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Kumar I, Prakash A, Aggarwal P, Chowdhary S, Verma A. Disorders of sexual development: structured radiological reporting and practical approach. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2024; 49:523-534. [PMID: 37831169 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-04066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) comprise a complex group of conditions with varied clinical presentations, such as atypical genitalia, non-palpable testes, primary amenorrhea, or infertility. Besides being associated with other congenital anomalies, DSDs bear substantial ethical issues regarding assigning the sex of rearing to the child and future fertility options. Establishing the correct diagnosis is essential for the appropriate management of such cases. Various imaging modalities, such as ultrasonography, genitography, and MRI, when complemented with detailed clinical evaluation and karyotyping, are the key to diagnosing the condition. This article attempts to present a concise approach to various patterns of DSD, which will aid radiologists to solve these diagnostic dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Adity Prakash
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Aggarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sarita Chowdhary
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Işık E, Onay H, Atik T, Solmaz AE, Özen S, Çoğulu Ö, Darcan Ş, Özkınay F. A Neurofibromatosis Noonan Syndrome Patient Presenting with Abnormal External Genitalia. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 12:113-116. [PMID: 31088041 PMCID: PMC7127889 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis Noonan syndrome (NFNS) is a rare RASopathy syndrome, resulting from NF1 gene mutations. NFNS is characterized by phenotypic features of both neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Noonan syndrome. Plexiform neurofibromas (PNFs) are an unusual finding in NFNS. A seven year-old girl with typical clinical features of NF1 was referred to our clinic due to short stature and abnormal genital appearance. Due to dysmorphic features, a clinical diagnosis of NFNS was considered in the patient and, following molecular analysis, revealed a novel heterozygous c.3052_3056delTTAGT (p.L1018X) variant in the NF1 gene. Although evaluation for genital virilization, including karyotype and hormonal studies were normal, imaging studies revealed a diffuse genital PNF. Although PNFs are seen rarely in NFNS, this should be considered in the differential diagnosis of genital virilization in these patients to prevent unnecessary testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Işık
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, İzmir, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, İzmir, Turkey Phone: +90 232 390 14 42 E-mail:
| | - Hüseyin Onay
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Tahir Atik
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aslı Ece Solmaz
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Samim Özen
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Özgür Çoğulu
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, İzmir, Turkey,Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şükran Darcan
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ferda Özkınay
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, İzmir, Turkey,Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İzmir, Turkey
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Venugopal A, Chandran M, Eruppakotte N, Kizhakkillach S, Breezevilla SC, Vellingiri B. Monogenic diseases in India. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 776:23-31. [PMID: 29807575 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies on monogenic diseases are considered valuable because they give insights and expand our knowledge on gene function and regulation. Despite all the current advancement in science and technology, a deep understanding and knowledge as to why only those particular genes are affected in a disease is still vague. We also lack profound illumination as to why only certain mutations are seen in a disease. Though useful from a research perspective, a majority of these diseases are lethal resulting in death of the affected individual. Unfortunately, in the fast - growing land of India, the incidence of monogenic diseases is very high with few counter-measures in place. This article encompasses a list of all monogenic diseases ever to be reported in India with special focus on five diseases which has been stated to have the highest incidence in India. Here, we discuss about the limited research carried out in India on these high incidence monogenic diseases, the other diseases related to those genes, the range of treatments available for these diseases in India in contrast to its availability around the world and the need to develop treatment strategies to reduce the mortality and morbidity due to these rare but daunting diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila Venugopal
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Manojkumar Chandran
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nimmisha Eruppakotte
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumya Kizhakkillach
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanuj C Breezevilla
- Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, Sree Narayana College, Cherthala, 688582, Kerala, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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