Cisneros S, Duarte R, Fernandez-Perez GC, Castellon D, Calatayud J, Lecumberri I, Larrazabal E, Ruiz BI. Left ventricular apical diseases.
Insights Imaging 2011;
2:471-482. [PMID:
22347968 PMCID:
PMC3259385 DOI:
10.1007/s13244-011-0091-6]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many disorders that may involve the left ventricular (LV) apex; however, they are sometimes difficult to differentiate. In this setting cardiac imaging methods can provide the clue to obtaining the diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the spectrum of diseases that most frequently affect the apex of the LV including Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy, LV aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms, apical diverticula, apical ventricular remodelling, apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, LV non-compaction, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with LV involvement and LV false tendons, with an emphasis on the diagnostic criteria and imaging features.
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