials using sterilized human saliva. Antimicrobial effects were evaluated for adherent and planktonic bacteria. Bovine enamel slabs (BES) were used as negative control. BES covered with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) served as positive control. RESULTS Each of the tested materials significantly reduced the number of initially adhered CFUs; this reduction was even more pronounced after prior incubation in saliva. Antimicrobial effects on adherent bacteria were confirmed by live-dead staining. CONCLUSION All five luting cements showed an antimicrobial potential which was increased by prior incubation with human saliva, suggesting an enhanced effect in vivo.
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Morresi AL, D'Amario M, Capogreco M, Gatto R, Marzo G, D'Arcangelo C, Monaco A. Thermal cycling for restorative materials: Does a standardized protocol exist in laboratory testing? A literature review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 29:295-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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